The Crowded Hour

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by Clay Risen


  Las Guasimas battle and, 154, 155, 157–58, 159, 164–65

  landing at Santiago by, 147

  march to Siboney camp by, 149, 150

  on Roosevelt, 160–61, 256

  Rough Riders’ return to New York and, 256, 257, 258

  on soldiers’ behavior in battle, 203

  wounding of, 165, 173–74, 256

  Marshall, Edward (valet), 77

  Martínez Campos y Antón, Arsenio, 28, 32

  Masó, Bartolomé, 29

  McAlister, Warren, 288

  McClintock, James, 4, 88, 155, 173, 224

  McClure, Alexander K., 277

  McClure, David V., 237

  McCord, Myron, 84–85

  McCurdy, Allen, 180, 242, 265–66

  McCurdy, Kirk, 242, 265–66

  McDowell, Malcolm, 143

  McFie, Ralph, 243

  McGinty, Billy, 96, 97, 131, 202, 220, 260–61, 268, 287

  McIlhenny, Edward Avery, 265

  McIlhenny, John Avery, 106, 265

  McIntosh, Burr, 148, 169, 172

  McKibbin, Chambers, 240

  McKinley, William

  anti-American riot in Havana and, 13–14, 47

  Camp Wikoff visit of, 267–68

  Cuban revolts against Spain and, 7

  declaration of war by, 58, 70–71, 136

  economic growth and territorial expansion belief of, 22

  foreign engagements and imperialism and, 275–78

  formation of three volunteer regiments by, 58

  hope for diplomatic end to Spain’s war with Cuban rebels and, 43, 44, 45, 53–55, 70–71

  Maine sinking and, 47, 49, 53

  military and foreign policy and, 21–22

  military budget increase of, 54–55

  naval blockade around Cuba ordered by, 58, 66, 71, 87

  noninterventionist policy toward Cuba by, 25, 43–44

  offer to organize fighters for war and, 58

  public reaction to noninterventionist policy of, 53, 55

  Roosevelt as assistant secretary of the navy and, 21, 23

  Roosevelt’s desire for war with Spain and, 45

  Roosevelt’s meeting with, at Camp Wikoff, 267

  Roosevelt’s support for, 21

  Rough Rider membership and, 61, 84

  Rough Riders’ visit with, 273

  Santiago siege and, 218

  secretary of the navy Long and, 13, 15, 55

  Shafter’s battle plan and, 223, 224, 236

  Spanish-American War unity and, 136

  Spanish consul de Lôme’s memo insulting, 40–41, 54

  surrender negotiations with Spanish General Toral and, 236, 237, 238–39

  Treaty of Paris and, 275

  truce with Toral and, 228, 236

  war cabinet of, 223

  war funding bill of, 55, 111

  war planning and, 66–67, 68, 69, 70–71, 99

  Wheeler’s appointment as cavalry division commander by, 120

  Wood as personal doctor for, 25, 26, 82

  Wood’s letter to, about readiness of troops, 100

  Wood’s weaponry arrangements with, 82

  McNab, Reuben, 202

  media. See newspapers and reporters

  Meriwether, Walter Scott, 48

  Merrimac (ship), 237, 243, 250

  Mexican War (1848), 6, 127

  Miami (ship), 249, 250–52, 254, 255–56

  crew discipline problems during, 251

  departure of, 250

  Montauk holding camp destination of, 254

  soldiers’ life on, 250–52

  Miles, Nelson, 71, 72, 111, 115

  concerns about Shafter’s health and return to Cuba by, 238

  cowboy regiment suggestion to, 57–58

  Cuban rebels’ assistance and, 185

  Davis’s newspaper articles on, 249

  Geronimo campaign and, 81

  Puerto Rican campaign and, 249

  Santiago attack and, 121, 218

  surrender negotiations with Spanish General Toral, 238–39

  war planning and, 99

  Wood’s relationship with, 82

  military. See also Army; Navy

  Hamiltonian view of standing armies and preparedness in, 63, 64, 74, 281, 282

  Jackson view of volunteerism in, 63–64, 65–66, 68, 74, 281, 282, 284

  Jeffersonian view of reliance on toughness of the American citizen in, 63

  single federal force and state militias and defense forces in, 70

  Miller, Ed, 261

  Miller, John, 261–62

  Miller, Lewis, 56, 262, 263

  Miller, Theodore, 4, 287

  desire to enlist and fight, 56–57, 69, 106–8

  family background of, 56

  friend Burke’s sickness and, 150–51, 153, 154, 175, 176–77

  Las Guasimas battle and, 153–54, 159, 161–62, 165–66, 173, 175

  later funeral in Ohio of, 261–63

  march to Siboney camp by, 150–51

  plan for attack on Santiago and, 122, 123

  Roosevelt and, 177

  San Juan Heights battle and, 200, 204, 209, 210

  Sevilla camp life and, 177–78, 182

  train journey to embarkation point by, 106, 108

  voyage to Santiago and, 129, 130–31, 132

  wounding and death of, 210, 218–19, 229–30, 236–37

  Yale memorial arch for, 286

  Milliken, James F., 30

  Montauk, Long Island, holding camp (Camp Wikoff), 254–61

  Alger’s visit to, 264

  description of, 255, 260

  as destination for returning Rough Riders, 254

  donations to, 255, 264

  drownings at, 260–61

  family’s visit with Roosevelt at, 268

  location decision for, 254

  McKinley’s visit to, 267–68

  medical care problems at, 260

  Miller funeral trip through, 261

  number of soldiers served by, 260

  onshore reception for soldiers arriving at, 256–58

  passes to New York City from, 264

  public donations to help build, 255

  quarantine at, 258, 261

  Rough Riders’ departure from, 271

  Rough Riders’ gift of Remington bronze to Roosevelt at, 268–69

  Rough Riders’ reactions on first seeing, 255–56

  sightseers at, 258

  soldier absent without leave from, 266

  soldiers discharged from, 267, 271

  soldiers’ life at, 260–61

  War Department’s problems in building, 254–55

  Moore, Johnnie, 95

  Morgan, John, 55

  Morris, Charles, 277

  Müller y Tejeiro, José, 188, 209–10, 224

  Murchie, Guy, 74–75

  Murphy, William, 268

  Naval War of 1812, The (Roosevelt), 17

  Navy (U. S.)

  advocates of American expansion on strength of, 25

  Long as secretary of, 13

  Maine sinking and, 47–50, 52, 54

  McKinley’s funding for, 55

  post–Civil War condition of, 22–23, 63, 65

  Roosevelt’s plan for expansion of fleet in, 22–23, 49, 140

  Roosevelt’s term as assistant secretary of, 21–24, 49–50, 61, 66

  Santiago bombardment by, 188

  Santiago naval battle and, 120–21

  Spanish-American War planning by, 71

  Spanish colonial control of, 5

  Spanish fleet defeat at Manila by, 2

  newspapers and reporters, 35–39

  acclaim for Rough Riders and, 214

  Alger’s letter criticizing Roosevelt printed in, 254

  American need for heroes and, 62

  attitude toward Cuban intervention influenced by, 7–8, 35, 39–40, 87, 134–35

  call for Cuban intervention in, 51–52

  Cuban rebellion reported in, 7, 30, 34, 35


  Cuban rebels’ assistance and, 185, 186

  Davis’s reporting on rebels in, 36–39

  descriptions of Roosevelt in, 160–61

  El Caney camp conditions report in, 243–44

  El Poso hill observation post used by, 192, 204, 206, 207

  field hospital conditions reported in, 221, 222, 230, 243, 252, 260

  General García’s resignation over Shafter’s treatment reported in, 241

  as good source of information, 223

  increasing number of readers for, 7, 35

  Las Guasimas battle coverage in, 156, 157–58, 159, 164–65, 168–70

  landing at Santiago in, 143, 144, 145, 147

  Maine sinking reported in, 49

  Montauk holding camp arrival of soldiers and, 256–57

  Montauk problems reported in, 255, 264

  New York City race riot coverage in, 119

  readers’ demand for sensational stories and, 35

  reporters’ trips across Cuba for, 35–36

  returning veterans and, 252, 253

  Roosevelt as hero in, 234, 253

  Roosevelt’s complaints about War Department and, 244–46

  Roosevelt’s gubernatorial campaign covered in, 271–72, 273

  Roosevelt’s praise for black soldiers reported in, 212–13

  Roosevelt’s relationship with, 62, 117, 124, 169

  Roosevelt’s rise as national figure aided by, 20–21, 23, 59

  Rough Rider stories in, 61, 62–63, 116, 137, 170, 181–82, 214, 233–34, 253, 266, 288

  Rough Riders’ celebrity and, 264–65

  San Juan Heights battle reports in, 192, 194, 196, 197–98, 204, 206, 207

  Santiago refugee assistance story in, 229

  Sevilla camp life report in, 179

  Shafter’s ban on reports and, 145, 147, 181

  Shafter’s command criticized in, 183, 215

  Spanish-American War covered in, 11, 87

  Spanish consul de Lôme’s memo insulting McKinley published in, 40–41

  Spanish fleet’s destruction reported in, 227

  Tampa embarkation camp stories in, 119

  training camp stories in, 88, 90, 92, 95

  voyage to Santiago in, 134

  Weyler’s campaign against the rebels portrayed in, 34

  newsreels, 124, 233

  New York City

  Fish’s funeral service in, 246–47

  Montauk holding camp passes to, 264

  race riot in, 119

  Rough Riders’ treatment in, 265–66

  Rough Riders’ victory parade in, 1–2, 267–68

  New York City Police Commissioners board

  Davis’s friendship with Roosevelt on, 36, 117

  Platt’s ouster of Roosevelt from, 21, 246, 259

  Roosevelt as president of, 20–21, 278

  Roosevelt’s later friendships with police officers known from, 74, 201

  Roosevelt’s police reforms on, 20, 59

  Roosevelt’s rise as national figure and, 21, 59

  New York Journal, 40–41

  New York State Assembly, 18, 278

  New York State governorship

  campaign for, 271–75

  leadership qualities of Roosevelt and, 3

  policy speeches during campaign for, 274–75

  Roosevelt’s battlefield experience and campaign for, 169, 234, 258–59, 273–74

  Roosevelt’s winning of, 275

  Rough Riders’ help in campaign for, 271–74, 275

  New York Times, 2, 8, 131, 254, 264–65, 271

  Nicholls, Captain, 156, 158

  Nicholson, Meredith, 263

  Ninth Cavalry Regiment, 205, 207, 208, 269

  Norris, Frank, 232, 239, 241

  observation balloons, 200, 201

  O’Neill, William “Buckey,” 95, 108, 273

  background of, 4, 88

  death of, 204, 289

  landing at Santiago and, 146

  Las Guasimas deaths and, 172

  on opportunities after war, 182

  Roosevelt’s relationship with, 96, 133

  San Juan Heights battle and, 201, 204

  Oquendo (ship), 226

  Oregon (steamer), 120, 225

  Page, Walter Hines, 136

  Paine, Ralph, 244

  Panama Canal, 277, 278

  Pando y Sánchez, Luis Manuel de, 186

  Panic of 1893, 29, 41

  Parker, John W., 209, 231

  Pershing, John J., 228

  Philadelphia Inquirer, 9–10, 137

  Philip, John Woodward, 226

  Philippines

  American army of occupation in, 30, 264

  camps used in, 33

  criticism of Army’s actions in, 11

  Rough Riders from regiment in, 264

  Spanish-American war cease-fire and, 255

  United States war in, 1, 275, 277

  Treaty of Paris and, 275

  war deaths in, 3

  war planning for, 69

  Weyler’s campaign in, 32

  photographs, of soldiers, 124–25

  Plant, Henry, 110, 112–13, 123

  Platt, Clay, 146

  Platt, Orville, 285

  Platt, Thomas, 21, 246, 258–59

  Roosevelt’s gubernatorial campaign and, 272, 274

  Cuban independence and, 285

  Platt Amendment, 285

  Plutón (gunboat), 226

  Polk, James K., 28

  popular culture

  cowboy imagery in, 57, 63

  Dewey’s Manila victory in, 67

  images of Cuba and Cuban rebels in, 185, 186

  need for heroes in, 11, 59, 62

  post–Civil War reconciliation theme in, 10, 105, 118–19, 135

  Roosevelt as war hero in, 2, 59, 62, 234, 253, 254

  Roosevelt’s celebrity in, 10, 58–59, 116, 124

  Rough Riders ‘celebrity in, 4, 10, 58–59, 62–63, 116, 170, 264–66

  Spanish soldier stereotypes in, 186–87

  Port Tampa, Florida. See also Tampa, Florida, embarkation point

  departure for Santiago from, 122, 123–24

  rail connection to, 110, 122, 123

  soldiers’ procuring provisions at, 130, 131

  Prentice, Royal, 86, 89, 132, 161, 243, 244

  presidential campaigns

  1884, 18

  1888, 19, 21

  1896, 7, 43, 53

  1900, 67

  1904, 216

  1912, 284

  1936, 286–87

  press. See newspapers and reporters

  Private St. Louis, 192

  Proctor, John R., 59

  Proctor, Redfield, 50–51, 52

  Puerto Rico

  Miles’s move to campaign in, 249

  possible American attack on, 185

  Roosevelt’s request to send regiment to, 242, 253–54

  Spanish-American War cease-fire and, 255

  Spanish-American War planning and, 66–67

  Spanish colonial control of, 5

  Treaty of Paris and, 275

  United States victory and, 1, 275

  Pulitzer, Joseph, 35, 38

  Quigg, Lemuel, 258–59, 272

  race, Roosevelt’s essays on, 24

  racial conflict

  Army troops and, 118–19, 212

  newspaper coverage of, 119

  Rough Riders’ lack of, 118, 283

  Ramsden, Frederick, 188

  Red Cross, 33, 51, 53, 222, 237, 261, 271

  Reed, Thomas Brackett, 45, 52

  refugees from Santiago

  America’s lack of planning for, 228–29

  factors in decision to leave by, 188

  postwar return to Santiago by, 244

  Roosevelt on fear of disease and, 229

  Remington, Frederic, 23, 115, 116, 117, 204

  Rough Riders’ gift to Roosevelt of bronze by, 269

  sketches from trip across Cuba for Hearst by, 36–37, 38, 39r />
  troops portrayed by, 116, 195, 206

  reporters. See newspapers and reporters

  Republican Party

  Roosevelt’s New York gubernatorial run and, 259, 274

  Roosevelt’s relationship with, 18

  Rickover, Hyman, 48

  Riis, Jacob, 4, 20

  Robinson, Corinne Roosevelt, 98, 127

  Robinson, Kenneth, 98

  Roosevelt, Alice, 18

  Roosevelt, Anna, 76, 95

  Roosevelt, Corinne, 98, 127

  Roosevelt, Edith Carow, 19, 114–15, 212, 268

  Roosevelt, Franklin, 9, 116, 287

  Roosevelt, Quentin, 114, 284

  Roosevelt, Theodore

  ARMY CAREER. See also Rough Riders; San Juan Heights, Battle of

  ability to lead and inspire soldiers, 232–33

  Alger’s criticism of Roosevelt’s career, 253–54

  American global economic power and military power and rise of Roosevelt, 4, 8–9

  assistant secretary of the navy, 21–24, 49–50, 140

  bragging about Rough Riders’ performance, 244

  charge up Kettle Hill, 210, 216, 280, 289

  charge up San Juan Hill, alternate claim of, 216, 275, 280, 287, 289

  close relationship with troops, 95–96, 98, 103, 104, 109, 114, 115, 152, 133, 177, 251, 252, 268, 269

  cowboy imagery of Roosevelt, 96, 273

  criticism of Roosevelt, 168

  departure for Port Tampa, 122–23, 124

  El Poso hill camp, 192

  exercise regime, 242–43

  imminent war with Spain, 13, 15

  intellectual blossoming of Roosevelt, 3

  killing a man at close range, 212

  landing at Santiago, 142, 145

  Las Guasimas battle planning, 152

  Las Guasimas fighting, 155, 156, 157, 158, 159, 160–62, 165–67, 168–69, 170, 175

  leadership qualities of Roosevelt, 2–3, 75–76, 98–99

  manly virtues of competition, 3

  march to Siboney camp, 149

  military background, 2–3, 15

  military preparedness belief, 23–24, 72

  move to Santiago front, 190–91, 192

  national profile of, as wartime leader, 2–3

  New York City victory parade, 2, 267–68

  newspaper reporters on Roosevelt’s battlefield action, 160–61

  on land crabs at Sevilla camp, 178

  on rations, 130, 180–81

  plan for attack on Santiago, 121–22, 124

  political campaigns’ use of battlefield experience, 169, 234, 254, 256–57, 278

  popular culture celebrity of Roosevelt, 10, 58–59, 116, 124

  praise for black soldiers, 212–13

  preparing regiment for fighting, 73–74, 132

  Puerto Rican invasion suggestions, 242

  reaction to deaths of soldiers, 172, 173

  relationship with troops, 95–96

  Roosevelt on his “crowded hour,” 4–5, 205

  San Juan Heights battle significance, 194

  Shafter’s council of war on Santiago, 190

 

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