One study installed a program: Yeykelis, L., Cummings, J. J., & Reeves, B. (2014). Multitasking on a single device: Arousal and the frequency, anticipation, and prediction of switching between media content on a computer. Journal of Communication 64, 167–192.
Chapter 3: In Person No More
iGen teens spend less time: Twenge, J. M., & Uhls, Y. T. (2017). Less in-person social interaction among U.S. adolescents in the 21st century and links to loneliness. Unpublished manuscript.
so many malls across the country have closed: Aaron Smith. Once the world’s biggest mall is being torn down today. CNN.com, December 30, 2014.
One study asked college students: Kross, E., Verduyn, P., Demiralp, E., Park, J., Lee, D. S., Lin, N., Shablack, H., Jonides, J., & Ybarra, O. (2013). Facebook use predicts declines in subjective well-being in young adults. PLOS ONE 8, e69841.
Another study of adults: Shakya, H. B., & Christakis, N. A. (2017). Association of Facebook use with compromised well-being: A longitudinal study. American Journal of Epidemiology 18, 203–211.
A third study randomly assigned: Tromholt, M. (2016). The Facebook experiment: Quitting Facebook leads to higher levels of well-being. Cyberpsychology, Behavior, and Social Networking 19, 661–666. The Facebook experiment: Does social media affect the quality of our lives? Happiness Research Institute, 2016.
“They said, ‘Nobody likes you’ ”: Sales, N. J. (2016). American girls: Social media and the secret lives of teenagers. New York: Knopf.
David Molak was: Madalyn Mendoza. Alamo Heights student was a victim of bullying before committing suicide, family says. San Antonio Express-News, January 8, 2016. Melissa Fletcher Stoeltje and John Tedesco. Who’s to blame in David Molak’s death? San Antonio Express-News, January 16, 2016.
Gabby Douglas, the Olympic gymnast: Lindsay Kimble. Gabby Douglas cried “gallons” after Olympics cyberbullying—and is now dedicated to helping fellow victims. People, December 22, 2016.
One set of studies: Justin W. Patchin and Sameer Hinduja. Summary of our cyberbullying research (2004–2016). Lifetime cyberbullying victimization rates, ten different studies 2007–2016 [graph]. Cyberbullying Research Center.
We found that even a brief: Twenge, J. M., Baumeister, R. F., Tice, D. M., & Stucke, T. S. (2001). If you can’t join them, beat them: Effects of social exclusion on aggressive behavior. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 81, 1058–1069. Twenge, J. M., Catanese, K. R., & Baumeister, R. F. (2002). Social exclusion causes self-defeating behavior. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 83, 606–615. Twenge, J. M., Catanese, K. R., & Baumeister, R. F. (2003). Social exclusion and the deconstructed state: Time perception, meaninglessness, lethargy, lack of emotion, and self-awareness. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 85, 409–423.
Neuroscientists have found: Eisenberger, N. I., Lieberman, M. D., & Williams, K. D. (2003). Does rejection hurt? An fMRI study of social exclusion. Science 302, 290–292.
One study had college students: Sherman, L. E., Minas, M., & Greenfield, P. M. (2013). The effects of text, audio, video, and in-person communication on bonding between friends. Cyberpsychology: Journal of Psychosocial Research on Cyberspace, 7.
“I find [social media] really stressful”: Kathy Evans. Are digital natives really just digital labourers? Teens turning off social media. The Age, May 15, 2016.
In one study, 6th graders: Uhls, Y. T., Michikyan, M., Morris, J., Garcia, D., Small, G. S., Zgourou, E., & Greenfeld, P. M. (2014). Five days at outdoor education camp without screens improves preteen skills with nonverbal emotion cues. Computers in Human Behavior 39, 387–392.
Chapter 4: Insecure
UC Berkeley student Ilaf Esuf: Ilaf Esuf. I’m fine, I promise. Daily Californian, July 29, 2016.
As the tide of individualism rose: Reynolds, J., Stewart, M., MacDonald, R., & Sischo, L. (2006). Have adolescents become too ambitious? High school seniors’ educational and occupational plans, 1976 to 2000. Social Problems 53, 186–206. Twenge, J. M., Campbell, W. K., & Gentile, B. (2013). Changes in pronoun use in American books and the rise of individualism, 1960–2008. Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology 44, 406–415. Twenge, J. M., Campbell, W. K., & Gentile, B. (2012). Increases in individualistic words and phrases in American books, 1960–2008. PLOS ONE 7, e40181. Twenge, J. M., Campbell, W. K., & Gentile, B. (2012). Generational increases in agentic self-evaluations among American college students, 1966–2009. Self and Identity 11, 409–427.
Then iGen arrived, and happiness began to falter. Twenge, J. M., & Martin, G. E., & Campbell, W. K. (2017). Decreases in psychological well-being among American adolescents since 2012 and the rise of smartphone technology. Manuscript under review.
Thirteen-year-old Grace Nazarian: Lisa A. Flam. Social media means kids are excluded in real time. Today, March 17, 2015.
These administrators say: College counseling centers face “perfect storm,” expert says. CU-CitizenAccess.org, August 27, 2012. Novotney, A. (2014). Students under pressure: College and university counseling centers are examining how best to serve the growing number of students seeking their services. Monitor on Psychology 45, 36.
teens’ depressive symptoms have skyrocketed: Twenge, J. M., Martin, G. E., & Campbell, W. K. (2017). Decreases in depressive symptoms, suicide-related outcomes, and suicide rates among U.S. adolescents after 2010 and links to increased new media screen time. Manuscript under review.
Megan Armstrong: Laura Heck. A generation on edge: A look at millennials and mental health. Vox Magazine, November 19, 2015.
On Tumblr, a microblogging site: Rebecca Ruiz. Teens are struggling with their mental health—and talking about it on social media. Mashable, May 3, 2017.
“If you wanted to create”: Susanna Schrobsdorff. Anxiety, depression, and the modern adolescent. Time, November 7, 2016.
“We’re the first generation”: Ibid.
An exchange among three 16-year-old girls: Sales, N. J. (2016). American girls: Social media and the secret lives of teenagers. New York: Knopf.
Nineteen-year-old Essena O’Neill: Megan McCluskey. Instagram star Essena O’Neill breaks her silence on quitting social media. Time, January 5, 2016. Megan McClusky. Teen Instagram star speaks out about the ugly truth behind social media fame. Time, November 2, 2015.
Madison Holleran was everything: Kate Fagan. Split image. ESPN, May 7, 2015.
The study is specifically designed: Mojtabai, R., Olfson, M., & Han, B. (2016). National trends in the prevalence and treatment of depression in adolescents and young adults. Pediatrics 138.
“Every single week we have a girl”: Schrobsdorff. Anxiety, depression, and the modern adolescent.
one mother found that : Ibid.
A high school classmate once confided: Whitney Howard. It’s okay if you’re struggling with mental health. Utah Statesman, March 20, 2016.
After declining during the 1990s: Curtin, S. C., Warner, M., & Hedegaard, H. Increase in suicide in the United States, 1999–2014. NCHS Data Brief no. 214, April 2016. Sabrina Tavernise. U.S. suicide rate surges to a 30-year high. New York Times, April 22, 2016.
An article in The Atlantic: Lucy Dwyer. When anxiety hits at school. The Atlantic, October 3, 2014.
experiments that randomly assign: Tromholt, M. (2016). The Facebook experiment: Quitting Facebook leads to higher levels of well-being. Cyberpsychology, Behavior, and Social Networking 19, 661–666. Sherman, L. E., Minas, M., & Greenfield, P. M. (2013). The effects of text, audio, video, and in-person communication on bonding between friends. Cyberpsychology: Journal of Psychosocial Research on Cyberspace, 7.
One study asked college students: LeMoyne, T., & Buchanan, T. (2011). Does “hovering” matter? Helicopter parenting and its effect on well-being. Sociological Spectrum 31, 399–418.
As Asbury University student Alyssa Driscoll wrote: Alyssa Driscoll. Twenty One Pilots’ new song really GETS US. The Lala, April 24, 2015.
“I stay up all night”: Sales (2016). American girls.
Mor
e teens now sleep less than seven hours most nights: Twenge, J. M., Krizan, Z., & Hisler, G. (2017). Decreases in sleep duration among U.S. adolescents 1991–2105 and links to screen time. Manuscript under review.
An extensive meta-analysis: Carter, B., Rees, P., Hale, L., Bhattacharjee, D., & Paradkar, M. S. (2016). Association between portable screen-based media device access or use and sleep outcomes: A systematic review and meta-analysis. JAMA Pediatrics 170, 1202–1208.
Sleep deprivation is linked: Altman, N. G., Izci-Balserak, B., Schopfer, E., et al. (2012). Sleep duration versus sleep insufficiency as predictors of cardiometabolic health outcomes. Sleep Medicine 13, 1261–1270. Meerlo, P., Sgoifo, A., & Suchecki, D. (2008). Restricted and disrupted sleep: Effects on autonomic function, neuroendocrine stress systems and stress responsivity. Sleep Medicine Reviews 12, 197–210. Owens, J. (2015). Insufficient sleep in adolescents and young adults: An update on causes and consequences. Pediatrics 134, e921–e932.
people who don’t sleep enough: Ilardi, S. (2010). The depression cure. New York: Da Capo.
Brian Go, a junior at Caltech: Robin Wilson. An epidemic of anguish. Chronicle of Higher Education, September 4, 2015.
After Shefali Arora ran through: Ibid.
“I worry about the lack”: Logan Jones. Mental health week only works if we let it. Utah Statesman, March 24, 2016.
“If I thought I might”: Cooper Lund. Cooper Lund on the weight of depression, ending mental illness stigma. Daily Oklahoman, December 6, 2015.
Chapter 5: Irreligious
Their skateboard park: Naftali Bendavid. Europe’s empty churches go on sale. Wall Street Journal, January 2, 2015.
The few changes that did appear: Smith, C., & Snell, P. (2009). Souls in transition: The religious and spiritual lives of emerging adults. New York: Oxford University Press.
As studies by the Pew Research Center showed: America’s changing religious landscape. Pew Research Center, May 12, 2015.
Beginning in the 1990s: Twenge, J. M., Sherman, R. A., Exline, J. J., & Grubbs, J. B. (2016). Declines in American adults’ religious participation and beliefs, 1972–2014. Sage Open, 6, 1–13. Twenge, J. M., Exline, J. J., Grubbs, J. B., Sastry, R., & Campbell, W. K. (2015). Generational and time period differences in American adolescents’ religious orientation, 1966–2014. PLOS ONE 10, e0121454.
In an interview on NPR: Tom Gjelten. Causes and consequences of declining religious affiliation in the U.S. Diane Rehm Show, NPR, May 13, 2015.
a recent study found: Charles Tyler. (2011). True love isn’t waiting. Neue 6, 32–36.
the religious scholar Robert Fuller: Fuller, Robert. (2001). Spiritual but not religious: Understanding unchurched America. New York: Oxford University Press.
When sociologist Christian Smith interviewed: Smith & Snell (2009). Souls in transition.
For years, religious scholars: Becka A. Alper. Millennials are less religious than older Americans, but just as spiritual. Pew Research Center, November 23, 2015. Berger, P. L. (2011). The sacred canopy: Elements of a sociological theory of religion. New York: Open Road Media. Berger, P. L., Davie, G., & Fokas, E. (2008). Religious America, secular Europe? A theme and variation. Burlington, VT: Ashgate. Finke, R., & Stark, R. (2005). The churching of America, 1776–2005: Winners and losers in our religious economy. New Brunswick, NJ: Rutgers University Press. Fuller. Spiritual but not religious. Religion among the Millennials. Pew Research Center, February 17, 2010. Putnam, R. D., & Campbell, D. E. (2012). American grace: How religion divides us and unites us. New York: Simon & Schuster. Smith & Snell (2009). Souls in transition. Smith, T. W. (2012). Beliefs about God across time and countries. NORC.org.
To more precisely analyze: Twenge et al. (2015). Generational and time period differences in American adolescents’ religious orientation, 1966–2014.
When Christian Smith interviewed: Smith, C., & Denton, M. L. (2009). Soul searching: The religious and spiritual lives of American teenagers. London: Oxford University Press.
For example, half: Kinnaman, D. (2016). You lost me: Why young Christians are leaving church . . . and rethinking faith. Grand Rapids, MI: Baker Books.
A 2012 survey of 18- to 24-year-olds: Robert P. Jones. Why are Millennials leaving the church? Huffington Post, July 8, 2012.
David Kinnaman’s book unChristian reported: Kinnaman, D., & Lyons, G. (2012). unChristian: What a new generation really thinks about Christianity . . . and why it matters. Grand Rapids, MI: Baker Books.
one church in Oregon: Ibid.
“This is family”: Clarice Silber and Dan Reiner. As churches prepare to close, parishioners mourn. Journal News, July 7, 2015.
“At the end of the day”: Gjelten. Causes and consequences of declining religious affiliation in the U.S.
Others see positives: Ibid.
Chapter 6: Insulated but Not Intrinsic
A 2016 survey asked: John Beltz Snyder. Millennials don’t want cars, but Generation Z does. Autoblog, March 16, 2016.
sexual assault is actually less common: David Finkelhor and Lisa Jones. Have sexual abuse and physical abuse declined since the 1990s? Crimes Against Children Research Center, November 2012.
Former Village Voice rock critic Richard Goldstein: Richard Goldstein. Today’s no-risk kids don’t get the ’60s. The Daily Beast, May 13, 2015.
When the writer Claire Fox: Fox, C. (2017). “I find that offensive!” London: Biteback Publishing. Claire Fox. Generation Snowflake: How we train our kids to be censorious cry-babies. The Spectator, June 4, 2016.
Greg Lukianoff and Jonathan Haidt’s much-discussed: Greg Lukianoff and Jonathan Haidt. The coddling of the American mind. The Atlantic, September 2015.
As Josh Zeitz put it: Josh Zeitz. Campus protesters aren’t reliving the 1960s. Politico Magazine, December 21, 2015.
When Williams College “disinvited”: Jonathan H. Adler. Suzanne Venker is unwelcome at Williams College. Washington Post, October 22, 2015.
In his piece “I’m a Liberal Professor”: Edward Schlosser. I’m a liberal professor, and my liberal students terrify me. Vox, June 3, 2015.
As Northwestern University professor Laura Kipnis wrote: Laura Kipnis. My Title IX Inquisition. Chronicle of Higher Education, May 31, 2015.
Everett Piper: Susan Svrluga. College president: “This is not a day care. This is a university!” Washington Post, November 30, 2015.
In October 2015, the administration: Email from Erika Christakis: “Dressing yourselves,” email to Silliman College (Yale) students on Halloween costumes. The Fire, October 30, 2015.
A group of protestors then confronted: Conor Friedersdorf. The perils of writing a provocative email at Yale. The Atlantic, May 26, 2016.
As Yale faculty wrote: A. Douglas Stone and Mary Schwab-Stone. The sheltering campus: Why college is not home. New York Times, February 5, 2016.
the sociologists Bradley Campbell and Jason Manning argued: Campbell, B., & Manning, J. (2014). Microaggression and moral cultures. Comparative Sociology 13, 692–726.
In The Atlantic, Conor Friedersdorf argued: Conor Friedersdorf. The rise of victimhood culture. The Atlantic, September 11, 2015.
protestors shouted at campus administrators: Sam Budnyk. Emory students express discontent with administrative response to Trump chalkings. Emory Wheel, March 22, 2016.
“I had no idea”: Matt Taibbi. College kids aren’t the only ones demanding “safe spaces.” Rolling Stone, April 6, 2016.
Another incident occurred: Jamie Ballard, Will Fritz, and Jacob Sisneros. Hundreds of students protest President Hirshman regarding BDS posters. Daily Aztec, April 27, 2016.
Student protestors believed: Ibid. Astrid Solorzano and Bree Steffen. SDSU students corner President Hirshman in car, demand response for anti-Islamic flyers. ABC 10 News, April 27, 2016.
Lukianoff and Haidt argued: Lukianoff and Haidt. The coddling of the American mind.
In a New York Times op-ed: Judith Shulevitz. In college and hiding from scary ideas. New York Times, March 21, 2015.
As Hanna Rosin observed: Hanna Rosin. The overprotected kid. The Atlantic, April 2014.
In 1969, 48%: How children get to school: School travel patterns from 1969 to 2009. National Center for Safe Routes to School, November 2011.
An elementary school in Michigan: Tim Cushing. Schools ban tag, cartwheels and “unstructured play”: The inevitable outcome of unrealistic promises and expectations. Techdirt, October 10, 2013.
Another school banned cartwheels: Ibid.
Many cities have banned street hockey: Colin Horgan. Game off! Why the decline of street hockey is a crisis for our kids. Guardian, July 5, 2016.
In a recent poll, 70%: Peter Moore. Little interest in “free range” parenting. YouGov, April 20, 2015.
Hanna Rosin argued in The Atlantic: Rosin. The overprotected kid.
In her book A Nation of Wimps: Marano, H. E. (2008). A nation of wimps: The high cost of invasive parenting. New York: Crown Archetype.
Lenore Skenazy made the case: Skenazy, L. (2010). Free-range kids: How to raise safe, self-reliant children (without going nuts with worry). New York: Jossey-Bass.
“Society has forced us”: Horgan. Game off! Why the decline of street hockey is a crisis for our kids.
For example, a 2013 New York Times op-ed: Emily Esfahani Smith and Jennifer L. Aaker. Millennial searchers. New York Times, November 30, 2013.
However, that survey queried: The future of millennials’ careers. Career Advisory Board and Harris Interactive, January 28, 2011.
Chapter 7: Income Insecurity
slightly fewer iGen’ers and late Millennials: Twenge, J. M., Campbell, S. M., Hoffman, B. R., & Lance, C. E. (2010). Generational differences in work values: Leisure and extrinsic values increasing, social and intrinsic values decreasing. Journal of Management 36, 1117–1142.
In 2016, an article in Forbes: Caroline Beaton. Science sets us straight on Yelp CEO letter scandal: The truth about the Millennial work ethic. Forbes, February 24, 2016.
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