9.Kay AD, Blazevich AJ. Effect of Acute Static Stretch on Maximal Muscle Performance. Med Sci Sport Exerc. 2012;44(1):154-164. doi:10.1249/MSS.0b013e318225cb27.
10.Blanchard TW, Smith C, Grenier SG. In a dynamic lifting task, the relationship between cross-sectional abdominal muscle thickness and the corresponding muscle activity is affected by the combined use of a weightlifting belt and the Valsalva maneuver. J Electromyogr Kinesiol. 2016;28:99-103. doi:10.1016/j.jelekin.2016.03.006.
11.Hackett DA, Chow C-M. The Valsalva Maneuver. J Strength Cond Res. 2013;27(8):2338-2345. doi:10.1519/JSC.0b013e31827de07d; Fleck SJ, Dean LS. Resistance-training experience and the pressor response during resistance exercise. J Appl Physiol. 1987;63(1):116-120. doi:10.1152/jappl.1987.63.1.116.
12.Colado JC, Pablos C, Chulvi-Medrano I, Garcia-Masso X, Flandez J, Behm DG. The Progression of Paraspinal Muscle Recruitment Intensity in Localized and Global Strength Training Exercises Is Not Based on Instability Alone. Arch Phys Med Rehabil. 2011;92(11):1875-1883. doi:10.1016/j.apmr.2011.05.015.
13.Cholewicki J, McGill SM. Lumbar posterior ligament involvement during extremely heavy lifts estimated from fluoroscopic measurements. J Biomech. 1992;25(1):17-28.
14.Beggs LA. Comparison of muscle activation and kinematics during the deadlift using a double-pronated and overhand/underhand grip. University of Kentucky Master’s Theses. 2011.
15.Green CM, Comfort P. The Affect of Grip Width on Bench Press Performance and Risk of Injury. Strength Cond J. 2007;29(5):10-14. doi:10.1519/00126548-200710000-00001.
16.Duffey MJ, Challis JH. Vertical and Lateral Forces Applied to the Bar during the Bench Press in Novice Lifters. J Strength Cond Res. 2011;25(9):2442-2447. doi:10.1519/JSC.0b013e3182281939; Madsen N, McLaughlin T. Kinematic factors influencing performance and injury risk in the bench press exercise. Med Sci Sports Exerc. 1984;16(4):376-381.
17.Duffey MJ, Challis JH. Vertical and Lateral Forces Applied to the Bar during the Bench Press in Novice Lifters. J Strength Cond Res. 2011;25(9):2442-2447. doi:10.1519/JSC.0b013e3182281939.
Chapter 25
The Great Supplement Hoax
1.O’Connor A. New York Attorney General Targets Supplements at Major Retailers. New York Times Website. https://well.blogs.nytimes.com/2015/02/03/new-york-attorney-general-targets-supplements-at-major-retailers/. February 3, 2015. Accessed August 23, 2018.
2.Morrell A. Lawsuits Say Protein Powders Lack Protein, Ripping Off Athletes. Forbes Website. https://www.forbes.com/sites/alexmorrell/2015/03/12/lawsuits-say-protein-powders-lack-protein-ripping-off-athletes/#14fbd4467729. March 12, 2015. Accessed August 23, 2018.
3.Young A. Popular sports supplements contain meth-like compound. USA Today Website. https://www.usatoday.com/story/news/nation/2013/10/14/tests-of-supplements-craze-and-detonate-find-methamphetamine-like-compound/2968041/. October 14, 2013. Accessed August 23, 2018.
4.Young A. Sports supplement designer has history of risky products. USA Today Website. https://www.usatoday.com/story/news/nation/2013/07/25/bodybuilding-supplement-designer-matt-cahill-usa-today-investigation/2568815/. July 25, 2014. Accessed August 23, 2018.
5.Young A. Firm in outbreak probe has history of run-ins with FDA. USA Today Website. https://www.usatoday.com/story/news/nation/2013/10/24/usplabs-has-history-of-fda-run-ins-ceo-with-criminal-history/3179113/. October 24, 2013. Accessed August 23, 2018; U.S. Food & Drug Administration. DMAA in Products Marketed as Dietary Supplements. U.S. Food & Drug Administration Website. https://www.fda.gov/food/dietarysupplements/productsingredients/ucm346576.htm. August 7, 2018. Accessed August 23, 2018; U.S. Food & Drug Administration. Public Notification: Oxy ELITE Pro Super Thermogenic contains hidden drug ingredient. U.S. Food & Drug Administration Website. https://www.fda.gov/drugs/resourcesforyou/consumers/buyingusingmedicinesafely/medicationhealthfraud/ucm436017.htm. February 28, 2015. Accessed August 23, 2018; National Institutes of Health. Drug Record: OxyELITE Pro. National Institutes of Health LiverTox Website. https://livertox.nih.gov/OxyELITEPro.htm. July 5, 2018. Accessed August 23, 2018.
6.United States Department of Justice. USPlabs and Corporate Officers Indicted. United States Department of Justice Website. https://www.justice.gov/usao-ndtx/pr/usplabs-and-corporate-officers-indicted. November 17, 2015. Accessed August 23, 2018.
7.Wilson JM, Lowery RP, Joy JM, et al. The effects of 12 weeks of beta-hydroxy-beta-methylbutyrate free acid supplementation on muscle mass, strength, and power in resistance-trained individuals: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study. Eur J Appl Physiol. 2014;114(6):1217-1227. doi:10.1007/s00421-014-2854-5.
8.Bhasin S, Storer TW, Berman N, et al. The Effects of Supraphysiologic Doses of Testosterone on Muscle Size and Strength in Normal Men. N Engl J Med. 1996;335(1):1-7. doi:10.1056/NEJM199607043350101.
9.Panton LB, Rathmacher JA, Baier S, Nissen S. Nutritional supplementation of the leucine metabolite beta-hydroxy-beta-methylbutyrate (hmb) during resistance training. Nutrition. 2000;16(9):734-739; Nissen SL, Sharp RL. Effect of dietary supplements on lean mass and strength gains with resistance exercise: a meta-analysis. J Appl Physiol. 2003;94(2):651-659. doi:10.1152/japplphysiol.00755.2002.
10.Thomson JS, Watson PE, Rowlands DS. Effects of Nine Weeks of β-Hydroxy-β- Methylbutyrate Supplementation on Strength and Body Composition in Resistance Trained Men. J Strength Cond Res. 2009;23(3):827-835. doi:10.1519/JSC.0b013e3181a00d47.
11.Slater G, Jenkins D, Logan P, et al. Beta-hydroxy-beta-methylbutyrate (HMB) supplementation does not affect changes in strength or body composition during resistance training in trained men. Int J Sport Nutr Exerc Metab. 2001;11(3):384-396.
12.Kreider RB, Ferreira M, Wilson M, Almada AL. Effects of Calcium β-Hydroxy-β-methylbutyrate (HMB) Supplementation During Resistance-Training on Markers of Catabolism, Body Composition and Strength. Int J Sports Med. 1999;20(8):503-509. doi:10.1055/s-1999-8835.
13.Rowlands DS, Thomson JS. Effects of β-Hydroxy-β-Methylbutyrate Supplementation During Resistance Training on Strength, Body Composition, and Muscle Damage in Trained and Untrained Young Men: A Meta-Analysis. J Strength Cond Res. 2009;23(3):836-846. doi:10.1519/JSC.0b013e3181a00c80.
Chapter 26
The Smart Supplement Buyer’s Guide
1.Branch JD. Effect of creatine supplementation on body composition and performance: a meta-analysis. Int J Sport Nutr Exerc Metab. 2003;13(2):198-226; Hobson RM, Saunders B, Ball G, Harris RC, Sale C. Effects of β-alanine supplementation on exercise performance: a meta-analysis. Amino Acids. 2012;43(1):25-37. doi:10.1007/s00726-011-1200-z; Pérez-Guisado J, Jakeman PM. Citrulline Malate Enhances Athletic Anaerobic Performance and Relieves Muscle Soreness. J Strength Cond Res. 2010;24(5):1215-1222. doi:10.1519/JSC.0b013e3181cb28e0; Haaz S, Fontaine KR, Cutter G, Limdi N, Perumean-Chaney S, Allison DB. Citrus aurantium and synephrine alkaloids in the treatment of overweight and obesity: an update. Obes Rev. 2006;7(1):79-88. doi:10.1111/j.1467-789X.2006.00195.x; Ostojic SM. Yohimbine: The Effects on Body Composition and Exercise Performance in Soccer Players. Res Sport Med. 2006;14(4):289-299. doi:10.1080/15438620600987106; Morris MC, Sacks F, Rosner B. Does fish oil lower blood pressure? A meta-analysis of controlled trials. Circulation. 1993;88(2):523-533; Serban M-C, Sahebkar A, Dragan S, et al. A systematic review and meta-analysis of the impact of Spirulina supplementation on plasma lipid concentrations. Clin Nutr. 2016;35(4):842-851. doi:10.1016/j.clnu.2015.09.007; Dawson-Hughes B, Mithal A, Bonjour J-P, et al. IOF position statement: vitamin D recommendations for older adults. Osteoporos Int. 2010;21(7):1151-1154. doi:10.1007/s00198-010-1285-3.
2.Wolfe RR. Branched-chain amino acids and muscle protein synthesis in humans: myth or reality? J Int Soc Sports Nutr. 2017;14(1):30. doi:10.1186/s12970-017-0184-9.
3.Heymsfield SB, Allison DB, Vasselli JR, Pietrobelli A, Greenfield D, Nunez C. Garcinia cambogia (hydroxycitric acid) as a potential antiobesity agent: a randomized controlled trial. JAMA. 19
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4.Rogerson S, Riches CJ, Jennings C, Weatherby RP, Meir RA, Marshall-Gradisnik SM. The Effect of Five Weeks of Tribulus terrestris Supplementation on Muscle Strength and Body Composition During Preseason Training in Elite Rugby League Players. J Strength Cond Res. 2007;21(2):348. doi:10.1519/R-18395.1; Neychev VK, Mitev VI. The aphrodisiac herb Tribulus terrestris does not influence the androgen production in young men. J Ethnopharmacol. 2005;101(1-3):319-323. doi:10.1016/j.jep.2005.05.017; Saudan C, Baume N, Emery C, Strahm E, Saugy M. Short term impact of Tribulus terrestris intake on doping control analysis of endogenous steroids. Forensic Sci Int. 2008;178(1):e7-e10. doi:10.1016/j.forsciint.2008.01.003.
5.Piper JD, Piper PW. Benzoate and Sorbate Salts: A Systematic Review of the Potential Hazards of These Invaluable Preservatives and the Expanding Spectrum of Clinical Uses for Sodium Benzoate. Compr Rev Food Sci Food Saf. 2017;16(5):868-880. doi:10.1111/1541-4337.12284; Potera C. The artificial food dye blues. Environ Health Perspect. 2010;118(10):A428. doi:10.1289/ehp.118-a428; Brown RJ, de Banate MA, Rother KI. Artificial sweeteners: a systematic review of metabolic effects in youth. Int J Pediatr Obes. 2010;5(4):305-312. doi:10.3109/17477160903497027.
6.Norton LE, Wilson GJ, Layman DK, Moulton CJ, Garlick PJ. Leucine content of dietary proteins is a determinant of postprandial skeletal muscle protein synthesis in adult rats. Nutr Metab (Lond). 2012;9(1):67. doi:10.1186/1743-7075-9-67.
7.Boirie Y, Dangin M, Gachon P, Vasson MP, Maubois JL, Beaufrère B. Slow and fast dietary proteins differently modulate postprandial protein accretion. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 1997;94(26):14930-14935.
8.Dangin M, Boirie Y, Garcia-Rodenas C, et al. The digestion rate of protein is an independent regulating factor of postprandial protein retention. Am J Physiol Metab. 2001;280(2):E340-E348. doi:10.1152/ajpendo.2001.280.2.E340.
9.Manninen AH. Protein hydrolysates in sports and exercise: a brief review. J Sports Sci Med. 2004;3(2):60-63; Potier M, Tomé D. Comparison of digestibility and quality of intact proteins with their respective hydrolysates. J AOAC Int. 91(4):1002-1005.
10.Hoffman JR, Falvo MJ. Protein - Which is Best? J Sports Sci Med. 2004;3(3):118-130; Miller PE, Alexander DD, Perez V. Effects of Whey Protein and Resistance Exercise on Body Composition: A Meta-Analysis of Randomized Controlled Trials. J Am Coll Nutr. 2014;33(2):163-175. doi:10.1080/07315724.2013.875365.
11.Hoffman JR, Falvo MJ. Protein - Which is Best? J Sports Sci Med. 2004;3(3):118-130.
12.Boirie Y, Dangin M, Gachon P, Vasson MP, Maubois JL, Beaufrère B. Slow and fast dietary proteins differently modulate postprandial protein accretion. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 1997;94(26):14930-14935. doi:10.1073/PNAS.94.26.14930.
13.Tipton KD, Elliott TA, Cree MG, Wolf SE, Sanford AP, Wolfe RR. Ingestion of casein and whey proteins result in muscle anabolism after resistance exercise. Med Sci Sports Exerc. 2004;36(12):2073-2081; West DW, Burd NA, Coffey VG, et al. Rapid aminoacidemia enhances myofibrillar protein synthesis and anabolic intramuscular signaling responses after resistance exercise. Am J Clin Nutr. 2011;94(3):795-803. doi:10.3945/ajcn.111.013722.
14.Boirie Y, Dangin M, Gachon P, Vasson MP, Maubois JL, Beaufrère B. Slow and fast dietary proteins differently modulate postprandial protein accretion. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 1997;94(26):14930-14935.
15.Res PT, Groen B, Pennings B, et al. Protein Ingestion before Sleep Improves Postexercise Overnight Recovery. Med Sci Sport Exerc. 2012;44(8):1560-1569. doi:10.1249/MSS.0b013e31824cc363.
16.Boirie Y, Dangin M, Gachon P, Vasson MP, Maubois JL, Beaufrère B. Slow and fast dietary proteins differently modulate postprandial protein accretion. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 1997;94(26):14930-14935.
17.Hoffman JR, Falvo MJ. Protein - Which is Best? J Sports Sci Med. 2004;3(3):118-130.
18.Matsuoka R, Shirouchi B, Umegatani M, et al. Dietary egg-white protein increases body protein mass and reduces body fat mass through an acceleration of hepatic β-oxidation in rats. Br J Nutr. 2017;118(06):423-430. doi:10.1017/S0007114517002306.
19.Van Vliet S, Shy EL, Abou Sawan S, et al. Consumption of whole eggs promotes greater stimulation of postexercise muscle protein synthesis than consumption of isonitrogenous amounts of egg whites in young men. Am J Clin Nutr. 2017;106(6):1401-1412. doi:10.3945/ajcn.117.159855.
20.Tang JE, Moore DR, Kujbida GW, Tarnopolsky MA, Phillips SM. Ingestion of whey hydrolysate, casein, or soy protein isolate: effects on mixed muscle protein synthesis at rest and following resistance exercise in young men. J Appl Physiol. 2009;107(3):987-992. doi:10.1152/japplphysiol.00076.2009.
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