by Charles King
Golden Horde 88, 97, 120, 122, 142–3; see also Tatar–Mongols
Golden Horn 83, 101
Gomer 28
Gorchakov, A. M. 192–3
Gordon, Sir Robert 175–6
gorytos 36
“Gothia” 229
Goths 68, 75, 126, 130
grain 198;see also barley; millet; wheat
grand vezirs 118
Great Britain see Britain
“Great Game” 174–7
Great Sea xi–xii, 82; see also Black Sea: names for
Great Seljuk empire 79
Greece 5, 31, 32, 35, 37, 40–1, 43, 81, 83, 93, 144, 213, 217
independence of 193–4
Russian refugees in 212; see also Greeks
Greek fire see sea-fire
Greek identity 190, 214, 215
Greek–Turkish population exchange 213–16, 240
Greek–Turkish war 213, 225
Greeks (ancient): cosmology 26
exploration and colonization 10, 19, 26, 29–34, 42–5
Heroic age 26
identity 25, 33
mythology 10, 26–8
relations with Scythians and others 31–8, 43, 153
trade 7, 27, 29–33
Greeks (modern): as settlers in Russia 166–7, 203–4
deportation of 207, 229; see also Greek–Turkish population exchange
griffins 27
Guthrie, Marie 117
Gvazawa, Georges 226
Haci-Omar, emir 97
Hades 26
Hadji-bey see Odessa
Hadrian 53–4, 57, 67, 71
Haghia Sophia (Istanbul) 81, 96
Haghia Sophia (Trabzon) 95–6, 106 49 n, 127
Halys river see Kizilirmak river
Hamidian massacres see Armenia and Armenians: massacres
hamsi see anchovy
Harald III see Sigurdsson, Harald
Hasan Paşa, Gazi 159–61
Hassan 85
Haxthausen, August von 118, 221
hazelnuts 32, 115
Hazer Denizi see Caspian Sea
Hellenistic period 40–6
hemp 30, 115, 155; see also cannabis
hemşeri 247
Hemşin 11, 246
Heniochi 27
Heraclea Pontica 94
Hercules 26
Herodotus ix, 23, 25, 27–8, 31, 34–8, 43, 50–2, 54, 68, 218
Hesiod 40
Historical Essay on the Commerce and Navigation of the Black Sea 156–7; see also Anthoine de
Saint-Joseph, Antoine-Ignace
Histories 36; see also Herodotus
history-writing 216–19; see also Black Sea: historiography
Holland 144
Holy Land 203
Homer 40–1, 71
honey 32, 58 26
Hoover, Herbert 212
horse-milkers 36; see also Scythia and Scythians
Howard, John 169, 184 62 n
Howard, Robert E. 28
Hrushevs’kyi, Mykhailo 218
human sacrifice 37
Hungarian plain 17
Hungary 112, 114–15, 120, 122–3
Hünkâr İskelesi, treaty of 141
Huns 67
hydrogen sulfide 17–18, 232; see also Black Sea: geography and ecology
Hypanis rive 29; see also Bug river
Hyperboreans 27, 34, 76
hypoxia 232; see also Black Sea: geography and ecology
Hyssus 53
Iaşi 172
Iberia (in Caucasus) 45
Iberia (in western Europe) 95
Ibn al-Atir 72
Ibn Battuta 86
Ibn Fadlan 74
Ibn Kemal 125
Iliad 36
Ilkhans 88
Imereti 120, 122
İnce (cape) 16
India 52, 89, 102–3, 174
Indian Ocean 10, 43, 73
industry 191, 199, 229–33, 243
İnebolu 15, 55; see also Abonoteichus
Ingush, deportation of 229
The Innocents Abroad 189; see also Twain, Mark
international law 192–5, 215–16
Iolcus 40
Ionia 29, 32, 35, 43; see also Asia Minor
Iorga, Nicolae 218
Iphigeneia 26
Iran 36
iron 29, 32, 190
İshaki, Ayaz 226
Islam 69, 74–5, 101, 133, 141, 143, 208
Ismail 160
Istanbul xii, 127, 143, 145, 155–6, 161–2, 165, 173, 176, 194, 197, 200, 206, 213, 245–6; see also Byzantium (city); Constantinople
Istanbul, treaty of 140
Istria 32
Italy and Italians 80, 103, 167, 222; see also Genoa and Genoese; Pisa and Pisans; Venice and Venetians
Iurzuchi 85
Ivan IV (the Terrible) 124, 140–2
Janissaries 117
Japheth 74
Jason (cape) see Yasun (cape)
Jason (mythical figure) 27, 40–2, 53
jellyfish see Mnemiopsis leidyi
Jeremiah 28
Jerusalem 178
Jews 45, 85, 114, 118, 165–6, 167, 169, 184 62 n, 204, 208, 215, 228, 246
John V Paleologus 97
John VI Cantacuzenus 93
Jones, John Paul 157–61, 163–4, 181
Joseph II 148, 150, 154
Judea 45
Julianus 54
Julius Caesar 50
Justinian I 65, 59
Justinian II 74, 77
Kakheti 120; see also Kartli–Kakheti
Kalmoucks see Kalmyks
Kalmykia, Republic of 153
Kalmyks 150–4
Kara Deniz (Karadeniz) xii, 113; see also Black Sea: names for
Kara Yuluk 97
Karachai, deportation of 229
Karasu 205
Karlowitz, treaty of 140
Kars 179, 195
karst 3
Kartli 120; see also Kartli–Kakheti
Kartli–Kakheti 123
Katastrophe 214; see also Greek–Turkish population exchange
Kazakhs 153
Kazan, khanate 142
Kemal Takmadji 85
Kennan, George 6
Kerch (city) 31, 147
Kerch (strait) 16, 113, 145, 147
Kerempe (cape) 16
kerosene 198
Keystone Kops 35
khagan 73–5, 77
Khazars 73–8, 85
relation to Karaites 105 20 n
Kherson 154–8, 162, 165–6, 171, 196, 221
Khodarkovsky, Michael 142
Kiev 76–7, 82, 88, 143, 200, 203; see also Kyiv
Kilia 121, 126, 160, 165; see also Licostomo
Kinburn 147, 159
Kizilirmak river 17, 30
Knights of Rhodes 126
Knights Templar 89
koine 47
Koran 171
Kosciuszko 147
Kosovo, battle of 99
Köstence 99 see also Constanţa;
Tomis
krai 142; see also steppe
Krum, khan 78
Krym see Crimea
Kuban river 196
Kublai Khan 81
Küçük Kaynarca, treaty of 140, 146–7, 162, 174
Kumyks, deportation of 229
Kurds and Kurdistan 5, 11, 209, 213, 241
Kutlubeg 97
Kyiv 245; see also Kiev
Lafayette 147
Laleli district (Istanbul) 245
language 7
lateen sail 128
Lattimore, Owen 8–9
Laugerio, Vivaldino 85
Lausanne, treaty of 213–14, 216, 235 38 n; see also Greek–Turkish population exchange
Lavaggio, Vivaldo 85
Laz 11, 54, 126, 176, 246
lazaretto see plague
Lefort, François 144, 158
Leipzig 209
Lepanto, battle of 128
Levant 5, 91, 126, 169, 174, 189
Libya 48
/>
lice-eaters 54
Licostomo 84, 111, 121, 126; see also Kilia
lighthouses 172, 185 73 n
Liman, battle of the see Dnepr estuary, battle of the limans see estuaries
limes 46
Limnia 97
linen 30, 46
Lithuania 120, 142; see also Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth
Livorno 167
London 173, 197, 200, 205, 246
Lorraine 89
Los Angeles 246
Louis IX 88
Louis XV 148
Louis XVI 39, 148, 155
Lucian 55–6
Lwów 82
Macedonia (region) 214, 217
Maçka see Matzouka
mackerel 18, 33; see also fish and fishing
Magyars 67
Mahmut II, sultan 176
Main–Danube canal 231
Maine 12
malaria 172; see also disease
Malassus 54
Malta 197
Manchester 177
mandates 213, 228
Manganari, Egor 221–3
manganese 190, 198
Mangu Khan 89
Manuel III Comenus 96
Manzikert, battle of 79
maps see cartography
Marco Polo 81, 85, 89
mare Leoninum 82; see also Black Sea: names for
mare Maggiore xi, 82; see also Black Sea: names for
Mare Maius xi; see also Black Sea: names for
Marea Neagra? xii; book by Grigore Antipa 223; see also Black Sea: names for marine geology
Marseilles 82, 155–6, 167, 190; quarantine system 168–71
Marsigli, Luigi Fernando 220–1
marten 115
Marvel comics 28
Marxism 5
Matzouka 96–7, 214
Maure Thalassa xii; see also Black Sea: names for
Maurocastro 84, 111, 117, 121; see also Akkerman
Medea 41, 53
Media 45
Mediterranean Sea xi–xii, 3, 10, 12–15, 26, 43, 46, 66, 72–3, 82, 84–5, 126, 130, 133, 140, 143, 146–7, 155–6, 168, 174, 190, 197, 193–4, 220, 232, 246; see also Black Sea: flood thesis
Mee, Laurence 233
Megara 31, 65, 162
Megas Komnenos see Comnenus dynasty
Mehmet II, sultan 100–1, 104, 113, 120, 123
Mennonites 166; see also Germans
Mesembria see Nesebur
Mesopotamia 28, 45
metals 26, 29, 46; see also gold; iron; silver
microbiology 219
Middle East 211, 244
Midhat Paşa 196, 199, 234–12 n
migration xii, 241, 246; see also deportations
Miletus and Milesians 29, 31, 84
millet 29, 115
millet system 209
Ming dynasty 90
Mississippi river 3
Mithridates VI Eupator 45–51, 54, 95
Mnemiopsis leidyi 232–3, 243
Moesia 50
Moldova (principality) 111, 114, 119, 122, 132, 140, 145–6, 172, 178, 193, 195, 205, 218
relations with Ottomans 120–1
Moldova (republic) 10, 241–2
Mongolia 67, 87, 90
Mongols 79, 87–93; see also Tatar–Mongols
Montaigne 39
Montenegro 195
Montreux convention 216, 229
Morocco 169
Moscow 163, 168, 203–4, 245
mosquitoes 205
Mossynoeci 26
Mount Athos 94
Mozart 47
Mübadele 215; see also Greek–Turkish population exchange
Mugetto (ship) 85
Munich 227
Murray, John, publishers 200
Muscovy 114, 122–3
relations with steppe 140–3; see also Russia
Muslims 85, 204
deportations from Russian empire and Balkans 208–9
Mustafa Kemal 213
Nagorno-Karabakh ix, 240–2, 246
Nagun 154
Nakhimov, Pavel 179–80
Napoleon 164
naphtha 72
Nassau-Siegen, Charles of 158–61
“Natashas” 245
nation, as idea 3, 6, 11–12
nationalism 11–12, 190–2, 207–8, 216–19, 224,
nationality, as political ideology 178, 208
NATO 227, 229, 239, 244, 246
natural gas 244
Navarino, battle of 194
Near East 6, 15, 28, 35, 88, 97, 140, 163, 170, 174, 177, 181, 195, 200, 209, 211, 225–6
Negrone, Manuele 85
Nemanjid dynasty 119
neoclassicism 39
Neoeuxine lake 13–15, 17;see also Black Sea: flood thesis
Neolithic period 14
Nesebur 32, 125–9
Nestorians 89
New Russia 161–8, 196, 202
New Testament 171
New York 200, 246
Nicaea, empire of 81, 83, 93
Nicephorus 78
Nicholas I, tsar 178, 180, 221
Nicholas II, tsar 208, 236 48 n
Nightingale, Florence 181
Nikolaev 156, 166, 171–2, 196–7, 221, 228
Nile river 26, 31, 43
Noah 28, 74, 78
Nobel family 198
Nogays 117, 120, 124, 140, 151, 131
nomadism 8, 27–8, 35–6, 51–2, 67–70, 79–80, 87–8, 90, 97, 139, 141, 150–4, 168
Normans 80
Norsemen 74–7, 131, 231; see also Rhos
North Africa 118
North Dakota 12
North Sea 231
Novgorod 82
Novorossiia see New Russia
Novorossiisk 143, 196, 204, 211, 225, 228, 232
Öcalan, Abdullah 241
Ocean, in Greek cosmology 26, 41
oceanography 219–24
Ochakov 129, 146, 159–61, 163, 165
Odessa 143, 163–4, 166, 171–3, 175, 196–7, 200–3, 205, 211, 225, 228, 232, 242, 245–6
Odessa steps 164
Odessus (Bulgaria) see Varna
Odessus (Ukraine) see Odessa
Odrysians 43
Officium Gazariae 85
oil see petroleum industry
Olbia 29, 31, 43–4
Old Testament 171
olives 30, 115
Omar (of Tana) 91
opium 115
Orthodoxy, as political ideology 178, 208
Osman 98–9, 113
Osman Paşa, admiral 179
Othello xi
Ottoman empire: administration
architecture 100
conquest of Trebizond 104
economy 114
historiography 99
navy 101, 128–9, 161, 179, 192–5, 210–11, 213
origins of 98–101
plague 168, 170–2
railways in 195–200
relations with Byzantine empire 98–101
strategy in Black Sea region 111–15, 133–4, 139–40
Tanzimat 196, 208
tax registers 115; see also Turkey
“Ottoman yoke” 99; see also “Turkish yoke”
Ovid 45, 50
Oxford 205
Özal, Turgut 244
Özi see Ochakov
P. & O. Company 176
Pacific Ocean 198
Paleologus dynasty 93
Palestine 45, 228
Pallas, Peter Simon 33, 153, 165, 221
Palus Maeotis see Sea of Azov
Panticapaeum 29, 31, 47, 69, 72
Paphlagonia and Paphlagonians 28–9, 45, 55–6
Paris 102, 148–9, 156, 160, 164, 173, 200, 225–6, 246
Paris, treaty of 180–1, 189, 193
Parthia 57
Partitio Romaniae 81, 83
Paşazade, Kemal 112
pastoralism see nomadism
Pausanias 34
pax mongolica 87–91
Pechenegs 67, 7
4–5, 98, 120
relations with Byzantines 69–70
Pegolotti, Francesco 90
Pelias 40
Pennsylvania 198–9
Pera 84–5
Pericles 58 23n
periploi 41–2, 60 53 n
Periplus Ponti Euxini 53; see also Arrian
Perra 85
Persia and Persians 8, 36, 43, 47, 66, 74, 82, 88–9, 120, 122, 175–7, 190, 196–7
Persian Gulf 118
Peter the Great 140–1, 143–7, 151, 158, 173, 231
petroleum industry 190, 198–200, 231; see also pipelines
Phanagoria 74, 77
Phanariot system 145
Pharnaces 49–50
Phasis (city) 30–2, 42
Phasis river see Rioni river
pheasants 32
philhellenism 39
Philip II 36
Phoenecia 45
photography 181
Pillars of Hercules 26
Piłsudski, Józef 226
pipelines 199, 231, 244–5; see also petroleum industry
piracy 26–7, 43, 45, 53, 73, 114, 125–6, 130
Pisa and Pisans 81–7
Pitsunda 68
Pius II, pope 103
plague 92–3, 168–72, 184 62 n, 185 64 n; see also Black Death; disease
plankton 232–3
Plato 26, 38
Plevna 195
Pliny the Elder 27, 31, 33, 38
Ploieşti 198–9
Plutarch 38
podestà 84–5
Poland and Poles 9, 82, 112–15, 120, 122–3, 140, 142–3, 151, 165–6, 217, 226
king of 148; see also Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth
polis 30
Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth 124; see also Poland and Poles
Pollux 27
Pompey 45–50
Pont-Euxin 139; see also Black Sea: names for
Pontic Alps 17, 29, 30, 95
Pontic Greeks 247; see also Greek–Turkish population exchange; Greeks (ancient); Greeks (modern);
Pontos Axeinos xi, 12; see also Black Sea: names for
Pontos Axenos 12; see also Black Sea: names for
Pontos xi; see also Black Sea: names for
Pontus: as name for sea xi; see also Black Sea: names for
as region 45–9, 52, 56, 95, 219
pork bristles 155
Porphyrius (whale) 65
port (wine) 177
portolans 85
Portugal 128
postcommunism 6
posting 165, 184 47n
Potemkin (ship) 210
Potemkin, Grigorii 146, 148, 154, 158–60
Poti 197, 199, 228
poverty 192
The Practice of Commerce 90
Preslav 78
Prester John 75, 103
Priche 85
Procopius 65, 69
Promethean movement 224–7, 229
Prométhée see Promethean movement
Prometheus 26
Propontis see Sea of Marmara
Prut, Peace of the 145
Prut river 113, 161
Ptolemy 51
pygmies 27
qazaq 130
Qing dynasty 153
quarantine see plague race, as idea 7, 191
Racine 47
Ragusa 126
railways 165, 177, 190, 195–200, 204–7
Raphael 39
Record of Travels see Seyahatname Red Sea 43, 118, 194
