by Graham Robb
246 Molmutius, King of the Britons: Higden, I, 45.
246 ‘leave no loophole for quibbles’: Geoffrey of Monmouth, III, 5.
248 almost featureless landscapes: Pryor, 372.
248 Iron Age tribal territories: on the association of dragons and other monsters with boundaries and borderlands: Semple, 114.
15. The End of Middle Earth
249 ‘I had horses, men, arms and wealth’: Tacitus, Annals, XII, 37.
249 ‘Caratacus toured the city’: Cassius Dio, LXI, 33.
250 ‘a citadel of perpetual tyranny’: Tacitus, Annals, XIV, 31.
250 The invasion of ad 43: e.g. Frere and Fulford (2001); Salway, ch. 4; G. Webster (1981 and 1993).
251 ‘a particularly ferocious’ people: Tacitus, Annals, XII, 33.
251 ‘luring’ other tribes: Tacitus, Annals, XII, 39.
251 ‘those who dreaded’: Tacitus, Annals, XII, 33.
252 ‘the haven of fugitives’: Tacitus, Annals, XIV, 29.
252 Mona is the oblique focus: on the Boudican revolt as diversion: Lucas, 106; G. Webster in Aldhouse-Green (1996), 633.
252 ‘powerful population’: Tacitus, Annals, XIV, 29.
253 ‘arduous and dangerous’: Tacitus, Agricola, 18.
253 ‘Indignant at the thought’: Cassius Dio, LX, 19.
253 ‘paralysed by fear’: Tacitus, Annals, XIV, 30.
254 ‘a crucial error’: La Bédoyère, 34.
254 an Iron Age settlement: Cunliffe (2005), 299.
254 ‘lapis fatalis’: Giraldus Cambrensis (1868 and 1978), II, 9. Somewhere in the vicinity, there was once an oak-grove called Cell y Dewiniaid (‘The Diviners’ Cell’) (Pennant, 176).
254 ‘in the lands of the Ordovices’: Tacitus, Annals, XII, 33.
255 ‘find a fatherless boy’: Geoffrey of Monmouth, VI, 19; Nennius, 40.
256 Caratacus ‘piled up stones’: Tacitus, Annals, XII, 33.
257 ‘utterly extinguished’: Tacitus, Annals, XII, 39.
257 ‘amidst a hostile population’: Tacitus, Annals, XIV, 33.
257 Poenius Postumus: Tacitus, Annals, XIV, 37.
257 a date of AD 60–61: Cunliffe (1993), 217–18; G. Webster (1993), 108.
258 ‘Secret conspiracies’: Tacitus, Annals, XIV, 31.
258 strange occurrences: Tacitus, Annals, XIV, 32.
258 Boudica, queen of the Iceni: on Boudica: Aldhouse-Green (2006); Hingley and Unwin; G. Webster (1999).
258 Boudica’s rabble-rousing speech: Tacitus, Annals, XIV, 35.
258 ‘possessed of greater intelligence’: Cassius Dio, LXII, 2.
259 in a ‘harsh voice’: Cassius Dio, LXII, 2.
259 Wardy Hill: Hill and Horne.
259 ceremonial centre of Camulodunum: Dunnett and Reece.
260 Woolwich Power Station: Philp, 1 and 38–42.
260 ‘Constructed about 250 BC’: Kent Archaeological Rescue Unit press release: http://cka.moon-demon.co.uk/woolwich.htm.
262 London-to-Hastings road: Leigh, 151–53 and 195–97.
263 They faced the Britons: Tacitus, Annals, XIV, 34.
263 ‘empty threats’: Tacitus, Annals, XIV, 36.
263 Tripontium on Watling Street: Lucas, 108–10.
263 ‘terrain analysis techniques’: Kaye.
263 ‘our soldiers’: Tacitus, Annals, XIV, 37.
263 the Romans ‘laid waste’: Tacitus, Annals, XIV, 38.
263 Boudica survived the battle: Cassius Dio, LXII, 12.
264 enclosure of the Iceni at Thetford: Sealey, 42; also Gregory, I, 196–99 (from a suggestion of G. Webster).
264 ‘sued for peace’: Tacitus, Agricola, 18.
264 ‘new peoples’: Tacitus, Agricola, 22.
264 ‘Caledonian natives’: Tacitus, Agricola, 25.
264 ‘a remedy for his grief’: Tacitus, Agricola, 29.
264 ‘Still buoyant’: Tacitus, Agricola, 29.
265 thirty contenders: Roman Scotland.
266 White Caterthun and Brown Caterthun: D. Harding, 91–92.
267 ‘terminus Britanniae’: Tacitus, Agricola, 23, 27, 30 and 33.
267 ‘There are no nations beyond us’: Tacitus, Agricola, 30.
267 ‘The flat country between’: Tacitus, Agricola, 35.
267 ‘equipment, bodies’: Tacitus, Agricola, 37.
267 ‘An enormous silence’: Tacitus, Agricola, 38.
268 olive oil that was used as lamp fuel: Potter and Johns, 154.
269 a hardy race of Caledonians: Cassius Dio, LXXVII, 12; also Herodian, III, 14, 6.
269 ‘a grand and memorable exploit’: Tacitus, Agricola, 28.
269 ‘red hair and long limbs’: Tacitus, Agricola, 11.
272 ‘complete savages’: Strabo, II, 5, 8.
272 ‘the livestock eat their fill’: Mela, III, 43.
272 ‘a very tall lighthouse’: Orosius, I, 2.
273 the deposed Irish chieftain: Tacitus, Agricola, 24.
273 ‘On a clear winter’s evening’: Lebor Gabála Érenn, I, 25.
273 ‘They landed on the “Fetid Shore” ’: Lebor Gabála Érenn, V, 66.
273 Iberian-style defences: Raftery, 62.
273 a Barbary macaque: Raftery, 79.
274 the ‘royal sites’: Condit and Coyne; Newman; Raftery, 65.
274 Hill of Uisneach: see Schot.
274 The mighty burgh of Temra: Óengus the Culdee, 165, 177, 189, 193 and 205.
277 ‘annual scene of disgusting superstition’: Hardy, 33.
277 ‘displays all the features’: C. Newman: http://heritagecouncil.ie/unpublished_excavations/section10.html.
277 The earliest partition of Ireland: Lebor Gabála Érenn, II, 37.
278 the other ‘Sacred Promontory’: Freeman, 77–79.
278 Tartessian: Koch (2009); Cunliffe and Koch.
279 the ‘victorious Brigit’: Cogitosus (1987 and 1989); also Aldhouse-Green (1997), 134–36.
279 a circular hedge: Giraldus Cambrensis (1894), 34–36.
279 the Son of God: ‘Mo druí . . . Mac Dé’ (‘My druid . . . the Son of God’): Ross, 429.
279 Lucatmael: Byrne and Francis, 49.
279 ‘professores’ teaching in Bordeaux: Ausonius, V, 4 and 10; Booth. Late sightings of Druids: Desforges, 302.
280 Pope Gregory I in c. 600: letter to Abbot Mellitus, in Bede, I, 30.
280 stones of the Picts: e.g. Murray; examples of ‘neo-Celtic’ art in souvenirs produced for Roman soldiers: Breeze.
280 two ‘compass lines’: In a random sample of fourteen, the average bearing of the right-hand rods of the Pictish ‘compass’ figures roughly corresponds to the summer solstice azimuth in AD 800 at the likely ‘origin centre’ of the carvings (Moray and Dornoch Firths).
281 the first Christian chapels: Deanesly; C. Thomas.
281 ‘Meanwhile, stiff with cold and frost’: Gildas, 8.
281 St Regina: Boutry and Julia.
283 The early Christian sites: e.g. Blair; Brown; E. Evans; Redknap; Rees; C. Thomas; also from Bede; Geoffrey of Monmouth; Giraldus Cambrensis (1978); Nennius.
283 Hoards containing Christian artefacts: following C. Thomas, 103.
284 the native of a nemeton: Byrne and Francis, 22–23. On St Patrick as ‘a super-Druid’: Humphrey.
284 Pope Gregory had instructed: Bede, I, 30.
285 magpies used to gather: Leland, II, 44.
285 ‘fairy-paths’, ‘trods’ or ‘corpse roads’: Pennick, 131.
286 Old Sarum: Hall, 4; the deer may be a later addition.
286 Myrfield: G. White, 2.
286 Mediocantus: Gregory of Tours, 1053.
286 struggles of slain animals: Diodorus Siculus, V, 31, 3.
286 ‘Honour the gods’: Diogenes Laertius, I, 6.
286 ‘Death is but the middle’: Lucan, I, 457–58 (on the Druids: ‘longae . . . vitae / mors media est’).
286 ‘Souls do not perish’: BG, VI, 14.
287 guided by the blur of the Milky Way: Puel.
&nbs
p; 287 Christians removed his beard: Lancel, 307.
Epilogue: A Traveller’s Guide to Middle Earth
289 Standish was a Roman road junction: Waddelove.
291 ‘locus valde terribilis’: from Genesis 28:17.
291 King Lucius of Britain: Flete, 63.
292 in magnified illustrations: e.g. Kruta (2004).
292 ‘at Fenny Stratford’: The discoverer of the coin gave no other details: Sir John Evans, 50.
293 ‘Conventional wisdom prevailed’: R. Hill, 85.
294 the area now covered by Caldecotte Lake: Zeepvat et al., and Milton Keynes Historic Environment Record.
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