by Helen Zia
Communists had captured: NYT, May 29, 1949.
backlogged cases of: Pepper, Civil War, 386–390; “Kill Nice!” Time, May 21, 1951.
Hefty taxes and: Pepper, Civil War, 394–400; A. Doak Barnett, “Letter on Economic Crisis,” reports to the ICWA, Sep. 14, 1949, 6–9, icwa.org, accessed Apr. 16, 2007.
businessmen were leaping: Barber, The Fall of Shanghai, 223–224; Myra Souza dos Remedios, interview with the author, May 10, 2010.
St. John’s University: “p. 82,” RG 79-12, Archives of the Episcopal Church, Austin, TX.
revolutionaries organized rallies: Odd Arne Westad, Decisive Encounters, 130–136.
a million landlords: Spence, The Search for Modern China, 517.
China National Aviation: Wright, Yankee on the Yangtze, 260–272.
Republic of China: Brooks, Between Mao and McCarthy, 97–98; Gordon H. Chang, Fateful Ties, 197–202; Gregor Benton, The Hongkong Crisis, 14.
never been restrictions: Laura Madokoro, Elusive Refuge, 38–41; Hu Yueh, “The Problem of the Hong Kong Refugees,” Asian Survey 2, no. 1 (Mar. 1962): 30–32; Gregory Chow, China’s Economic Transformation, 26.
a million Chinese: Edvard Hambro, The Problem of Chinese Refugees in Hong Kong, 13, table 4; Maduro, Elusive Refuge, 35–37; Benton, The Hongkong Crisis, 13.
agitators would stir: Leo F. Goodstadt, Uneasy Partner, 40–41.
hawkers shouting headlines: HKS, Oct. 13, 1949, Oct. 22, 1949; George Shen, “Media and Communications Networks in Hong Kong,” in Albert H. Yee, Wither Hong Kong?, 190–192.
Hong Kong natives: Myra Souza dos Remedios, interview with the author, May 10, 2010; Hambro, The Problem of Chinese Refugees, 63–65.
wrapping their leftovers: Kenneth On-wai Lan, “Rennie’s Mill: The Origin and Evolution of a Special Enclave in Hong Kong” (PhD diss., University of Hong Kong, 2006), 12.
opposed large-scale relief: Madokoro, Elusive Refuge, 32–46; Hambro, The Problem of Chinese Refugees, 36–40; Chi-Kwan Mark, “The ‘Problem of People’: British Colonials, Cold War Powers, and the Chinese Refugees in Hong Kong, 1949–62,” in Modern Asian Studies, 2–3.
CHAPTER 24: ANNUO
June 25, 1950: Spence, The Search for Modern China, 524–529.
arbitrarily divided Korea: Han Suyin, The Morning Deluge, 525–546.
North Korea had: Bevin Alexander, Korea: The First War We Lost, 2–3.
President Truman made: Ibid., 36–37, 44–45.
“thirty-three thousand Nationalist soldiers”: Pakula, Last Empress, 601; Finkelstein, Washington’s Taiwan Dilemma, 334.
The U.S. Navy was: Finkelstein, Washington’s Taiwan Dilemma, 333.
provide $300 million: Chi Wang, The United States and China since World War II, 40; George Kerr, Formosa Betrayed, chap. 20.
Within a few years: Ibid.; Neil H. Jacoby, “An Evaluation of U.S. Economic Aid to Free China, 1951–1965,” Jan. 1966, Bureau for the Far East, Agency for International Development, Dept. of State, pp. 7–10, pdf.usaid.gov/pdf_docs/PNAAK054.pdf, accessed Mar. 16, 2015.
about 30 percent: Theresa Chen-Louie, interview with the author, May 21, 2010.
open feud between: Alexander, Korea: The First War We Lost, 176.
March 24, 1951: Ibid., 407.
CHAPTER 25: HO
Alger Hiss was: Schrecker, Many Are the Crimes, 163–165.
“psychopathic personalities,” and: Bill Ong Hing, Defining America through Immigration, 74.
China Area Aid: Richard Ferree Smith, “Refugees,” 44–46; Madeline Y. Hsu, “The Disappearance of America’s Cold War Chinese Refugees,” Journal of American Ethnic History 31, no. 4 (Summer 2012): 16–21; Madeline Y. Hsu, The Good Immigrants, 122–127.
Communist China entered: Spence, The Search for Modern China, 528–531.
to rain napalm: Alexander, Korea: The First War We Lost, 456–457, images 470–473.
use nuclear warheads: Ibid., 258.
Several dozen stranded: “Letter to Senator McCloy,” Oct. 26, 1951, NARA, RG 85, No. 56324/797.
Others posted anonymous: “Letter from Chinese Students Association in America,” Aug. 20, 1951, NARA, RG 85, No. 56234/950.
Qian Xuesen: Iris Chang, Thread of the Silkworm, x–xvii.
“lightning raids” in: Bedford (Pa.) Gazette, Feb. 1, 1951; The Cincinnati Enquirer, Feb. 1, 1951; The Terra Haute Tribune, Jan. 1, 1954.
“Confession Program” was: Peter Kwong and Dusanka Miscevic, Chinese America, 223–226.
John F. Boyd: Memorandum to W. F. Kelly, “Inspection of Chinese Aliens at Port of New York,” Jan. 4, 1952, NARA, RG 85, No. 56314/932, 5.
fall of 1951: Hsu, “The Disappearance of America’s Cold War Chinese Refugees,” 6.
CHAPTER 26: BING
Times Square—Chin Lee’s: Grace Lee Boggs, Living for Change, 6–9.
New York’s Chinatown: Brooks, Between Mao and McCarthy, 5–6; Peter Kwong, Chinatown, NY: Labor and Politics, 131–147.
CAN THESE TWO: Argus, Jan. 10, 1951.
FBI conducted raids: Yu, To Save China,185–187.
American children: FBI FOIA files, author’s collection.
written numerous articles: Ibid.
CHAPTER 27: BENNY
root out Rightists: A. Doak Barnett, “Letter on the Chinese Communist Movement,” reports to the ICWA, ADB–34, Sep. 8, 1949, 1–10.
his wife, Mary: Mary Wang, interview with the author, Sep. 21, 2008.
Vem Chuang: Interview with the author, May 6, 2010.
beggars, prostitutes, black: Pepper, Civil War in China, 405–407.
prices for tickets: Ibid., 394–398.
nothing to fear: Bill Chen, Shanghai Overseas Returned Scholars Association, interview with the author, Feb. 2, 2008.
more worried letters: Letters to Charles P. Gilson, RG 64-128, Archives of the Episcopal Church, Austin, TX.
Sisters of Loretto: Patricia Jean Manion, SL, Venture Into the Unknown, 312–316.
unexpected government assessment: Letter to James E. Whitney, Aug. 20, 1951, RG-135-2-5, Archives of the Episcopal Church, Austin, TX.
letter by Premier: Zhou Enlai Letter in Chinese and English, pp. 1–3, RG 275-1-1, Archives of the Episcopal Church, Austin, TX; Philip L. Wickeri, ed., Christian Encounters with Chinese Culture.
forbade employers to: Randall Gould, “Shanghai during the Takeover,”Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science 277 (Sep. 1951): 184–187; Barber, The Fall of Shanghai, 189–190; Pepper, Chinese Civil War, 396, 403–404.
Some Chinese soldiers: LTC Patrick A. Reiter, “Initial Communist Chinese Logistics in the Korean War,” quartermaster.army.mil/oqmg/professional_bulletin/2004/Autumn04/Initial_Communist_Chinese_Logistics_in_the_Korean_War.htm, accessed Apr. 3, 2016.
Chairman Mao had: Mao Zedong, “Analysis of the Classes in Chinese Society,” in Selected Works, 1:13.
“Campaign to Suppress”: Spence, The Search for Modern China, 535–536.
“Conference of Christian”: Mimeographed report, “Conference of Christian Institutions,” Apr. 1951, pp. 79–81, Archives of the Episcopal Church, Austin, TX.
a bishop, Francis: Article, Ta Kung Pao, Apr. 24, 1951, translated, RG 275-1-3, Archives of the Episcopal Church, Austin, TX.
“black imperialist university”: Lamberton and Shen, St. John’s University, 260.
“Three-Self Patriotic”: Mimeographed report, “Conference of Christian Institutions,” Apr. 1951, pp. 79–81, Archives of the Episcopal Church, Austin, TX.
against Rightist thinking: A. Doak Barnett, letter on “Five Anti Campaign I: Nationwide Campaign,” reports to the ICWA, ADB-1952-2, July 29, 1952, 1–7.
finally shut down: Spence, The Search for Modern China, 534.
>
Sisters of Loretto: Patricia Jean Manion, SL, Venture Into the Unknown, 327–328.
McTyeire School for: McTyeire Alumni Association, Telling Women’s Lives: In Search of McTyeire, 1892–1992, 1992; Shanghai No. 3 Girls’ High School, “The 120 Anniversary Celebration,” program booklet, 2012, 4.
St. John’s University: Lamberton and Shen, St. John’s University, 261–263.
Three Anti campaign: Barnett, letter on “Five Anti Campaign II: The Campaign in Shanghai,” reports to the ICWA, ADB-1952-3, July 31, 1952, 1–7.
CHAPTER 28: DOREEN
Moller Shipping Line: Sargeant, Shanghai, 107–108.
Isabel Chao: Interview with the author, Sep. 15, 2007.
Diane Tang Woo: Interview with the author, Aug. 21, 2007.
George Shen: Interview with the author, Oct. 1, 2010.
Ronald Sun: Interview with the author, Mar. 3, 2007.
Valentin Chu: Interview with the author, Apr. 12, 2007.
Ben Char: Interview with the author, May 6, 2010.
textile mills and: Wong, Emigrant Entrepreneurs, 43–53.
Hong Kong’s gold: Leo F. Goodstadt, Uneasy Partners, 197–204; Caroline Courtauld and May Holdsworth,The Hong Kong Story, 63–69.
shantytowns of Diamond: Feng Chi-shun, Diamond Hill.
Matilda Young: Interviews with the author, June 27, 2007, Aug. 26, 2010.
Sydney Chang: Interviews with the author, Feb. 9, 2008, Feb. 10, 2008.
thousands of Nationalist: Dominic Meng-Hsuang Yang, “Humanitarian Assistance and Propaganda War: Repatriation and Relief of the Nationalist Refugees in Hong Kong’s Rennie’s Mill Camp, 1950–1955,” Journal of Chinese Overseas 10, no. 2. (Nov. 2014): 165–196.
Shek Kip Mei: Chi-shun Feng, Diamond Hill, 73; Albert H. Yee, Wither Hong Kong?, 140–143; Courtauld and Holdsworth, The Hong Kong Story, 71; “The Hong Kong Story,” Permanent Collection, Hong Kong Museum of History.
CHAPTER 29: ANNABEL ANNUO
“good citizen” test: Peter Kwong and Dusanka Miscevic, Chinese America, 242–244; Ying-Ying Chang, interview with the author, Oct. 18, 2010.
CHAPTER 30: BENNY
Hundred Flowers Campaign: Spence, The Search for Modern China, 563–573.
people north of: Emily Honig, Creating Chinese Ethnicity, 1–5.
“struggle sessions,” Benny: Barnett, letter on “Five Anti Campaign I: Nationwide Campaign,” reports to the ICWA, ADB-1952-2, July 29, 1952, 1–7; Nien Cheng, Life and Death in Shanghai, 96–122.
Great Proletarian Cultural: Fairbanks, The Great Chinese Revolution, 316–333; Spence, The Search for Modern China, 613.
Red Guards broke: Nien Cheng, Life and Death in Shanghai; Fairbanks, The Great Chinese Revolution, 335–341.
EPILOGUE
nearly one in: Alexander, Korea, 483.
Hong Kong, dependent: Wong, Emigrant Entrepreneurs, 2–4; Patrick Yeung, “Trade Ties between Hong Kong and Mainland China,” Asian Survey 10, no. 9 (Sep. 1970): 821–824.
McCarthy’s reign of: Schrecker, Many Are the Crimes, xviii–xx.
The resulting void: Ibid., 368.
Department of Defense: “Projects in Contemporary Cultures, China,” G21-G31,“Chinese Political Character, 1950–52,” G62-G63, “Human Ecology-China, 1954–1961,” G94-G114, Margaret Mead Papers, Manuscript Division, Library of Congress.
the “model minority”: Hsu, The Good Immigrants, 236–242, 248–249; Brooks, Between Mao and McCarthy, 197, 217; Cheng, Citizens of Asian America, 64–67, 88.
Mi Ling Tsui: Interview with the author, Sep. 6, 2007; Charles N. Li, The Bitter Sea, 156–164.
Richard King: Interview with the author, Mar. 31, 2017.
Florence Lin: Interview with the author, Oct. 2, 2013.
Cecilia Chiang: Interview with the author, Mar. 30, 2016.
ARCHIVES AND MANUSCRIPT COLLECTIONS
Chinese University of Hong Kong, University Services Centre
Episcopal Church Archives
Hong Kong University Special Collections
Hoover Archives, Stanford University
Library of Congress
National Archives and Records Administration, Washington, D.C. (NARA); San Bruno, CA; New York, NY
Old China Hand Archives, California State University, Northridge
Princeton University East Asian Library
San Francisco National Maritime Museum Library
Shanghai Library Biblioteca Zi-Ka-Wei (Xujiahui)
Shanghai Main Library
Shanghai Municipal Archives
St. John’s University, Taipei
University of British Columbia, St. John’s College, Vancouver, BC
University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley Art Museum, Pacific Film Archives
University of California, Berkeley, C. V. Starr East Asian Library
University of California, Berkeley, Regional Oral History Archives
DISSERTATIONS AND THESES
Lan, On-wai, Kenneth. “Rennie’s Mill: The Origin and Evolution of a Special Enclave in Hong Kong.” PhD diss., University of Hong Kong, 2006.
Li, Robin Anne. “ ‘Being Good Chinese’: Chinese Scholarly Elites and Immigration in Mid-Century America.” PhD diss., University of Michigan, 2006.
Lin, Han-sheng. “Wang Ching-wei and the Japanese Peace Efforts.” PhD diss., University of Pensylvania, 1967.
Xu, Edward Yihua. “Religion and Education: St. John’s University as an Evangelizing Agency.” PhD diss., Princeton University, 1994.
FILMS AND VIDEOS
The Battle of China. Directed by Frank Capra. 1944; Office of War Information. Accessed April 28, 2009. youtube.com/watch?v=m4Ebv-FzP60.
China: A Century of Revolution. Directed and produced by Susan Williams. Part 1, “China in Revolution, 1911–1949,” 1989. Part 2, “The Mao Years, 1949–1976,” 1994. Part 3, “Born Under the Red Flag, 1976–1997,” 1997. Winstar, 2001. VHS.
The China Chronicles: Exodus and Resistance. Directed by Yuan Min. Richard Lin Yang, executive producer. 2006; Canada Live News Agency Inc., 2007. DVD.
The Crossing II. Directed by John Woo. 2015; Beijing Galloping Horse Group, 2015. DVD.
Empire of the Sun. Directed by Steven Spielberg. 1987; Warner Bros. Pictures, 2006. DVD.
Finding Kukan. Directed by Robin Lung. 2017; Nested Egg Productions, 2018. DVD.
Legendary Sin Cities: Shanghai. Directed by Marrin Canell and Ted Remerowski. 2006; Demi-Monde Productions, 2012. DVD.
Lust, Caution. Directed by Ang Lee. 2007; River Road Entertainment, 2007. DVD.
Shanghai Exodus: Incredible Stories from the Caucasians Who Grew Up in China. 2010; China Light Media Foundation, 2011. DVD.
Shanghai Ghetto. Directed by Dana Janklowicz-Mann and Amir Mann. 2002; New Video Group, 2004. DVD.
The White Countess. Directed by James Ivory. 2005; Merchant Ivory Productions, 2006. DVD.
Zuflucht in Shanghai: The Port of Last Resort. Directed by Joan Grossman and Paul Rosdy. 1998; Pinball Films, 2012. DVD.
GOVERNMENT DOCUMENTS
Bound Copies of U.S. Consular (HK) Compiled Internal Reports, 1952–1957. Suzanne Pepper Private Collection. University Service Centre for China Studies, Chinese University of Hong Kong.
British Colonial Yearbooks, 1950–1977.
Hambro, Edvard. The Problem of Chinese Refugees in Hong Kong: Report submitted to the United Nations Commissioner for Refugees. Leyden, Holland: A. W. Sujthoff, 1955.
Jacoby, Neil H. “An Evaluation of U.S. Economic Aid to Free China, 1951–1965.” January 1966. Bureau for the Far East, Agency for International Development, Department of State. Accessed March 16, 2015. pdf.usaid.gov/pdf_docs/PNAAK054.pdf.
“Shanghai
-Counter-Espionage Summary,” August 12, 1945. Headquarters Office of Strategic Services, China Theater. Author’s collection. pp. 1–27.
INTERVIEWS
The full list of interviewees can be found in the acknowledgments. All interviews cited were conducted by the author unless otherwise noted. For Ho Chow, Theresa Junlin Chow, Annabel Annuo Liu, Benny Pan, and Bing Woo, dozens of interviews and conversations took place with each over a period of twelve years.
JOURNAL ARTICLES AND SERIAL REPORTS
Ahlers, John. “Shanghai at the War’s End.” Far Eastern Survey 14, no. 23 (Nov. 1945): 329–333.
Barnett, A. Doak. “The Economy of Formosa: Progress on a Treadmill.” American Universities Field Staff Reports (New York, Oct. 15, 1954).
———. Reports to Institute of Current World Affairs. Multiple. icwa.org.
Barnett, Robert W. “Shanghai Rice Anomaly,” Far Eastern Survey 10, no. 13 (July 1941): 146–148.
———. “Starvation, Boom and Blockade in Shanghai.” Far Eastern Survey 9, no. 9 (Apr. 24, 1940): 97–102.
Borg, Dorothy. “America Loses Chinese Good Will.” Far Eastern Survey 18, no. 4 (Feb. 23, 1949): 37–45.
Campbell, Colin D., and Gordon C. Tullock. “Hyperinflation in China, 1937–49.” Journal of Political Economy 62, no. 3 (June 1954): 236–245.
Chen, Ta. “Migration.” In “Supplement: Population in Modern China.” American Journal of Sociology 52 (1947): 57–71.
Cheng, Peter P. C. “The Formosa Triangle: A Formosan’s View.”Asian Survey 7, no. 11 (Nov. 1967): 791–800.
Converse, Elizabeth. “Formosa: Private Citadel?”Far Eastern Survey 18, no. 21 (Oct. 19, 1949): 249–250.
Cope, Elizabeth W. “Displaced Europeans in Shanghai.” Far Eastern Survey 17, no. 23 (Dec. 1948): 274–276.
