38. See Kim Ch’ung-sik, Namsan-¤i pujangd¤l [The KCIA Directors] (Seoul: Dong-A Ilbosa, 1992), 2:280–281.
39. Juan J. Linz defines authoritarian regimes as “political systems with limited, not responsible, political pluralism, without elaborate and guiding ideology, but with distinctive mentalities, without extensive nor intensive political mobilization, except at some points in their development, and in which a leader
Notes to Pages 645–648
736
or occasionally a small group exercises power within formally ill-defined limits but actually quite predictable ones.” See Linz, “An Authoritarian Regime: The Case of Spain,” in Erik Allardt and Stein Rokkan, eds., Mass Politics: Studies in Political Sociology (New Press, 1970), 255.
40. See Dong-A Ilbo, July 8, 11–15, and 17, 1967.
41. Dong-A Ilbo, July 7 and 8, 1974.
42. Dong-A Ilbo, April 10, 1975.
43. Han’guk kidokkyo kyohoe hyôp¤ihoe [Korean Council of Christian Churches], 1970nyôndae minjuhwa undong: kidokkyo undongÄl chungsimÄro I-V [Democratization Movements of the 1970s: A Focus on Christian Movements, vols. 1–5] (Seoul: Korean Council of Christian Churches, 1987).
44. Consult former KCIA director Kim Hyông-uk’s autobiography, Kim Hyông-uk and Pak Sa-wôl, Kim Hyông-uk hoegorok 2: Han’guk chungang chôngbobu [The recollections of Kim Hyông-uk, vol. 2, The Korea Central Intelligence Agency] (Seoul: Ach’im, 1985), 119.
45. Interview with Chông So-yông, who served as a secretary for macroeconomic policy with jurisdiction over the Economic Planning Board and the Ministry of Finance at Park’s Blue House between 1963 and 1969 after assisting Park as an advisor during his military junta years.
46. See Kim Hyông-uk and Pak Sa-wôl, Kim Hyông-uk hoegorok 2 [The recollections of Kim Hyông-uk vol. 2], 13–15, 119–128, 231–240, and 273–314; and Cho Kap-che, Nae mudôm-e ch’im-¤l paetôra 6: maengho-n¤n kanda [Spit on My Grave, vol. 6: The Tiger Corps Is Going to Vietnam] (Seoul: Chosun Ilbosa, 1999), 144–150.
47. See Chông Ku-yông, Chông Ku-yông hoegorok: Silp’aehan tochôn [The recollections of Chông Ku-yông: The failed challenge], for his complex personal relationship with Park.
48. See Cho Kap-che, Yugo! [The Death of Park!], vols. 1 and 2; and Kim Young-sam, Kim Young-sam Hoegorok 2: minjuju¤i-r¤l wihan na-¤i t’ujaeng [The recollections of Kim Young-sam, vol. 2: My struggle for democracy] (Seoul: Paeksan sôdang, 2000), 106, 153–156.
49. See Cho Kap-che, Yugo! [The Death of Park!], 2:237–242, for the full text of Kim Chae-gyu’s last testimony.
50. Chung-in Moon, “Changing Patterns of Business-Government Relations in South Korea,” in Business and Government in Industrializing Asia, ed. Andrew MacIntyre (Ithaca: Cornell University Press, 1994), 142, 145; and Eun Mee Kim, Big Business, Strong State: Collusion and Conflict in South Korean Development, 1960–1990 (Albany: State University of New York, 1997), 167–
211.
51. The 386 Generation refers to South Korea’s radical political activists. The number “3” refers to their age (30⬃39 years old, as of 2000), the number “8”
to their years of college entrance (1980⬃1989), and the number “6” to their decade of birth (1961⬃1970).
52. Consult
Cho
H¤i-yôn,
“Sahoe
kusôngch’e
nonjaeng¤i
pansônggwa
90nyôndae nonjaeng-¤i ch’ulbaljôm” [A critical review of ideological polem-ics on social community and a new beginning of debates for the 1990s], Wôlgan Sahoe P’yôngron, vol. 11, December 1992, 187.
Acknowledgments
This volume was conceived over a decade ago and grows out of an awareness by many scholars, Korean and Western, of how important Park Chung Hee and his modernization era were and how difficult it has been to get an objective scholarly evaluation about both. Park seized power by staging a military coup and he derailed South Korea’s early efforts to build up a democratic polity. The Park era was so thoroughly criticized by many intellectuals that it has not been easy to get the distance to write an objective integrated history of its accomplishments and limitations. We believe this is the first volume to fill this gap in our knowledge.
Byung-Kook Kim conceived the project, brought in South Korean authors, raised the funds, organized seminars in Seoul and Boston for critical review, carried out a detailed editing of each paper to give it tighter integration throughout our four rounds of intensive editing, and wrote four chapters. This is really his book.
Ezra F. Vogel was responsible for selecting Western participants, editing their chapters, and keeping the project on track.
For a variety of reasons, this book has required a longer gestation period than most edited volumes. We are thankful to the authors for their patience and for their willingness to adapt their writings to provide an integrated overview of the Park era. The publication in the end was timed for the fiftieth anniversary of the beginning of Park Chung Hee’s politics of nation building.
Over the decade of editing this book, we have become indebted to many people.
We would like to thank Arthur J. Choy, Seok Hyun Hong, Thomas C. Kang, Byung-Kook Kim, Byung-Pyo Kim, Sang Woo Kim, Jae-Kwan Lee, Min-Kyo Lee, Sang-Hoon Lee, Woong Yeul Lee, and Hyun Park for generous funding. We are greatly indebted to the analytic feedback of Charles Armstrong, Ed Baker, Victor
Acknowledgments
738
D. Cha, Chang Jip Choi, Yoon-Jae Chung, Young-Sun Ha, Stephen Haggard, Sung-han Kim, Chae-Jin Lee, Seok-soo Lee, David McCann, David Steinberg, Byung-Hoon Suh, Jin-Young Suh, and Meredith Woo-Cumings during the initial stage in our project. We are grateful to Jung-Hoon Lee, Jongrin Mo, and especially Chaibong Hahm, for valuable assistance in editing some of our chapters in 2003.
Moreover, we were able to conclude this project only because of generous support from two institutions: the East Asia Institute, based in Seoul, and the Asia Center, Harvard University, housed in Cambridge. We are grateful to the chairman of the East Asia Institute, Hong Koo Lee, for his personal interest and inspiration. We also thank Jin-seok Bae, Hwee-seon Kim, Seung-Chae Kim, and So Yeong Park at the East Asia Institute for administrative support.
Two people, in particular, deserve our gratitude. Elizabeth Gilbert has been very patient and diligent in turning the chapters written by our South Korean scholars into articles accessible to a Western audience in natural idiomatic English, and has done an extraordinary job in pulling this together as a single volume. Without her skillful efforts over several years, this volume would never have been completed.
We are also grateful to Ha-jeong Kim for her immensely valuable coordination of our project since it was launched over a decade ago, and for her supervision of much of the final checking and the creation of the Index of Persons.
Contributors
Chang Jae Baik, Professor of Political Science, Seoul National University Jorge I. Domínguez, Professor of Government and Vice Provost for International Affairs in the Office of the Provost, Harvard University Yong-Sup Han, Professor of Korea National Defense University Sung Gul Hong, Professor of Public Administration, Kookmin University Paul D. Hutchcroft, Professor, Department of Political and Social Change, and Director, School of International, Political, and Strategic Studies, College of Asia and the Pacific, The Australian National University Hyug Baeg Im, Professor of Political Science and International Relations, Korea University
Byung-joon Jun holds a master’s degree in political science from Yonsei University and currently works for SK Telecom Byung-Kook Kim, Professor of Political Science and International Relations, Korea University
Eun Mee Kim, Professor, Graduate School of International Studies, Ewha Womans University
Contributors
740
Hyung-A Kim, Professor of Pacific and Asian Studies, Australian National University
Joo-Hong Kim, Professor of Political Science and International Relations, University of Ulsan
Taehyun Kim, Professor, Graduate School of International Studies, ChungAng University
Yong-Jick Kim, Professor of Political Science and International Affairs, Sungshin University, and standing commissioner, Truth and Reconciliation Committee, Republic of Korea
Jung-Hoon Lee, Professor of International Relations, Graduate School of International Studies, Yonsei University
Min Yong Lee, Professor of Security Studies and Management, Korea Military Academy
Nae-Young Lee, Professor of Political Science and International Relations, Korea University
Young Jo Lee, Professor of Political Science, Graduate School of International Studies, Kyung Hee University
Seok-jin Lew, Professor of Political Science, Sogang University Chung-in Moon, Professor of Political Science, Yonsei University Gregory W. Noble, Professor of Politics and Administration, Institution of Social Science, University of Tokyo
Gil-Sung Park, Professor of Sociology, Korea University Myung-Lim Park, Professor of Regional Studies, Yonsei University Sang-young Rhyu, Professor, Graduate School of International Studies, Yonsei University
Ezra F. Vogel, Henry Ford II Research Professor Emeritus, Harvard University
Index
Acheson, Dean, 221, 404
Ch’ae Myông-sin, 40, 48, 173, 415, 417
Agnew, Spiro T., 423
Chang Chun-ha, 379, 391, 395, 696, 697
Albert, Carl B., 474
Chang Ki-yông, 15, 77, 152, 157, 211–13,
Allende, Salvador, 583
218–20, 331–32, 681
Amsden, Alice H., 126, 217, 622
Chang Myôn, 24, 35–36, 40, 44, 46, 48–53,
Anderson, Benedict, 546, 563
55–56, 59, 63, 67, 70, 73–74, 77, 80, 92,
Aquino, Carazon, 569, 571
98, 106, 116, 132, 134, 205, 270, 347,
Aquino, Jr., Benigno, 562, 568–9, 570
350–51, 353, 378, 432, 433–37, 444,
Atatürk, Mustafa Kemal, 27, 513, 514,
531, 638, 654, 662, 670
516, 518, 519, 521, 523–24, 526, 527,
Chang To-yông, 36–37, 39, 45, 47–49, 50,
531, 535, 538–39
52–54, 56, 63–7, 84, 89, 92, 110
Chen Yi, 522
Baker, Howard H., 473
Chen Yun, 533
Berger, Samuel D., 66–72, 74–79, 82–84,
Chiang Kai-shek, 611
86, 91, 95–97, 134, 406, 446
Ch’oe Hyông-sôp, 106, 159, 164, 488–90,
Brown, Harold, 470, 480
507, 671, 674, 713
Brzezinski, Zbigniew, 467, 471, 478, 480
Ch’oe Kyu-ha, 97, 177
Bundy, McGeorge, 73–74, 78, 447
Ch’on Kwan-u, 155, 388, 393
Bundy, William P., 412, 446
Chôn T’ae-il, 21, 375, 377, 384–86, 392,
Byrd, Robert C., 477
396–97, 645
Chông Chu-yông, 158, 268, 272, 281, 283,
Cárdenas, Lázaro, 584, 587, 594
287–88, 291, 292, 299, 312–15, 317,
Carranza, Venustiano, 584
534, 686
Carter, Jimmy, 16–18, 178–79, 425, 428,
Chông Il-gwôn, 39, 76, 103, 152, 416, 653,
457–59, 462, 465–82, 485, 508–09
673, 703
Ch’a Chi-ch’ôl, 7, 147, 157, 166, 173, 194–
Chông Ku-yông, 153–54, 157, 173, 414,
97, 199, 378, 397, 410, 416, 646, 679
646, 673–74, 683, 735–36
Index
742
Christopher, Warren M., 471
Kang Ch’ang-sông, 190–91, 654, 675, 678–
Chun Doo-hwan, 23, 137, 184–85, 194–98,
80
315, 318, 341, 385, 399, 400, 510, 615,
Kennan, George F., 447–48
634, 637–38, 641, 643, 647–48, 653–54,
Kennedy, John F., 10, 61–65, 67, 69, 71,
673, 679, 715, 717
77–78, 80, 84, 259, 328, 409, 426, 435–
Cohen, Jerome A., 462–63
37, 443
Cumings, Bruce, 549
Kennedy, Robert, 69
Kil Chae-ho, 44, 46, 240, 678
Deng Xiaoping, 27, 513–15, 517–19, 521–
Kim Chae-ch’un, 40, 50, 71, 108–09, 664
22, 525–28, 530–31, 533, 535–41
Kim Chae-gwan, 308–09
Derian, Patricia, 471
Kim Chae-gyu, 7, 147, 157, 167, 182,
Domínguez, Jorge I., 7–8, 25, 29
194⬃197, 199, 230, 378, 397, 399, 482,
Dulles, John Foster, 437
534, 646–47, 736
Kim Chi-ha, 192, 376, 392, 396, 696, 699
Eckert, Carter, 544, 549
Kim Chin-man, 186, 240, 673, 678
Eisenhower, Dwight D., 60, 408
Kim Ch’i-yôl, 146, 243
Evans, Peter, 10, 200, 310
Kim Chong-p’il, 11, 16, 27, 30, 40, 44, 46, 49, 53, 56, 59, 67–72, 74, 76, 82, 84, 87,
Farley, Hugh D., 61–62
89–94, 96–98, 100, 103–05, 107–10,
Ford, Gerald R., 462, 464–66, 508
121, 143–45, 147–48, 152–55, 165, 172,
Fraser, Donald M., 462–63, 465, 474–75
180–85, 187, 189, 191, 199, 225, 238–
Fujino Chujiro, 119
42, 273, 279, 302–04, 352, 379, 436,
Fukuda Takeo, 455, 477
439, 440, 443–46, 500, 501, 561, 580,
621, 630, 638, 641–42, 644, 646, 656,
Gerschenkron, Alexander, 116
658–59, 672–73, 675–76, 678, 680, 688,
Gleysteen, William H., Jr., 156, 397, 468,
707; Kim Chông-ryôm hoegorok ( A 30-
476, 478–80
Year History of Korea’s Economic Policy), Goh Chok Tong, 514
662, 665, 684, 691
Green, Marshall, 64–65, 451
Kim Chông-ryôm, 30, 93, 97, 104, 118,
Gurley, John, 135
149–50, 160, 163, 196, 223, 242, 305,
336, 496, 502, 507, 660, 662, 663, 665,
Habib, Philip C., 469–70, 500, 507
668, 672–75, 677, 681, 684, 687, 691,
Haggard, Stephan, 266
709, 711–12; Kim Dae Jung’s Sindonga
Ham Se-ung, 376, 393, 700
interview, 699; Kim Dae-jung chônjip ( A Ham Sôk-hôn , 379, 393, 696, 700;
Complete Collection of Kim Dae-jung),
Han’gukhyông kyôngje kônsôl ( Korean-
684; Kim Dae-jung napch’i ( The True
Style Economic Development), 662, 665, Story behind the Kidnapping of Kim Dae-673–75, 680, 682, 688–89, 733
jung), 709, 735
Hatoyama Ichiro, 454
Kim Dae-jung, 141, 188, 189, 191, 221,
Hirschman, Albert O., 368
244–45, 252, 259, 310, 347, 359, 366–
Hô Chông, 55, 70, 240, 661
368, 387, 388, 393, 396, 454, 455, 460,
Holbrook, Richard C., 478–79
557, 628, 630, 636, 637, 639–642, 644–
Humphrey, Hubert H., 417–18, 477
646, 649, 683–84, 699, 709, 735
Hutchcroft, Paul D., 9
Kim Hak-ryôl, 93, 104, 159, 218–19, 333–
36, 661, 674; Kim Hak-ryôlron ( Kim
Ikeda Hayato, 434, 439–444
Hak-ryôl’s Leadership Style), 674
Ingersoll, Robert S., 498
Kim Hong-il, 64, 391, 436; Kim Hyông-uk
hoegorok ( The Recollections of Kim
Johnson, Chalmers, 200
Hyông-uk), 665, 672–73, 676, 678, 712, Johnson, Lyndon B., 10, 15, 69, 80, 173–
736
75, 212, 404–05, 409–12, 416, 421, 429,
Kim Hyông-uk, 30, 44, 46, 71, 144–45,
446–48, 552
148
, 153–57, 165, 181–82, 189, 191,
Index
743
241, 474, 475, 646, 658, 665, 672–74,
Mun Ik-hwan, 379, 385, 397, 696, 698,
676, 678–79, 683, 712, 736
700
Kim Il Sung, 15, 27, 54, 169, 171, 176,
189, 252–55, 261, 404–5, 464, 479, 667–
Nagano Shigeo, 334, 455
68, 677
Nam Tôk-u, 502
Kim Kye-wôn, 40, 149, 196, 480
Ngo Dinh Diem, 408–9, 446
Kim Sông-gon, 30, 145, 148, 153–57, 165,
Nguyen Van Thieu, 480
182, 187, 189, 240–41, 269, 279, 644,
Nixon, Richard M., 5, 15–17, 119, 145,
646, 678
151, 176, 221, 248, 260, 261, 340, 420,
Kim Su-hwan, 391
421–22, 424, 427, 429, 453, 455, 457,
Kim Tal-su, 240
473–74, 481, 483, 484, 487, 564
Kim Tong-ha, 39, 45, 56, 108–10, 653
Novak, Robert D., 506, 507
Kim Tong-jo, 464, 474–76, 507, 707, 712
Kim U-jung, 268–69, 282
O Ch’i-sông, 46, 49, 189, 241
Kim Yong-t’ae, 53, 153, 156
O Wôn-ch’ôl, 1–5, 93, 104, 106, 161, 163,
Kim Yong-wan, 162, 219, 250, 285
178, 222–24, 226–27, 235, 309, 311,
Kim Young-sam, 28, 146–47, 157, 165–67,
318, 340–41, 483, 488, 490, 494, 508,
188, 196, 230, 245, 259, 378, 387–88,
510, 537, 661–62, 673–75, 680, 682,
393, 397–98, 461, 631, 636, 640–43,
688–89, 691, 715, 717, 733
645–46, 671, 674–75, 701, 736; Kim
O’Donnell, Guillermo, 580
Young-sam hoegorok ( The Recollections
O’Neill, Thomas P., 475
of Kim Yông-sam), 671, 674–75, 736
Ohira Masayoshi, 118, 119, 444–45, 455
Kim Yu-t’a, 100–2, 444, 663
Okazaki Hisahiko, 117
Kishi Nobusuke, 118, 438–39, 441, 448–49
Onganía, Juan Carlos, 580–81, 585, 592,
Kissinger, Henry A., 176, 259–60, 464, 502
598
Komer, Robert W., 62–64, 78–79
òno Bamboku, 439
KÃnà IchirÃ, 438–39
Kosaka ZentarÃ, 118, 443, 449; Kukka-wa
Paek Sôn-yôp, 37–39
hyôngmyông-gwa na ( The Nation, the
Paek Tu-jin, 196
Park Chung Hee Era Page 107
