The Poison Squad

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The Poison Squad Page 40

by Deborah Blum


  whiskey conflict and, 168–69

  Root, Elihu, 78, 187

  Rosaline Berliner, 68–69

  Rusby, Henry Hurd, 238, 247–48, 252

  Rusk, Jeremiah, 35, 39

  Russell, Charles Edward, 127

  saccharin, 3, 81, 181, 244–47

  Alsberg’s case against, 274, 277–78

  listed as ingredient on product label requirement, 280

  Remsen Board’s report on, 244–46

  second Monsanto trail again ends in mistrial, 279–80

  USDA drops attempts to regulate, 280

  Wiley’s opinion on, 183–85

  Wilson meets with industry and delays ban on, 246–47

  salicylic acid, 3, 32–34, 66, 103, 116–17, 134–36

  salmonella poisoning, from peanut butter (2008-2009), 288

  Sandburg, Carl, 59

  Sanford, Edward T., 243–44

  Schmitt, Rudolf, 33

  Scientific American, 204

  scientific review board, 188–90

  attorney general memo on legality of, 211–12, 253

  compensation of members, 252–53

  members of, 188–89

  Roosevelt announces appointment of, 185

  saccharin report of, 244–46

  sodium benzoate report of, 204–5

  Seely, Fred L., 223–24

  Seventeenth Amendment to U.S. Constitution, 236

  Shaw, George Bernard, 142–43

  Shepard, James, 83–84, 155–56, 198, 199

  Sherley Amendment, 269

  Sherman, J. S., 182

  Shredded Wheat Company, 253

  Silent Spring (Carson), 290

  Sinclair, Upton

  Appeal to Reason’s serializing of The Jungle, 120, 136

  background of, 119–20

  Doubleday publishes The Jungle, 129–31, 136

  leaks Neill-Reynolds report details to New York Times, 149

  Macmillan cancels contract with, 126

  meatpacking interests’ attacks on, 143

  Roosevelt and, 144–45, 146

  self publishes The Jungle, 126

  slack-fill bill, 278–79

  “Slaughter of Americans, The” (What to Eat), 129

  Smith, Francis Marion, 69

  smoking, 22

  Society of Chemical Engineers, 189

  sodium acetate, 212–13

  sodium benzoate, 174, 178–79, 204–7, 214–16, 217–18

  sodium borate (borax). See borax (sodium borate)

  sodium sulfite, 161–62, 174–75

  soft drinks

  Coca-Cola, 107, 220–25, 236–44, 274–75

  counter soft drinks, 220–25

  medicated soft drinks, 219–20

  Some Forms of Food Adulteration and Simple Methods for Their Detection (Bulletin 100), 111–13

  “Song of the Poison Squad” (Gillilan), 96–97

  Spanish-American War, 51

  spices and condiments, adulteration of, 30–32, 112

  Stand-Patters, 163

  Stanley, Arthur, 225–26

  Steffens, Lincoln, 126, 164

  strawberry jam, 2, 67

  suffrage movement, 74, 228, 275–76, 277

  sugar, 78–79

  sulfites, 161–62, 174–75

  sulfur dioxide, 161, 174–75

  sulfuric acid, 161

  sulfurous acid, 160–62, 174–75

  Sullivan, Mark, 116, 124, 133, 150

  Supreme Court

  Lexington Mill case, decision in, 270–71

  overturns Coca-Cola decision, 274

  Swift, Augustus, 58

  Swift, Gustavus, 24

  Swift, Louis, 148

  swill milk, 23

  synthetic compounds, 2, 4, 81

  Table Talk, 44

  Taft, William Howard, 200

  alienation between Roosevelt and, 208–9

  attorney general memo on legality of Remsen Board, 211–12, 253

  defrauding government charges against Wiley and, 249–50, 253–54, 255, 257

  election of, 208

  final ruling on whiskey definitions by, 225–26

  Rusby case ruling by, 257

  whiskey conflict reviewed under, 209–11

  on Wiley’s resignation, 263

  Tawney, James A., 163

  Tawney Amendment, 163–65

  Taylor, Alonzo E., 188, 189. See also scientific review board

  Taylor, Edmund Haynes, Jr., 49–50, 122, 210, 268

  Taylor, Zachary, 11

  tea, 28, 29–30, 36

  Teasdale, B. J., 93

  temperance beverages, 74–75

  temperance movement, 105

  Thompson, Helen Louise, 44

  three-month rule, 212

  “Treason of the Senate, The” (Phillips), 145, 151

  Treatise on Adulterations of Food, and Culinary Poisons, A (Accum), 14

  Treaty of Versailles, 276

  Trump, Donald J., 289, 290

  “Truth About Food Adulteration, The” (Dodge), 127–28

  Twain, Mark, 24–25, 164

  Tyrode, Maurice, 239

  United States v. Forty Barrels and Twenty Kegs of Coca-Cola, 224–25, 236–44

  U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 288

  USDA. See Department of Agriculture (USDA)

  vanilla, 2

  Vaughn, Victor, 241–42

  vegetables, canned, 41, 67–68

  Von Hofmann, August Wilhelm, 13, 18

  Wadsworth, James, 147–49, 151

  Wallace, Henry, 279

  Wall Street Journal, 77, 255

  Washington Post, 87, 92–94, 95–96, 97

  Washington Star, 137–38, 256, 265

  Wayland, Julius, 120

  Wedderburn, Alex, 36, 41–42

  Wells, John D., 77

  Wharton, Charles, 148

  What to Eat (magazine), 110, 114, 122, 129, 204

  What We Eat (Hoskins), 110

  whiskey/whiskey industry, 49–51, 67, 118, 139

  adulterated and counterfeit, complaints about, 49–51

  bonded period, 49

  Bottled-in-Bond Act and, 50

  conflict between rectifiers (blended whiskies) and distillers, 49–51, 165–69, 209–11, 225–26

  labeling conflict under Pure Food and Drug Act, 165–69

  opposition to Hepburn-McCumber legislation, 104

  pure food exhibit at St. Louis world’s fair and, 118, 122

  review of whiskey conflict under Taft, 209–11

  Roosevelt rules on whiskey definitions, 168–69

  Taft’s decision on whiskey definitions, 225–26

  White, William Allen, 164

  Wickersham, George W., 247, 249, 255

  Wiley, Anna Kelton, 48–49, 72, 228, 234–36, 275–76, 284

  Wiley, Harvey Washington, 5–7, 122

  advises Paddock on food safety, 39

  alcohol and wine, report on, 32–34

  American Philosophical Society, speech and attendance at, 191–92

  attacks on by Harris writing as H. H. Langdon, 203–4

  autobiography or, 284

  on caffeine in Coca-Cola and other soft drinks, 222–24

  canned goods, metal poisoning from, 59–60

  canners’ conference, speech at, 139–41

  chemistry degree of, 13

  Civil War service of, 12

  coffee, tea and cocoa investigated by, 36–38

  Collier’s attacks on, 21

  corn syrup labeling and, 186–87

  corporate backlash from Pure F
ood and Drug Act and, 159–60

  Cuban sugar policy testimony of, 78–79

  cumulative doses, potential effects of, 34, 67–68, 102, 135

  death of, 284

  on deception of consumer, 116

  defrauding government charges related to Rusby hiring arrangement, 247–59

  dextrose proposed amendment and, 281–83

  early life of, 11–12

  embalmed beef scandal and, 54, 55–57

  on glucose, 17, 18

  at Good Housekeeping, 272–73

  Hepburn-McCumber legislation hearings, testimony at, 103

  hired as chief chemist at Agriculture Department, 5, 20–22

  hires Kebler, 105–6

  honey/maple syrup purity studies of, 16–19

  industry attacks on, 123–24, 138–39

  investigations of food fakery begun by, 5

  job offers received by, 258, 261

  labeling of food and, 18, 19, 34, 68, 103

  lard study published by, 35–36

  law linked to his name, 7, 152

  leadership of, 6

  marries Ana Kelton, 234–36

  Mason hearings testimony of, 67–68

  medical school, attends, 12–13

  milk and butter investigated by, 23–24, 26–27

  Morton and, 40–43, 44–46

  nicknamed “Old Borax,” 92

  ordered to release Wedderburn, 41–42

  Poison Squad studies of (See Poison Squad studies)

  prolaw advocacy of, 124–25

  proposes marriage to Anna Kelton, 72–73

  protests advertising of fake remedies and fraudulent foods, 137–38

  protests Food Inspection Decision (FID) 76, 174–76

  public presentations at Chicago exposition of, 43–44

  public support for, 253–55

  public talks schedule, in 1910 of, 227–28

  at Purdue as chemistry professor, 13–14

  reaction to resignation of, 263–65

  resignation of, 261–63

  resolves to raise awareness of impurities and fakery in food, 28

  Roosevelt’s annoyance with unwillingness to compromise to, 185–88

  Roosevelt views on Wiley’s contribution to Pure Food and Drug bill, 151–52

  seeks Roosevelt’s help on whiskey labeling, 167–68

  self-publishes The History of a Crime Against the Food Law, 283–84

  sense of humor of, 94–95

  speeches to International Pure Food Congress, 116

  spices and condiments investigated by, 30–32

  straight-whiskey, ties to, 105, 118

  studies food chemistry analysis in Germany, 13–14

  on Supreme Court’s decision in Lexington Mill case, 271

  Taft decision in Rusby case, 257–58

  tensions and rift between Wilson and, 165–71, 175–76, 196–97, 199–200, 217–18

  trip to France and helps French update their food laws, 172–73

  urged to return to government service, 267–69

  Wedderburn hired to publicize findings of, 36

  whiskey labeling conflict and, 165–69

  women activists as allies of, 106–110, 227–28

  writes open letter to Coolidge, 280–81

  writings on food safety, 60–61

  See also Board of Food and Drug Inspection (USDA); Bureau of Chemistry (USDA)

  Wiley, Lucinda, 47

  Wiley, Preston, 11–12, 47

  Willard, Frances, 74

  Williams, Walter, 67

  Williams Brothers, 67, 214

  Willis, Henry Parker, 210, 225

  Wilson, James, 54, 65, 67–68, 73, 116

  accepts Wiley’s resignation, 262, 263

  asks Wiley to testify on Cuban sugar tariff, 78–79

  assigns Wiley to draft pure food act rules and regulations, 156

  bleached flour issue and, 198–200

  blocks publication of Poison Squad and other Bureau reports, 192–93, 217

  Coca-Cola case and, 220–25

  corn syrup labeling and, 186–87

  defrauding government charges against Wiley and, 248–50, 251

  delays saccharin ban, 246–47

  gives McCabe full authority over food and drug regulation, 228

  meets with California coalition on sulfite labeling, 175

  Moss committee hearings and, 256, 259

  National Association of State Dairy and Food Departments censure of, 196–97

  opposition to Tawney’s amendment, 164–65

  protects Wiley from Roosevelt, 79

  resignation of, 269–70

  Roosevelt asks for explanation of Inspection Department’s reviews of meatpackers, 144

  sodium benzoate hearing in Indiana case and, 214–15

  supports Wiley on sodium benzoate, 183

  tactics used for sodium benzoate vote by, 217–218

  tensions and rift between Wiley and, 165–69, 175–76, 196–97, 199–200, 217–18

  Wiley’s stridency alienates, 135–36

  Wilson, Woodrow, 267, 275, 276–77

  wine

  labeling of, 212

  preservatives in, 32–34, 66

  Witthaus, Rudolph, 241

  Woman’s Christian Temperance Movement (WCTU), 74, 107, 124

  Woman’s Home Companion, 127

  women/women’s organizations, 285

  as allies of Wiley during fight for pure food legislation, 106–110

  public support for Wiley and, 253

  pure-food movement and, 106–10, 163–64

  suffrage movement, 74, 228, 275–76, 277

  Wiley addresses, on importance of national food and drug law, 227–28

  World’s Work, 144

  World War I, 275, 276

  Young, John H., 188, 189. See also scientific review board

  zinc salts, 67–68

  ABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUVWXYZ

  About the Author

  Deborah Blum is director of the Knight Science Journalism Program at MIT, and editor of Undark magazine, (undark.org). In 1992, she won the Pulitzer Prize for a series on primate research, which she turned into a book, The Monkey Wars. Her other books include The Poisoner's Handbook, Ghost Hunters, Love at Goon Park, and Sex on the Brain. She has written for publications including The New York Times, Wired, Time, Discover, Mother Jones, The Guardian and The Boston Globe. Blum is a past president of the National Association of Science Writers, a fellow of the American Association for the Advancement of Science, and a lifetime associate of the National Academy of Sciences.

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