Iron, Steam & Money

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Iron, Steam & Money Page 36

by Roger Osborne


  Egypt 24, 167

  enclosure 204, 276, 298

  energy:

  Britain’s prosperity and mechanical 4, 5, 34, 35, 56, 68–9, 73, 97, 136, 310

  equation 68–9

  see also under individual energy source

  Engels, Friedrich 334–5

  engineering profession 104–6

  Enlightenment 305

  entrepreneurs 8, 36, 42, 44, 45, 111, 151, 191, 202, 206, 220, 224, 267, 293, 296, 300

  Erasmus 336

  Evans, Oliver 138–9

  exports 9, 153, 154, 157, 163–4, 165, 178, 189, 309

  Factory Acts 321, 326, 327

  factories:

  apprentices in 202–3

  Arkwright and unification of production system 6, 31, 175, 190, 196, 202–3, 205, 206

  birth of factory age 2, 4, 31, 318–22

  children in 313, 323–6

  discipline in 325, 327–8

  Manchester 215, 219, 220, 223

  prototype 77–8, 79

  rise of the 317–33

  structure of 327

  women in 313, 322–3

  working conditions in 161, 164, 165, 317, 325–8

  Fairbairn, Sir William 80

  Falcon, Jean-Baptiste 185

  family life 313, 323

  Faraday, Michael 345

  Farey, John 91

  farming 10, 11, 12, 19, 66, 108, 155, 156, 160, 180, 217, 223, 233, 253, 289, 290, 291, 296, 298–9, 302, 314, 315

  Felkin, William 331

  Ferguson, Adam 311

  Fidoe, John 264

  Fitch, John 138

  Fitton, Robert 192

  Fitzwilliam estates 72

  Flanders 9, 152, 153, 157, 285

  Flavel of Bromsgrove, John 92

  flax 157, 167, 180, 217

  Flemish immigrant workers 35, 153, 157, 159–60

  flyer 169, 169–70, 172, 174, 174, 175

  flying shuttle:

  effect on the cotton industry of 162, 170, 172, 180, 181, 191

  invention of 2, 7, 29–30, 32, 38, 40, 161–2, 170, 172, 174, 178, 179, 180, 181, 182, 184, 191, 192, 223

  spinning jenny and 174

  threats of violence against 40

  Foley, Lord 240

  food production 11, 298, 299, 341, 342 see also farming

  Ford, Richard 41, 101

  Forest of Dean 19, 232, 233

  forge hammers, powered 13, 77, 79, 240, 242, 243, 246

  fossil energy 309–10, 345–6 see also under individual energy source

  Fothergill, John 116, 125

  Fourdrinier paper-making machine 34, 295–6

  France:

  Eden Treaty and 134

  expulsion of Huguenots 35, 88

  literacy rates 17

  manufacturing in 47

  patents 126–7

  political disruption in 1500s 61

  population 8, 10

  Revolution, 1789 222

  Seven Years War and 9

  tolls in 38

  war with Britain 222, 254

  weaving in 184, 185

  Franklin, Benjamin 16

  free market 308

  Freeth, Jonathan 233–4

  French Revolution, 1789 222

  French, Benjamin 274

  fustian 157, 158, 160, 217, 223, 291

  Galileo 86

  Garbett, Samuel 264

  Gardiner, William 189

  Garrick, David 160

  gas lighting 34, 69

  Gentleman’s Magazine, The 21, 205

  George III, King 204

  Gilbert, Davies 39, 140–1, 143, 144, 145

  Glasgow 9, 15, 42, 108, 109, 112, 118, 119, 124, 125, 201

  Glasgow University 42, 43, 109, 305

  glass trade 17, 19, 20, 35, 47, 60, 62–3, 123, 235, 251, 289

  Gloucestershire 56, 67

  Goldney, Thomas 101

  grammar schools 41, 104, 108, 116, 181, 222

  Great Exhibition, 1851 183

  Great Fire of London, 1666 336

  Great North Road 258

  Great Product, the 105

  Great Western 281

  Great Western Railway 280

  Greece 24, 82

  Greenock 108, 117

  Guest, Richard 322

  guilds 13, 41, 44, 154, 188, 189, 293, 331, 332

  Gurney, Goldsworthy 278

  Hackett, Timothy 272

  Hackworth, Timothy 278

  Halifax 22, 156, 216, 323

  Halliwell, James 223

  Harecastle Tunnel 268, 271

  Hargreaves, James 5, 7, 30, 37, 39, 162, 172, 173, 174, 177, 193, 194, 221, 238, 335

  Harlam mill 199

  Harrison, William 66, 155

  Hart, Robert 112

  Hartley colliery, Seaton Delaval 106

  Hautefeuille, Jean de 88

  Heathfield 134, 301

  Heaton, Robert 291

  Heilbroner, Robert 304

  Henry, Prince 82

  Hero of Alexandria 24, 82

  Hetton colliery railway 275

  Highs, Thomas 165, 192, 193, 212

  Hill, Anthony 144

  History of the Cotton Manufacture in Great Britain (Baines) 216–17

  Hockley 194, 199

  Holywell, Flintshire 197

  Home, Francis 43

  Homfray, Samuel 144, 145

  Hornblower & Maberly 135

  Hornblower vs Boulton & Watt, 1799 50

  Hornblower, Jonathan 102, 106, 128, 135, 140

  Horner, Leonard 164

  Horsfall, William 330, 332

  Houghton, John 53

  house-building, boom in 59, 67

  household 67, 159, 170, 257, 290, 313–18, 329

  housing 11, 55, 219, 225, 316, 317, 334–5, 342

  Huddersfield 156, 322, 330, 331, 338

  Huddersfield Canal 271

  Hull 9, 60, 264

  Hunt, William 264

  Huntsman, Benjamin 19, 50, 63, 250–2

  Huskisson, William 279

  Hutton, William 336–7

  Huygens, Christiaan 85, 87–8, 290

  immigrant labour 35, 47–8, 153, 157, 159–60, 250, 327

  India 5, 8, 21, 149, 152, 155, 157, 158, 159, 160, 163, 164, 167, 168, 169, 170, 179, 196, 286

  Industrial Revolution:

  Britain on the verge of 8–25

  idea attacked 2–3

  importance of 1–7

  watershed 29–34

  what change was brought about by the 3–4

  what is meant by the word ‘industrial’ 3, 4–5

  what made Britain uniquely placed to bring about the 2, 22–3, 46, 72–3, 345

  what was the 2–4

  international commerce, burgeoning of 5, 8, 9, 15, 22, 108, 190, 206, 286

  invention/innovation 4–5, 6, 7, 8, 17, 22, 35–46

  clubs, societies and 44

  education system and 41–3

  eureka moments 39, 42

  financial incentive and 30, 38, 44–5, 46

  inventors and inventing 45

  labour force and 35–7

  legal attempts to impede 23, 39–40

  licensing and 45–6

  modest scale of 38–9

  momentum of, sustained 5, 33, 37, 52, 345–6

  Nonconformism, growing acceptance of and 50–1

  patent system and 47–52 see also patent system

  physical attempts to impede 23, 40, 173, 176, 199, 329, 330–2

  small geographical area of industrialisation and 37–8

  the watershed 29–34

  invisible hand 306

  Ipswich 9, 10, 60, 264–5

  iron 227–54

  crucible steel and 249–52

  Darby’s blast furnace 229–39, 231

  Henry Cort and cheap 240–8

  Ironbridge, Shropshire 229

  Irwell River 265, 266

  Italy 9, 10, 14, 47, 152, 184, 285, 300

  Jack of Newbury 155

&n
bsp; Jacquard loom 5, 34, 185–6, 186, 293

  Jacquard, Joseph Marie 185–6

  James I, King 154

  James IV, King 82

  James, Thomas 209–10

  ‘James Watt: Engineer by Act of Parliament’ (1969) (Robinson) 117–18

  Jefferson, Thomas 164

  Jellicoe, Admiral Adam 243

  Jellicoe, Samuel 243

  John Brown & Co. 252

  Johnson, Dr 27

  Journey From Chester to London, The (Pennant) 269, 271

  Kalthoff, Kaspar 83

  Kay, John 2, 29–30, 37, 161, 165, 170, 180, 192, 212

  Kay, Robert 180–1

  Keir, James 43, 297

  Kemble, Frances Ann 279

  Kennedy, John 219, 220, 223

  Kent 19, 56, 60, 78, 148, 262, 290

  Kenyon, Lord 50

  Kershaw, Patience 326–7

  Kinneil House/engine 114, 115, 119–20, 121

  Kronstadt, Russia 106, 133

  Kyrke, Zachary 67

  Lancashire:

  cotton districts of 30, 32, 38, 56, 80, 91, 106, 157–65, 175, 176, 177, 178, 198–9, 207, 215, 259, 319, 321, 322, 324, 326, 329, 331

  ‘putting-out’ system in 12, 161

  riots in 40, 176, 331

  weaving in 22

  wool production in 156, 157

  Lancashire Court of Quarter Sessions 329

  Laplace, Pierre-Simon 134

  Lavoisier, Antoine 134

  Law, James 135

  Lee, James 189

  Lee, William 40, 188–9

  Leeds 9, 22, 99, 104, 153, 156, 216, 218, 259, 272, 274, 325, 355

  Leicester 21, 38, 189

  Leslie, John 43

  licensing 36, 38, 51, 124, 197, 201, 202

  Liddell, Sir Henry 72

  Lidstone, Thomas 92

  Life and Times of Samuel Crompton, The (French) 190

  life expectancy 340–1

  Lind, James 114

  linen 80, 155, 157, 159, 160, 163, 170, 180, 181, 195, 217, 287, 291, 336, 343

  Literary and Philosophical Societies (Lit and Phils) 36, 44, 222, 337

  Litton mill, Derbyshire 325

  Liverpool 9, 10, 15, 34, 159, 216, 218, 224, 267, 277–9, 303, 337, 344

  Liverpool District Banking Company 303

  Liverpool to Manchester railway 34, 344

  Lloyds 302, 303

  Locke, Joseph 280

  Locomotion 277

  locomotive, steam:

  coal mines and 60, 272–5

  railways and 275–82 see also railways

  Stephenson and 275–82

  Trevithick invents 3, 4, 33–4, 70, 88, 108, 137, 138, 141, 142, 142–8, 146, 249, 271–2 see also Trevithick, Richard

  Lombe brothers’ mill, Derby 79, 194, 318, 319

  London 22, 38, 60, 62, 334–5, 336

  banking and finance in 18–19, 296, 297, 302–3

  City of 336

  coal and 59, 60, 61, 62, 67, 264, 281

  growth of 2, 10

  housing in 334–5, 336

  Improvement Act, 1766 336

  population 298

  Rebuilding Act, 1667 336

  wages in 285, 290

  world trade flows through 345

  loom:

  Chinese draw-loom 184, 184–5

  dobby 186, 293

  draw- 184, 184, 185

  early 178–82

  Jacquard 5, 34, 185–6, 186, 293

  powered 34, 37, 77, 163, 182–6, 321

  ribbon 40

  Loughborough, Lord 210–11

  Louisiana Purchase 164

  Low Moor Ironworks 252

  Lowther, James 99

  Lowthers of Cumbria 72

  Luddites 40, 330, 331–2

  Lunar Society 44, 297

  luxury goods 286–92, 294

  Macaulay, Thomas 343

  machine components, making of 32, 344

  Mackintosh, Charles 43

  mail coaches 261

  Mainwaring, Isaac 135

  Malthus, Thomas 307–8, 309, 340, 341

  Manchester 11, 17, 21, 40, 41, 133, 157–9, 161, 165, 181, 182, 192, 199, 201, 202, 208, 209, 211, 213, 215–25, 319, 321, 324–5, 334

  canals and 11, 266, 267

  conditions in 334, 337

  cotton trade and 21, 41, 133, 157–8, 159, 161, 197, 199, 201, 202, 208, 209, 211, 212, 213, 215–18, 219, 220, 221, 223, 224, 292, 319, 321, 325–6

  engineering in 215, 217, 220, 221, 223–4

  factories in 219

  innovation in 223–4

  politics in 216, 221–2

  population growth in and around 224–5

  railways and 34, 277–9, 344

  social networks in 220–1

  Street Improvement Act, 1776 337

  the first industrial city 215–25

  transport and 218–19

  unincorporated town 17, 40

  warehouses 219–20

  world centre of engineering and machine-tool manufacture 165

  Manchester Act, 1736 159

  Manchester Constitutional Society 222

  Manchester Herald 222

  Manchester Literary and Philosophical Society 36, 222, 337

  Manchester School 216

  Manchester to Liverpool Railway 277–9

  Mandeville, Bernard 37, 288

  Mansfield, Lord 207, 213

  Mar, Lord 72

  Marsh, James 252

  Masson mill, Derbyshire 199

  Matlock, Derbyshire 181, 203, 204, 250, 211, 316

  McAdam, John 259

  McConnel & Kennedy 219, 220, 223

  McConnel, James 219, 220, 223

  Mediterranean 8, 14, 266, 286

  Merryweather Weaving Factory, Ancoats, Manchester 325–6

  Merryweather, Mary 323

  Mersey 80, 217–18, 265, 267, 268, 271

  Mersey–Trent canal system 218, 267–8, 271

  Merthyr Tydfil 33, 144, 216, 277

  Mesopotamia, ancient 24

  Metcalf, Jack 259, 278

  Methodists 337

  middle classes 14, 37, 216, 222, 223, 286, 287, 288, 292, 323, 328, 339, 345

  Middleton 160, 161, 217, 272, 273

  Midlands 11, 15, 41, 56, 57, 60, 119, 121, 137, 189, 218, 224, 233, 268, 270, 297, 302, 316

  Milton, John 25

  Miner’s Bank of Truro 302

  miners’ safety lamp 34, 44, 71

  Mines and Collieries Act, 1842 327

  money 283–310

  Adam Smith and the industrial economy 304–10

  banking and financial system 18–19, 41, 120, 129, 194, 296, 297, 301–3

  producers and consumers 285–94

  money for industry 295–303

  see also wages

  Moor Hall colliery, Leeds 99

  Mordaunt, Colonel 208, 211

  Morland, Sir Samuel 84, 85, 87

  Morris vs Branson 50

  Morton, Sir Frederick 291

  mule 2, 3, 7, 32, 34, 45, 77, 80, 162, 163, 176–8, 181, 221, 223, 238, 245, 318

  Crompton’s 2, 3, 7, 32, 77, 162, 176–8, 238

  Roberts Self-Acting 34, 45, 178, 221

  Mun, Thomas 287

  Murdoch, William 31, 43, 69, 123, 128, 129, 131, 132, 138, 140

  Murray brothers 219

  Murray, Matthew 272, 273, 278

  NAND gate 186

  Nash, Dr T. 262–3

  natural resources, availability of 22, 35, 55, 68, 121, 309–10 see also under individual resource name

  Natural History of Staffordshire, The (Plot) 235

  Navigation Acts 9

  Neath Valley 268

  Need, Samuel 194, 197, 297

  Netherlands 8, 17, 47, 157, 286

  New Lanark 80, 201, 324–5

  Newcastle 9, 38, 44, 55, 56, 60, 94, 146, 249, 264, 265, 275

  Newcomen engine 2, 6, 97, 254, 335

  cast iron rather than brass first used for cylinders 101–2

  Da
rby and 238

  first fully working 96, 97

  huge use of coal 20

  impact of introduction 97–8

  improvements/adaptations 100–2, 104, 105, 106, 107, 111–12, 113, 120, 121, 122, 123, 124, 127, 128, 129–30, 131, 133, 137, 141, 148, 238 see also Watt steam engine

  inefficiency of 99, 112

  invention of 38–9, 92–6

  licenses 98–9

  Smeaton and 104, 105, 106, 238

  spread of 98–9, 100, 101–3

  Trevithick and 141

  Watt and 30–1, 42, 107, 111–12, 113, 120, 121, 122, 123, 124, 127, 128, 129–30, 131, 133, 137 see also Watt steam engine

  Newcomen, Elias 93

  Newcomen, Thomas 2, 5, 6, 20, 29, 30–1, 37, 38–9, 148

  additions to original engine design 100–1

  background/life of 92–3

  Baptist 41

  death 103

  eureka moment 39

  financial incentive 44

  invents engine 93–6, 123

  licensing of engines 98–9

  Newton, Isaac 23, 306

  Nicholson, Margaret 204

  Nightingale, Peter 210, 211

  Nixon, Francis 183

  Nonconformists 14, 15, 36, 40–1, 42, 46, 92, 103, 116, 161, 222, 345

  North America 5, 8, 9, 102–3, 108, 138, 159, 160, 164–5, 198–9, 201, 281–2, 286, 290

  North Arlington, New Jersey 102–3

  North of England:

  changing economy/industrialisation most evident in 21–2, 297

  coalfields in 57

  Nonconformism in 15, 40–1

  railways in 280

  roads in 259

  North Wales 56, 80

  North, Roger 85

  Northampton 114, 171, 194, 221, 318

  Northumberland 11, 60, 70, 71, 72, 101, 106, 272, 302, 324

  Northumberland, Duke of 72

  Nottingham 21, 38, 62, 64, 157, 173, 188, 189, 193, 194, 197, 199, 209–10, 216, 221, 297, 331

  Novelty, The 278

  Oldham 217, 220

  Oldknow, Samuel 223

  Orrell mill, Stockport 322

  Ouse, River 338

  Owen, Robert 201, 324–5

  Oxley, Joseph 106

  Papin Digester 110

  Papin, Denis 88, 92, 93, 95, 110

  parallel motion gearing 33, 131–2, 132

  parallel scrolling 45

  Parkes, Richard 264

  Parliament 64

  city improvements and 337

  concerned with promoting commercial power 11, 23, 40

  Nonconformists barred from 36

  patents and 48, 83, 122, 177–8, 208–9, 212

  pension petitions for inventors submitted to 148, 246–8

  protects wool trade 159, 196–7

  transport and 258–9, 265, 266, 267, 268, 272, 276, 277, 280, 281

  see also under individual act name

  Parys Mountain, Anglesey 127

  Pascal, Blaise 86–7

  patent system 33, 45, 47–52

  a letter patent 47–8

  average number awarded 33

  law and 39–40, 122–3, 212, 331

  messiness of 50–2

  monopolies and 48

  navigating the 47–52

 

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