4.Elizabeth Hinton, From the War on Poverty to the War on Crime: The Making of Mass Incarceration in America (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 2016).
5.The Kerner Report: The National Advisory Commission on Civil Disorders (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 2016).
6.Peniel E. Joseph, Waiting ’Til the Midnight Hour: A Narrative History of Black Power in America (New York: Henry Holt, 2006), 130–31, 178–81, 243–44.
7.Kevin M. Kruse, “Lost Causes Not Yet Found,” The Nation (24 April 2008); Clay Risen, A Nation on Fire: America in the Wake of the King Assassination (Hoboken, NJ: John Wiley & Sons, 2009).
8.Joseph, Waiting ’Til the Midnight Hour, 276–78; Thomas J. Sugrue, Sweet Land of Liberty: The Forgotten Struggle for Civil Rights in the North (New York: Random House, 2008), 495; Leah Wright Rigueur, The Loneliness of the Black Republican: Pragmatic Politics and the Pursuit of Power (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 2015); “Financial Crisis Perils Activities of N.A.A.C.P.,” New York Times, 21 December 1978.
9.Donald H. McGannon and Vernon E. Jordan, “Introduction,” in When the Marching Stopped: An Analysis of Black Issues in the ’70s (New York: National Urban League, 1973), iii–iv, cited in Sugrue, Sweet Land of Liberty, 494–95.
10.Bayard Rustin, “From Protest to Politics: The Future of the Civil Rights Movement,” Commentary 39, no. 2 (February 1965): 25–31; Charles H. Loeb, “Congressional Black Caucus,” Cleveland Call and Post, 13 February 1971.
11.Joseph, Waiting ’Til the Midnight Hour, 277–80; Sugrue, Sweet Land of Liberty, 498–99.
12.Sugrue, Sweet Land of Liberty, 500–501.
13.Kevin M. Kruse, White Flight: Atlanta and the Making of Modern Conservatism (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 2005), 105–30; Douglas Massey and Nancy Denton, American Apartheid: Segregation and the Making of the Underclass (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1993).
14.Kruse, White Flight; Jan Blakeslee, “ ‘White Flight’ to the Suburbs: A Demographic Approach,” Focus: Institute for Research on Poverty Newsletter 3 (Winter 1978–1979): 1.
15.William L. Van Deburg, New Day in Babylon: The Black Power Movement and American Culture, 1965–1975 (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1992), 6.
16.Van Deburg, New Day in Babylon, 192–247; “Television History Made By ‘Roots,’ ” Norfolk Journal and Guide, 5 February 1977; “Nationally, An Amazing Reaction to ‘Roots,’ ” Baltimore Sun, 29 January 1977.
17.Bruce J. Schulman, The Seventies: The Great Shift in American Culture, Society, and Politics (New York: Free Press, 2001), 65; Klaus P. Fischer, America in White, Black and Gray: A History of the Stormy 1960s (New York: Continuum, 2006), 350–51; James S. Olsen, Equality Deferred: Race, Ethnicity, and Immigration in America Since 1945 (Belmont, CA: Wadsworth, 2003), 65.
18.Armando B. Rendón, Chicano Manifesto: The History and Aspirations of the Second Largest Minority in America (New York: Macmillan, 1971), 354; Rodolfo Acuña, Occupied America: The Chicano’s Struggle Toward Liberation (San Francisco: Canfield Press, 1972), 222.
19.Ignacio M. García, United We Win: The Rise and Fall of La Raza Unida Party (Tucson: University of Arizona Press, 1989); “Congressional Caucus Is Formed to Speak for Hispanic Population,” New York Times, 9 December 1976; Raul Yzaguirre, “MexAmerica,” Washington Post, 5 April 1978; “Hispanic Wins Mayor’s Race in San Antonio,” Washington Post, 5 April 1981; “Denver Elects Hispanic,” Boston Globe, 22 June 1983.
20.Madeline Y. Hsu, The Good Immigrants: How the Yellow Peril Became the Model Minority (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 2015); Mark Brilliant, The Color of America Has Changed: How Racial Diversity Shaped Civil Rights Reform in California, 1941–1978 (New York: Oxford University Press, 2010); Ellen D. Wu, The Color of Success: Asian Americans and the Origins of the Model Minority (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 2014), 242–47.
21.Noel Ignatiev, How the Irish Became White (New York: Routledge, 1995); Matthew Frye Jacobson, Whiteness of a Different Color: European Immigrants and the Alchemy of Race (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1998); Matthew Frye Jacobson, Roots Too: White Ethnic Revival in Post–Civil Rights America (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 2006); Michael Novak, The Rise of the Unmeltable Ethnics: Politics and Culture in the Seventies (New York: Macmillan, 1972), 270; Thomas J. Sugrue and John D. Skrenty, “The White Ethnic Strategy” in Rightward Bound, 171–92.
22.John Higham, Strangers in the Land: Patterns of American Nativism, 1860–1925 (Rutgers, NJ: Rutgers University Press, 1955), 264.
23.Mae M. Ngai, Impossible Subjects: Illegal Aliens and the Making of Modern America (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 2003), 21–56.
24.Reed Ueda, Postwar Immigrant America: A Social History (Boston: Bedford’s/St. Martin’s Press, 1994), 58, 64–73.
25.Ueda, Postwar Immigrant America, 62, 78–80; Uzma Quaraishi, “Multiple Mobilities: Race, Capital and South Asian Migrations to and through Houston, Texas” (Ph.D. diss., Rice University, 2013).
26.Paula Ioanide, The Emotional Politics of Racism: How Feelings Trump Facts in an Era of Colorblindness (Palo Alto: Stanford University Press, 2007), 133.
27.Douglas Massey and Karen A. Pren, “Unintended Consequences of US Immigration Policy: Explaining the Post-1965 Surge from Latin America,” Population and Development Review 38, no. 1 (2012): 1–29.
28.Matthew D. Lassiter, The Silent Majority: Suburban Politics in the Sunbelt South (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 2006), 170–73; James T. Patterson, Grand Expectations: The United States 1945–1974 (New York: Oxford University Press, 1996), 451; James T. Patterson, Restless Giant: The United States from Watergate to Bush v. Gore (New York: Oxford University Press, 2005), 296–97.
29.Joyce A. Baugh, The Detroit School Busing Case: Milliken v. Bradley and the Controversy over Desegregation (Lawrence: University Press of Kansas, 2011).
30.Baugh, The Detroit School Busing Case.
31.Kruse, White Flight, 255.
32.418 U.S. 717 (1974); Matthew D. Lassiter, “De Jure/De Facto Segregation: The Long Shadow of a National Myth,” in The Myth of Southern Exceptionalism, ed. Matthew D. Lassiter and Joseph Crespino (New York: Oxford University Press, 2009), 25–48.
33.“Police Clash with 1,000 in Boston,” Baltimore Sun, 12 December 1974.
34.Jason Sokol, All Eyes Are Upon Us: Race and Politics from Boston to Brooklyn (New York: Basic Books, 2014), 206–7; Louis P. Masur, The Soiling of Old Glory: The Story of a Photograph That Shocked a Nation (New York: Bloomsbury, 2008); Lara Kalman, Right Star Rising: A New Politics, 1974–1980 (New York: Norton, 2010), 137.
35.Martin Luther King Jr., Where Do We Go From Here? Chaos or Community (New York: Harper & Row, 1967).
36.J. Harvie Wilkinson, From Brown to Bakke: The Supreme Court and School Integration: 1954–1978 (New York: Oxford University Press, 1981), 253–57; Schulman, The Seventies, 70.
37.438 U.S. 265 (1978); Schulman, The Seventies, 70.
38.Sugrue, Sweet Land of Liberty, 507–8; John D. Skrentny, “Introduction,” in John D. Skrentny, ed., Color Lines: Affirmative Action, Integration and Civil Rights Options for America (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2001), 11.
39.Schulman, The Seventies, 70–71.
40.Schulman, The Seventies, 71.
Chapter 4: A CRISIS OF EQUALITY
1.Elaine Tyler May, Homeward Bound: American Families in the Cold War Era (New York: Basic Books, 1988).
2.Beth Bailey, “She ‘Can Bring Home the Bacon’: Negotiating Gender in Seventies America,” in Beth Bailey and David Farber, eds., America in the Seventies (New Brunswick, NJ: Rutgers University Press, 2004), 108–9.
3.James T. Patterson, Restless Giant: The United States from Watergate to Bush v. Gore (New York: Oxford University Press, 2005), 54–55; Peter N. Caroll, It Seemed Like Nothing Happened: America in the 1970s (New Brunswick, NJ: Rutgers University Press, 1990); “The American Woman: On the Move, but Where?” U.S. News
and World Report, 8 December 1975, 57.
4.Louis Menand, “The Sex Amendment: How Women Got In on the Civil Rights Act,” The New Yorker, 21 July 2014.
5.Ruth Rosen, The World Split Open: How the Modern Women’s Movement Changed America (New York: Penguin, 2000), 72–73; Wall Street Journal, 22 June 1965.
6.Rosen, World Split Open, 80–81; Nancy MacLean, Freedom is Not Enough: The Opening of the American Workplace (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 2006), 129.
7.Marjorie J. Spruill, “Gender and America’s Right Turn,” in Rightward Bound: Making America Conservative in the 1970s, ed. Bruce J. Schulman and Julian E. Zelizer (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 2008), 77; Bruce J. Schulman, The Seventies: The Great Shift in American Culture, Society and Politics (New York: Da Capo Press, 2001), 169.
8.Spruill, “Gender and America’s Right Turn,” 78; Rosen, World Split Open, 332; Schulman, The Seventies, 170; Robert O. Self, All in the Family: The Realignment of American Democracy since the 1960s (New York: Hill and Wang, 2012), 293.
9.Self, All in the Family, 292–94; Rosen, World Split Open, 332.
10.Bailey, “She ‘Can Bring Home the Bacon,’ ” 114–15; Vivian Cadden, “Women’s Lib? I’ve Seen It on TV,” Redbook (February 1972): 93.
11.Daniel K. Williams, God’s Own Party: The Making of the Christian Right (New York: Oxford University Press, 2010), 110; Donald T. Critchtlow, Phyllis Schlafly and Grassroots Conservatism: A Woman’s Crusade (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 2005), 221–22; Ruth Murray Brown, For a “Christian America”: A History of the Religious Right (New York: Prometheus Books, 2002), 69–78.
12.Schulman, The Seventies, 169; Carroll, It Seemed, 271.
13.Congressional Record (Feb. 28, 1972), 5804.
14.Jaeah Lee and Maya Dusenbery, “Charts: The State of Women’s Athletics, 40 Years After Title IX,” Mother Jones, 22 June 2012.
15.“The American Woman: On the Move, but Where?,” 57; David Frum, How We Got Here: The ’70s: The Decade That Brought You Modern Life (for Better or for Worse) (New York: Basic Books, 2000), 250; Harvard Crimson, 4 October 1974; Schulman, The Seventies, 161; Nancy Weiss Malkiel, “Keep The Damned Women Out”: The Struggle for Coeducation (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 2017).
16.“Mrs. King Sportswoman of the Year,” New York Times, 21 December 1972; Parton Reese, “Tennis Decides All Women Are Equal, Too,” New York Times, 20 July 1973.
17.George R. Goethals, Georgia Jones, and James MacGregor Burns, eds., Enyclopedia of Leadership, Vol. 1 (Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage, 2004), 796.
18.Schulman, Seventies, 159–61.
19.Charles Maher, “Women Move in on Sports Mike,” Los Angeles Times, 20 January 1975; Doug Mead, “Twelve Women Who Pioneered the Era of Female Sports Broadcasters,” Bleacher Report, 21 August 2000; “Being Miss America Doesn’t Help Sports Reporting, Phyllis George Finds,” Baltimore Sun, 11 August 1975.
20.Newsweek, 30 August 1971, 63, cited in Patricia Bradley, Mass Media and the Shaping of American Feminism, 1963–1975 (Jackson: University of Mississippi Press, 2003), 224; Paul Farhi, “New Face of TV News First Seen in the ’70s,” Washington Post, 23 July 2006.
21.Arthur Unger, “Women on TV: The Same Old Image,” Christian Science Monitor, 29 November 1977.
22.“ 42 Times Ms. Made History,” Ms., 11 August 2014.
23.Frum, How We Got Here, 151–52; Patterson, Grand Expectations, 53; Thomas Borstelmann, The 1970s: A New Global History from Civil Rights to Economic Inequality (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 2011), 84; “The American Woman: On the Move, but Where?” 58–59.
24.Carroll, It Seemed, 279; Frum, How We Got Here, 107.
25.Self, All in the Family, 156.
26.David J. Garrow, Liberty and Sexuality: The Right to Privacy and the Making of Roe v. Wade (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1998), 403–6.
27.410 U.S. 113; Self, All in the Family, 158.
28.Self, All in the Family, 131; Frum, How We Got Here, 248.
29.David K. Johnson, The Lavender Scare: The Cold War Persecution of Gays and Lesbians in the Federal Government (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2004).
30.Self, All in the Family, 97–98.
31.John D’Emilio and Estelle B. Freedman, Intimate Matters: A History of Sexuality in America, 2nd ed. (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1997), 321–23; “Gays on the March,” Time, 8 December 1975, 33.
32.D’Emilio and Freedman, Intimate Matters, 323–24; New York Times, 25 October 1977; “Gays on the March,” Time, 8 December 1975, 32.
33.Harold Schmeck, “Psychiatrists Approve Change on Homosexuals,” New York Times, 9 April 1974; “Shedding Blinders,” New York Times, 16 July 1975; D’Emilio and Freedman, Intimate Matters, 324; Frum, How We Got Here, 206; Chicago Tribune, 5 October 1975.
34.Gregg Kilday, “Gays Lobby for a New Media Image,” Los Angeles Times, 10 December 1973; “Male-Female,” Philadelphia Inquirer, 7 November 1974; Les Brown, “Advertisers Worried By Pressure Groups,” Minneapolis Tribune, 11 September 1977; Daniel Henninger, “Squeaky Clean or Just a Rinse?” Wall Street Journal, 12 September 1977; “ABC Sweeps Weekly Ratings,” Atlanta Constitution, 22 September 1977.
35.D’Emilio and Freedman, Intimate Matters, 346–47; Carroll, It Seemed, 291; Jeff Prugh, “Miami Repeals Gay Rights by Overwhelming Margin,” Los Angeles Times, 8 June 1977.
36.William Overend, “Gay Rights: Is a Backlash Forming?” Los Angeles Times, 29 July 1977; Self, All in the Family, 243–44; Carroll, It Seemed, 292; Adam Nagourney and Dudley Clendinin, Out for Good: The Struggle to Build a Gay Rights Movement in America (New York: Touchstone, 1999).
37.David Johnson, “S.F. Mourns Slain City Worker,” Los Angeles Times, 25, 27 June 1977; Self, All in the Family, 245–46.
38.The Life and Times of Harvey Milk, Rob Epstein, director (New Yorker Films, 1984); Carroll, It Seemed, 293.
39.“Powell Defends Meeting,” New York Times, 27 March 1977; Mary Thornton, “Grass Roots Lobbying for Gay Rights Bill,” Boston Globe, 19 June 1977; Carroll, It Seemed, 293.
Chapter 5: TURNING RIGHT
1.Christianity Today, 16 August, 8 November 1968; Neil J. Young, We Gather Together: The Religious Right and the Problem of Interfaith Politics (New York: Oxford University Press, 2015), 106, 112 .
2.Colin Duriez, Francis Schaeffer: An Authentic Life (Wheaton, IL: Crossway, 2008), 186.
3.William Martin, With God on Our Side: The Rise of the Religious Right in America (New York: Broadway Books, 1996), 193; Christianity Today, 16 February 1973, 16 January 1976; Scott Flipse, “Below-the-Belt Politics: Protestant Evangelicals, Abortion, and the Foundation of the New Religious Right, 1960–75,” in The Conservative Sixties, ed. David Farber and Jeff Roche (New York: Peter Lang, 2003), 138–39.
4.Robert O. Self, All in the Family: The Realignment of American Democracy Since the 1960s (New York: Hill and Wang, 2012), 373.
5.Self, All in the Family, 289, 373–74.
6.Edith Herman, “Houston’s Over: Now All Eyes Turn to Washington,” Chicago Tribune, 27 November 1977; “What Next for U.S. Women,” Time, 5 December 1977, 26; Rosen, World Split Open, 291–94.
7.Donald Critchlow, Phyllis Schlafly and Grassroots Conservatism: A Woman’s Crusade (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 2008), 245; Sally Quinn, “The Pedestal Has Cashed,” and David Broder, “The Real Significance of Women,” Washington Post, 23 November 1977; Judy Klemesrud, “Equal Rights Plan and Abortion Are Opposed by 15,000 At Rally,” New York Times, 20 November 1977; “What Next for U.S. Women,” Time, 5 December 1977, 26; Marjorie J. Spruill, Divided We Stand: The Battle over Women’s Rights and Family Values That Polarized American Politics (New York: Bloomsbury, 2017).
8.“The Reagan Way Against Sex Discrimination,” Christian Science Monitor, 26 December 1980; Wall Street Journal, 17 September 1980; Daniel K. Williams, God’s Own Party: The Making of the Christian Right (New York: Oxford University Press, 2010), 110.
> 9.Christina von Hodenberg, Television’s Moment: Sitcom Audiences and the Sixties Cultural Revolution (New York: Berghahn, 2015), 168; Elana Levine, Wallowing in Sex: The New Sexual Revolution of 1970s American Television (Durham, NC: Duke University Press, 2007), 197.
10.Janis Johnson, “Electronic Evangelism,” Atlanta Constitution, 27 August 1977; Fred Fejes, Gay Rights and Moral Panic: The Origins of America’s Debate on Homosexuality (New York: Palgrave, 2008), 103–4.
11.Michael Sean Winters, God’s Right Hand: How Jerry Falwell Made God a Republican and Baptized the American Right (New York: HarperCollins, 2012), 98, 136; Martin, With God on Our Side, 198–201; Jerry Falwell, Listen, America! (New York: Bantam Books, 1980), 130–31; Williams, God’s Own Party, 156.
12.Martin, With God On Our Side, 200–2; Joan Sweeney, “Evangelicals Seeking to Establish Political Force,” Los Angeles Times, 19 May 1980; Leslie Bennetts, “Abortion Foes, at Conference, Plan Strategy of Political Activism,” and George Vecsey, “Militant Television Preachers Try to Weld Fundamentalist Christian’s Political Power,” New York Times, 21 January 1980.
13.Linda Floyd, “For Evangelists, The Political Gospel Is God and Country,” The Philadelphia Inquirer, 24 August 1980; Kenneth A Briggs, “Evangelicals Hear Plea,” New York Times, 21 August 1980; Martin, With God On Our Side, 214–16.
14.Kevin M. Kruse, One Nation Under God: How Corporate America Invented Christian America (New York: Basic Books, 2015), 277; Daniel Schlozman, When Movements Anchor Parties: Electoral Alignments in American History (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 2015), 2.
15.Berman, America’s Right Turn, 28.
16.Sara Diamond, Spiritual Warfare: The Politics of the Christian Right (Boston: South End Press, 1999), 58; Michael Schaller and George Rising, The Republican Ascendancy: American Politics, 1968–2001 (New York: Harlan Davidson, 2002), 68.
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