combination)
symbols editing, 185
key references, 464
Elementary data item, 40
reading an indexed file ( See Reading an
Encapsulation, 528
indexed file)
END-IF vs. period, 82
SELECT and ASSIGN clause, 463
EVALUATE
verbs ( see Index file verbs)
Acme Book Club example, 99
sequential file, 455
amusement park example, 98
index file organization, 449
decision tables, 94
alternate-key index, 450
metalanguage, 95
data buckets, 449
objects, 97
primary-key index, 449
payment totals example, 97
processing relative files, 437
subjects, 97
Reads ( see Reading a relative file)
WHEN branch rules, 97
sequential file, 439
transactions ( see Relative file transaction)
� F
�
�
relative file
SELECT and ASSIGN clause, 444
Field, 132
verbs ( see Relative file verbs)
Figurative constants, 39
relative files organization
File(s), 131
one-dimensional table, 436
definition, 131–132
records, 437
field, 132
single numeric key, 436
practical exercise, 147, 150
sparsely populated, 436
processing of, 133
vs.sequential files, 435
record, 132
DISPLAY verb, 55
buffer, 133–134
Divisions, COBOL program, 23
buffer declaration, 135
CONFIGURATION SECTION, 24–25
creation, 135
DATA DIVISION, 25
declarations, 134
FILE SECTION, 25
occurrence, 132
WORKING-STORAGE SECTION, 25
template, 132
ENVIRONMENT DIVISION, 24
record-based files, 131
hierarchical data declaration, 26
direct-access file organization, 131
IDENTIFICATION DIVISION, 23–24
serial file organization, 131
PROCEDURE DIVISION, 27
SELECT and ASSIGN clause, 136
ShortestProgram, 27
declarations, 137–138
Domain-independent languages, 2
extension, 138
549
■ index
File(s) ( cont. )
KeyName, 464
syntax, 137
READ NEXT RECORD format, 464
usage, 137
START verbs, 465
sequential ( see Sequential files)
WRITE, REWRITE and DELETE verbs, 465
File-update problem, 224
Inline execution, 117
multiple record types, 226
Insertion, 185
mapping transcations, 227
fixed insertion
schematic representation, 226
CR and DB, 188
program implementation, 227
currency symbol, 188
test data file, 231
examples, 190
update stock file, 224
Plus and Minus Symbols, 188
change record, 225
floating-insertion, 192
deletion, 225
simple-insertion, 185
insertion, 225
examples, 185
transaction file, 225
working principle, 185
Fourth-generation languages (4GLs), 8
special-insertion, 187
Fujitsu NetCOBOL compiler, 35
INSPECT Verb, 393, 395
CONVERTING format, 368
formats, 361
� G
�
�
program, 361–362
GIVING phrase, 61
reference modification, 380
Gravity-driven programming, 111
REPLACING format
metalanguage, 366
phrases, 366
� H
�
�
statements, 367–368
TALLYING format
Hierarchical data description, 50
counting vowels and consonants, 364–365
Hierarchical program structure, 21
metalanguage, 363
divisions ( see Divisions, COBOL program)
phrases, 363
paragraph, 22
programmatic detour, 365
sections, 21
statements, 364
sentence, 22
UPPER-CASE function, 362
statements, 23
Intrinsic functions, 383
date functions
� I, J
�
� , K
program, 390–392
types, 389
IF statement, 73
definition, 383
condition types, 74
parameters/arguments, 384
class conditions, 75
string
complex conditions, 78
CHAR and ORD, 386
relation conditions, 74
LENGTH function, 387
sign conditions, 78
ORD-MAX function, 385, 387
END-IF vs. period, 82
ORD-MIN function, 386
nested IF statements, 81
REVERSE function, 387
Implied subjects, 80
types, 384
INDEXED BY clause, 304
working principle, 388
Index file combination
IS EXTERNAL Clause
DirectorId-DF, 458
common coupling, 423
index file used, 456
data-sharing mechanism, 422
Index file verbs
naming dependency problem, 423
file manipulation, 464
IS EXTERNAL Data Items
READ verb
data flow, tramp data, 424
ACCESS MODE IS DYNAMIC, 464
IS EXTERNAL phrase, 423
ACCESS MODE IS SEQUENTIAL, 464
tramp data, 424
550
■ index
Iteration constructs, 109
� O
�
�
PERFORM, 109–110
closed subroutines, 112
OCCURS clause metalanguage, 304
COBOL subroutines, 112
Online compiler, 35
format 1, 113
ON SIZE ERROR phrase, 62
inline execution, 117
OO-COBOL, 519
open subroutines, 110, 112
class, 528
out-of-line execution, 118
CLASS clause, 529
PERFORM..THRU, 115
class program, 537–538
PERFORM..TIMES, 116
scoping issues, 534–535
PERFORM..UNTIL, 118
structure, 533
PERFORM..VARYING, 120
template, 533
PERFORM..VARYING UNTIL, 109
ThisInstanceNum-ows, 539
PERFORM WITH TEST AFTER UNTIL, 109
WORKING-STORAGE SECTION vs.
PERFORM WITH TEST BEFORE UNTIL, 109
LOCAL-STORAGE SECTION, 536
working principle, 113
destroying objects, 531
dictionary class, 525
acronym dictionary creation, 527
� L
�
�
creation, 523–524
Level number relationships govern hierarchy, 50
END OBJECT, 527
Level sixty-sixes, 284
FACTORY, 527
Linear search, 303<
br />
IDENTIFICATION DIVISION, 527
Literals, 37
PROCEDURE DIVISION, 525
alphanumeric literals, 37
USAGE OBJECT REFERENCE clause, 524
numeric literals, 38
encapsulation, 528
exercise program, 540
informational-strength modules
� M
�
�
AddWordToDictionary, 521
creation, 521
Master file (MF), 219
DictionaryModule, 522
Metalanguage syntax, 19
instance object, 530
COMPUTE statement, 20
INVOKE verb, 530
diagram, 19
module coupling, 520
notation, 19
module dictionary module, 521
operand suffixes, 20
module strength, 520
Micro Focus Visual compiler, 34
object, 528–529
Multidimensional, 256
OBJECT REFERENCE, 528
definition, 256
predefined object identifiers, 532
granular data, 256
USAGE OBJECT REFERENCE, 529
hierarchical structure, COBOL, 257
Open source COBOL compiler, 35
program, 257
OPEN statement, 139
record description, 256
Open subroutines, 110, 112
Ordered sequential file
� N
�
�
delete records, 223
insert records, 219–220
Nested IF statements, 81
master file (MF), 219
Nonconforming arithmetic verbs, 63
partial record description, 221
Add verb, 65
transaction file (TF), 219
COMPUTE Verb, 63
update records, 221–222
DIVIDE Verb, 68
master file, 222
MULTIPLY Verb, 67
transaction file, 222
SUBTRACT Verb, 66
OR truth table, 79
Numeric literals, 38
Out-of-line execution, 118
551
■ index
� P, Q
�
�
programming structure, 69
TERMINATE verb, 509
Paragraphs, PROCEDURE DIVISION, 109
transaction-processing software, 55
PERFORM, 109–110
closed subroutines, 112
COBOL subroutines, 112
� R
�
�
format 1, 113
inline execution, 117
Raincode compiler, 35
open subroutines, 110, 112
RANDOM intrinsic function, 420
out-of-line execution, 118
Reading an indexed file
PERFORM..THRU, 115
data division, 451
correct usage, 115
environment division, 451
GO TO and Skip statements, 116
GetFilmByDirectorId, 454
IF and Skip statements, 115
procedure division, 451
PERFORM..TIMES, 116
RELATIVE KEY entry, 453
examples, 117
working-storage section, 451
format 2, 116
Reading a Relative File
PERFORM..UNTIL, 118
data division, 437
format 3, 118
display record, 438
post-test loop, 120
environment division, 437
pre-test loop, 119
FILE STATUS clause, 439
terminating condition, 120
procedural division, 438
WITH TEST AFTER, 119
READ verb, 439
WITH TEST BEFORE, 119
READ statement, 140
PERFORM..VARYING
data storage, 141–142
counting, 122
employee.dat file, 140
counting iteration, 121
syntax description, 140
format 4, 120
test data file, 140–141
odometer simulation, 123–124
with records display, 142
syntax description, 121
Record, 132
WITH TEST AFTER, 121–122
buffer, 133–134
PERFORM..VARYING UNTIL, 109
buffer declaration, 135
PERFORM WITH TEST AFTER UNTIL, 109
creation, 135
PERFORM WITH TEST BEFORE UNTIL, 109
declarations, 134
PRACTICAL EXERCISES, 124
occurrence, 132
working principle, 113
template, 132
Procedure division, 55
REDEFINES clause, 273
ACCEPT and DISPLAY program, 59
Aromamora PLC specification ( see Aromamora Base
ACCEPT verb, 57
Oil Sales report)
rules, 58
data items, 282
system variables format, 58
percentages, 282
arithmetic verbs, 60
semantic rules, 280
GIVING phrase, 61
syntax metalanguage, 280
metalanguage, 60
time conversions, 283
ON SIZE ERROR phrase, 62
UNSTRING statement, 281
ROUNDED phrase, 62
Registers, 507
statements, 61
LINE-COUNTER, 507
DISPLAY verb, 55
PAGE-COUNTER, 507
GENERATE verb, 508
Relation conditions, 74
INITIATE verb, 508
metalanguage, 75
nonconforming arithmetic verbs, 63
samples, 75
Add verb, 65
Relative file organization
COMPUTE Verb, 63
advantages, 468
DIVIDE Verb, 68
disadvantages, 467
MULTIPLY Verb, 67
indexed file, 468
SUBTRACT Verb, 66
one-dimensional table, 467
552
■ index
Relative file transaction
GENERATE verb, 508
content, 441
INITIATE verb, 508
DisplayVehicleRecords, 444
TERMINATE verb, 509
file processing verbs, 444
program creation, 514
sequential file to, 441
CONTROL FOOTING group, 487, 492
Relative file verbs
DATA DIVISION, 489
DELETE verb, 448
DETAIL group, 487
INVALID KEY clause, 445
features, 493
OPEN/CLOSE syntax, 446
PAGE FOOTING group, 487–488
read verb
PAGE HEADING group, 487, 491
ACCESS MODE, 446
PROCEDURE DIVISION, 488, 492
direct read, metalanguage, 447
REPORT HEADING group, 487
sequential read, metalanguage, 446
REPORT SECTION, 490
REWRITE verb, 447
specification modification, 483
START verb
SUM clause, 492
metalanguage for, 448
WORKING-STORAGE SECTION, 489
position controller, 448
publisher file, 513
write verb, 447
registers, 507
RENAMES clause, 284
LINE-COUNTER, 507
identification division, 285
PAGE-COUNTER, 507
procedure division, 285
solace solar, 477
semantic rules, 284
first page, 478–479
syntax metalanguage, 284
PROCEDURE DIVISION, 480
working-storage section, 285
/> specification, 478
REPLACING phrase, 426
tasks, 479
Report writer, 477
ROUNDED Phrase, 62
book file, 513
control-break processing, 477
� S
�
�
declaratives
COLUMN NUMBER clause, 505
SEARCH ALL verb, 303, 314
control-break register, 511
binary search algorithm, 315
crossfooting, 506
KEY IS clause, 314
elementary print items, 504
metalanguage, 317
ENVIRONMENT DIVISION, 499
SEARCH verb, 303
FILE SECTION, 500
advantages, 303
group definition, 501
American states, 307
GROUP INDICATE clause, 505
letter position, 306
handle unexpected file errors, 511
metalanguage, 305
LINE NUMBER clause, 502
two-dimensional table
NEXT GROUP clause, 503
declarations, 312
print lines, 504
graphical depiction, 312
Report Description (RD), 500–501
JeansSalesTable, 313
RESET ON clause, 507
SELECT and ASSIGN clause, 136
rolling forward, 506
declarations, 137–138
SOURCE clause, 505
extension, 138
structure of, 509
syntax, 137
subtotaling, 505
usage, 137
SUM clause, 505
Selection constructs, 73
SUPPRESS PRINTING statement, 510
condition names, 83
TYPE clause, 503
correct use of, 88
version of USE, 509, 511
Date-Validation Error Message, 93
group types, 481
design patterns, 91
layout requirement, 482
example program, 89
print specification, 514
group item, 92
PROCEDURE DIVISION
multiple names, 85
553
■ index
Selection constructs ( cont. )
Report Writer, 167
numeric or alphabetic values, 87
select and assign, 167
overlapping and multiple-value names, 86
WRITE statement, 169
rules, 84
reading, 91
set to true, 90
READ statement, 140
SET verb examples, 90
data storage, 141–142
SET verb metalanguage, 90
employee.dat file, 140
single name and value, 84
syntax description, 140
whole word values, 88
test data file, 140–141
EVALUATE, 94
with records display, 142
Acme Book Club example, 99
update files, 218
amusement park example, 98
file-update problem ( see File-update problem)
decision tables, 94
key field, 219
metalanguage, 95
ordered sequential file ( see Ordered
objects, 97
sequential file)
payment totals example, 97
record matching, 219
subjects, 97
transaction file, 219
WHEN branch rules, 97
variable-length records, 174
IF statement, 73–74
FD entries, 174
class conditions, 75
program implementation, 175
Michael Coughlan Page 68
