by Dan Snow
12. Panet’s Journal, 2 September 1759.
13. ‘Brigadier Townshend’s Journal of the Voyage to America and Campaign against Quebec, 1759’, in Doughty and Parmelee, Siege of Quebec,V: 264.
14. Knox, Journal, II: 70.
15. ‘Brigadier Townshend’s Journal of the Voyage to America and Campaign against Quebec, 1759’, in Doughty and Parmelee, Siege of Quebec, V: 264.
16. Major Moncrief, A Short Account of the Expedition against Quebec Commanded by Major-General Wolfe in the Year 1759(Quebec, 1901), 30.
17. ‘Journal du siège de Québec’, in The Northcliffe Collection, XXX: 264.
18. ‘Extract of a Journal Kept at the Army Commanded by the Late Lt Gen de Montcalm’, in E. O’Callaghan and B. Fernow, eds., Documents Relative to the Colonial History of the State of New York; Procured in Holland, England and France (15 vols., Albany, NY, 1853-87), X: 1035-6.
19. Panet’s Journal, 4 September 1759.
20. Wolfe’s ‘Family Journal’, PRONI, DOD 162/77 C, 15.
21. Moncrief, A Short Account of the Expedition against Quebec Commanded by Major-General Wolfe in the Year 1759, 31.
22. ‘Letter of Admiral Holmes’, Lowestoft, River above Quebec, 18 September 1759, in Doughty and Parmelee, Siege of Quebec, IV: 295.
23. Robert Monckton’s Order Book, in The Northcliffe Collection, XXIII: 162.
24. Moncrief, A Short Account of the Expedition against Quebec Commanded by Major-General Wolfe in the Year 1759, 31.
25. A Journal of the Expedition up the River St Lawrence (by a Sgt Major in Hopson’s Grenadiers) (Boston, 1759), 9.
26. Knox, Journal, II: 55.
27. ‘Copy of a Letter from on Board the Lizard September 5th 1759 at Coudres, 17 Leagues from Quebec’, in S. Pargellis, ed., Military Affairs in North America, 1748-65: Selected Documents from the Cumberland Papers in Windsor Castle (New York, 1936), 436-7.
28. Knox, Journal, II: 71.
29. ‘Extract of a Journal Kept at the Army Commanded by the Late Lt Gen de Montcalm’, in O’Callaghan and Fernow, Documents, X: 1035.
30. ‘Diary of Lt William Henshaw’, in C. H. Lincoln, ed., Manuscript Records of the French and Indian War: In the Library of the American Antiquarian Society (Worcester, MA, 1909), 216.
31. The Hon. Roger Townshend to Lady Ferrers, ‘Camp Fort Edward’, 7 June 1759, in ‘Letters and Papers Relating to the Siege of Quebec in the Possession of the Marquess of Townshend’, in Doughty and Parmelee, Siege of Quebec, V: 191.
32. Townshend to Lady Ferrers, Camp Lévis, 6 September 1759, in C. V. F. Townshend, The Military Life of George First Marquess Townshend (Toronto, 1907), 210.
33. Townshend to Lady Ferrers, Quebec, 5 October 1759, LAC, MG 18 L 7, fols. 122-3.
34. Memoirs of the Siege of Quebec, the Capital of all Canada, and of the Retreat of Monsieur de Bourlemaque (Quebec, 1901), 27-8.
35. Panet’s Journal, 7 September 1759.
36. R. Léger, ed., Le Journal de Montcalm (Montreal, 2007), entry for 26 August 1759, 488-9.
37. Montcalm to Bougainville, in Doughty and Parmelee, Siege of Quebec,IV: 84.
38. ‘Journal du siège de Québec’, in The Northcliffe Collection, XXX: 263.
39. Bougainville’s Journal for 1759-60 in E. P. Hamilton, ed., Adventure in the Wilderness: The American Journals of Louis Antoine de Bougainville, 1756-1760(Norman, OK, 1990), 320.
40. ‘Extract of a Journal Kept at the Army Commanded by the Late Lt Gen de Montcalm’, in O’Callaghan and Fernow, Documents, X: 1038.
41. Memoirs of the Siege of Quebec, the Capital of all Canada, and of the Retreat of Monsieur de Bourlemaque, 28.
42. Montcalm to Bougainville, 5 September 1759, in The Northcliffe Collection, 433.
43. Léger, Le Journal de Montcalm, entry for 18 August 1759, 484.
44. Vaudreuil to de Lévis, 4 September 1759, in H. R. Casgrain, ed., Collection des manuscrits du Maréchal de Lévis (12 vols., Montreal and Quebec, 1889-95), VIII: 99.
45. J. B. N. R. de Ramezay, Mémoire du sieur de Ramezay, commandant à Québec, au sujet de la reddition de cette ville, le 18 septembre 1759(Quebec, 1861).
46. Montcalm to Bougainville, 5 September 1759, ‘à 4 heures’, in Doughty and Parmelee, Siege of Quebec, IV: 94.
47. Wolfe’s ‘Family Journal’, PRONI, DOD 162/77 C, 26.
48. ‘Journal du siège de Québec’, in The Northcliffe Collection, XXX: 265.
49. ‘Relation du siège de Québec, posé par les Anglois en l’anée 1759’, in The Northcliffe Collection, XXVIII: 221.
50. Vaudreuil to de Lévis, 7 September 1759, in Casgrain, Collection des manuscrits du Maréchal de Lévis, VIII: 101.
51. Montcalm to Bougainville, 10 September 1759, in Doughty and Parmelee, Siege of Quebec, IV: 116-17.
52. Ramezay, Mémoire du sieur de Ramezay, commandant à Québec, au sujet de la reddition de cette ville, le 18 septembre 1759.
53. Memoirs of the Siege of Quebec, the Capital of all Canada, and of the Retreat of Monsieur de Bourlemaque, 27.
54. ‘Extract of a Journal Kept at the Army Commanded by the Late Lt Gen de Montcalm’, in O’Callaghan and Fernow, Documents, X: 1036.
55. ‘Journal du siège de Québec’, in The Northcliffe Collection, XXX: 263-4.
56. Léger, Le Journal de Montcalm, entry for 9 September 1759, 495-6.
57. ‘Relation du siège de Québec, posé par les Anglois en l’anée 1759’, in The Northcliffe Collection, XXVIII: 221.
58. A Journal of the Expedition up the River St Lawrence (by a Sgt Major in Hopson’s Grenadiers), 10.
59. Extract from a Manuscript Journal Relating to the Operations before Quebec in 1759, Kept by Colonel Malcolm Fraser, the Lt of the 78th (Fraser’s Highlanders) and Serving in that Campaign (Literary and Historical Society of Quebec: Historical Documents, Second Series, 1868), 16.
60. Knox, Journal, II: 76.
61. Ibid., II: 74.
62. Ibid., II: 75.
63. A Journal of the Expedition up the River St Lawrence (by a Sgt Major in Hopson’s Grenadiers), 10.
64. Panet’s Journal, 7 September 1759.
65. Knox, Journal, II: 75.
66. Journal of the Particular Transactions during the Siege of Quebec by an Officer of Fraser’s Regiment (Quebec, 1901), 32.
67. General Orders in Wolfe’s Army, 48.
68. ‘Brigadier Townshend’s Journal of the Voyage to America and Campaign against Quebec, 1759’, in Doughty and Parmelee, Siege of Quebec, V: 265.
69. Knox, Journal, II: 79.
70. ‘Brigadier Townshend’s Journal of the Voyage to America and Campaign against Quebec, 1759’, in Doughty and Parmelee, Siege of Quebec,V: 266.
71. Log: Squirrel, 6 September 1759, in W. Wood, ed., The Logs of the Conquest of Canada (Toronto, 1909), 299.
72. Knox, Journal, II: 79.
73. Wolfe’s ‘Family Journal’, PRONI, DOD 162/77 C, 15.
74. ‘Journal du siège de Québec’, in The Northcliffe Collection, XXX: 265.
75. ‘Brigadier Townshend’s Journal of the Voyage to America and Campaign against Quebec, 1759’, in Doughty and Parmelee, Siege of Quebec,V: 266.
76. Moncrief, A Short Account of the Expedition against Quebec Commanded by Major-General Wolfe in the Year 1759, 32-3.
77. Log: Squirrel, 8 September 1759, in Wood, The Logs of the Conquest of Canada, 299.
78. Knox, Journal, II: 83.
79. Ibid., II, 82-3, 85.
80. Wolfe’s ‘Family Journal’, PRONI, DOD 162/77 C, 15.
81. Moncrief, A Short Account of the Expedition against Quebec Commanded by Major-General Wolfe in the Year 1759, 33.
82. Ibid., 33.
83. Ibid., 33-4.
84. ‘Letter of Admiral Holmes, Lowestoft, off Foulon in the River St Lawrence, above Quebec, 18 September 1759’, in Doughty and Parmelee, Siege of Quebec, IV: 295-6.
85. Rémigny to Bougainville, 11 September 1759, in Doughty and Parmelee, Siege of Quebec, IV: 121.
87. Knox, Journal, II: 86.
88. Monckton, Murray, and Townshend to Wolfe, 12 September 1759, in The Northcliffe Collection, 425.
89. Wolfe to Monckton, 12 September 1759, ‘Sutherland, 81/2 O’clock’, LAC, MG 18 N 18, vol. IV, file 1.
90. Wolfe to Townshend, 12 September 1759, ibid.
91. Wolfe’s ‘Family Journal’, PRONI, DOD 162/77 C, 15-16.
92. Ibid., 16.
93. Knox, Journal, II: 90.
94. ‘Extracts from Journal of the Particular Transactions during the Siege of Quebec’, in Doughty and Parmelee, Siege of Quebec, V: 186.
95. ‘John Johnson’s Journal’, in Doughty and Parmelee, Siege of Quebec, V: 101.
96. ‘Brigadier Townshend’s Journal of the Voyage to America and Campaign against Quebec, 1759’, in Doughty and Parmelee, Siege of Quebec,V: 267.
97. ‘From an Officer at Quebec’, Scots Magazine, 21 (October 1759), 552, LAC, MG 18 N 18, vol. V. The talk of expectation and duty has a distinctly Nelsonian ring to it. Fifty years later Vice Admiral Lord Horatio Nelson, a keen student of Wolfe, made the famous signal at Trafalgar, ‘England expects every man will do his duty.’ It was flown from his flagship, HMS Victory. Work had begun on this vast warship in July 1759 in the Old Single Dock at Chatham dockyard on the Medway in Kent.
98. ‘John Johnson’s Journal’, in Doughty and Parmelee, Siege of Quebec, V: 101.
99. Fraser, Journal, 12 September 1959, 18.
100. ‘Extracts from Journal of the Particular Transactions during the Siege of Quebec’, in Doughty and Parmelee, Siege of Quebec, V: 187.
101. Wolfe’s ‘Family Journal’, PRONI, DOD 162/77 C, 16.
102. Knox, Journal, II: 90.
103. J.-F. Récher, Journal du siège de Québec en 1759(Quebec, 1959), entry for 2 September 1759.
104. Léger, Le Journal de Montcalm, entry for 11 September 1759, 497.
105. Vaudreuil to de Lévis, 7 September 1759, in Casgrain, Collection des manuscrits du Maréchal de Lévis, VIII: 105.
106. ‘Extracts from Journal of the Particular Transactions during the Siege of Quebec’, in Doughty and Parmelee, Siege of Quebec,V: 187.
107. Ibid.
108. Knox, Journal, II: 94.
109. ‘John Johnson’s Journal’, in Doughty and Parmelee, Siege of Quebec, V: 100-1.
Chapter Thirteen: The Landings
1. Saunders to Clevland, Secretary to the Admiralty, 21 September 1759, in J. B. Hattendorf, R. J. B. Knight, A. W. H. Pearsall, N. A. M. Rodger, and G. Till, eds., British Naval Documents 1204-1960(Naval Records Society, CXXI, Aldershot, 1993), no. 225, p. 393.
2. Wolfe’s ‘Family Journal’, PRONI, DOD 162/77 C, 16.
3. General Orders in Wolfe’s Army during the Expedition up the River St Lawrence, 1759(Literary and Historical Society of Quebec: Historical Documents, Fourth Series, Quebec, 1875), 52.
4. Major Moncrief, A Short Account of the Expedition against Quebec Commanded by Major-General Wolfe in the Year 1759(Quebec, 1901), 36.
5. ‘Letter of Holmes, Lowestoft off Foulon in the River St. Laurence, above Quebec 18 September 1759’, in A. Doughty and G. Parmelee, eds., The Siege of Quebec and the Battle of the Plains of Abraham (6 vols., Quebec, 1901), IV: 296.
6. For a full discussion of this oft-quoted story see Stephen Brumwell’s excellent Paths of Glory: The Life and Death of General James Wolfe (London, 2006), 272.
7. ‘Extracts from Journal of the Particular Transactions during the Siege of Quebec’, in Doughty and Parmelee, Siege of Quebec, V: 187.
8. Log: Hunter, 12 September 1759, in W. Wood, ed., The Logs of the Conquest of Canada (Toronto, 1909), 232.
9. Moncrief, A Short Account of the Expedition against Quebec Commanded by Major-General Wolfe in the Year 1759, 36.
10. ‘Extract of a Journal Kept at the Army Commanded by the Late Lt Gen de Montcalm’, in E. O’Callaghan and B. Fernow, eds., Documents Relative to the Colonial History of the State of New York; Procured in Holland, England and France (15 vols., Albany, NY, 1853-87), X: 1038.
11. Rough notes on the siege in ‘Letters and Papers Relating to the Siege of Quebec in the Possession of the Marquess of Townshend’, in Doughty and Parmelee, Siege of Quebec, V: 214.
12. ‘Extracts from Journal of the Particular Transactions during the Siege of Quebec’, in Doughty and Parmelee, Siege of Quebec, V: 187.
13. I. McCulloch, Sons of the Mountain: The Highland Regiments in the French and Indian War, 1756-1767(2 vols., Toronto, 2006), 88.
14. A Doughty, ed., An Historical Journal of the Campaigns in North America: For the Years 1757, 1758, 1759and 1760by Captain John Knox (3 vols., Toronto, 1914-16), II: 96.
15. Saunders to Pitt, Quebec, 21 September 1759, PRO, CO 5/51 fol. 45.
16. Vergor to Duc de Choiseul, Secretary of State for Marine and the Colonies, reprinted in full in C. P. Stacey, Quebec 1759: The Siege and the Battle (Toronto, 2002), Appendix D, 211-12.
17. Wolfe’s ‘Family Journal’, PRONI, DOD 162/77 C, 17.
18. This phrase is contained in an undated letter attached to Vaudeuil’s Report to the Minister, 5 October 1759, in Stacey, Quebec 1759, Appendix C, 200.
19. Townshend to Pitt, ‘Camp before Quebec’, 20 September 1759, PRO, CO 5/51 fol. 90.
20. Moncrief, A Short Account of the Expedition against Quebec Commanded by Major-General Wolfe in the Year 1759, 34.
21. ‘Letter from Quebec, 7 October 1759’, in Derby Mercury, 30 November to 7 December 1759, in Brumwell, Paths of Glory: The Life and Death of General James Wolfe, 275.
22. Saunders to Pitt, Quebec, 21 September 1759, PRO, CO5/51 fol. 45.
23. Memoirs of the Siege of Quebec, the Capital of all Canada, and of the Retreat of Monsieur de Bourlemaque (Quebec, 1901), 28-9.
24. Knox, Journal, II: 95-6.
25. ‘Fragment of a Journal of the Siege from the Original in the Library of Congress at Washington’, LAC, MG 18 N 18, vol. IV, file 7.
26. ‘Extracts from Journal of the Particular Transactions during the Siege of Quebec’, in Doughty and Parmelee, Siege of Quebec,V: 187-8.
27. ‘A Journal of the Expedition up the River St Lawrence’, in A Journal of the Expedition up the River St Lawrence (by a Sgt Major in Hopson’s Grenadiers) (Boston, 1759), 17-18.
28. Knox, Journal, II: 96.
29. Vergor to Duc de Choiseul, Secretary of State for Marine and the Colonies, reprinted in full in Stacey, Quebec 1759, Appendix D, 211-12.
30. Knox, Journal, II: 96. This ‘precipice’ was actually a track. It was not nearly as steep as the route taken by Howe’s men.
31. ‘Extracts from Journal of the Particular Transactions during the Siege of Quebec’, in Doughty and Parmelee, Siege of Quebec,V: 188.
32. Knox, Journal, II: 96.
33. Ibid.
34. ‘Letter of Holmes, Lowestoft off Foulon in the River St. Laurence, above Quebec 18 September 1759’, in Doughty and Parmelee, Siege of Quebec, IV: 296.
35. General Orders in Wolfe’s Army, 53.
36. Log: Squirrel, 13 September 1759, in Wood, The Logs of the Conquest of Canada, 300.
37. Wolfe’s ‘Family Journal’, PRONI, DOD 162/77 C, 17.
38. Barré’s comments were made to Henry Caldwell over a decade later; he in turn reported them to Murray. See Henry Caldwell to Murray, 1 November 1772, quoted in Stacey, Quebec 1759, 146.
39. Wolfe’s ‘Family Journal’, PRONI, DOD 162/77 C, 17.
40. Henry Caldwell to Murray, 1 November 1772, quoted in Stacey, Quebec 1759, 146.
41. Moncrief, A Short Account of the Expedition against Quebec Commanded by Major-General Wolfe in the Year 1759, 38.
42. ‘Extracts from Journal of the Particular Transactions during the Siege of Quebec’, in Doughty and Parmelee, Siege of Quebec,V: 188.
43. Wolfe’s ‘Family Journal’, PRONI, DOD 162/77 C, 17.
44. Mon
crief, A Short Account of the Expedition against Quebec Commanded by Major-General Wolfe in the Year 1759, 37-8.
45. Vaudreuil to Minister, 5 October 1759, in Stacey, Quebec 1759, Appendix C, 199.
46. Vaudreuil to Bougainville, 6 September 1759, 11 o’clock, in Doughty and Parmelee, Siege of Quebec, IV: 100.
47. R. Léger, ed., Le Journal de Montcalm (Montreal, 2007), 493.
48. Montcalm to Vaudreuil, 29 July 1759, in G. Frégault, Canada: The War of Conquest (Oxford, 1969), 253.
49. Léger, Le Journal de Montcalm, entry for 13 September 1759, 498-9.
50. Bernetz to Vaudreuil, in Stacey, Quebec 1759, 148.
51. Vaudreuil to Bougainville, 13 September 1759, 0645 hours, in Doughty and Parmelee, Siege of Quebec,IV: 126-7.
52. ‘Extract of a Journal Kept at the Army Commanded by the Late Lt Gen de Montcalm’, in O’Callaghan and Fernow, Documents Relative to the Colonial History of the State of New York; Procured in Holland, England and France, X: 1038.
53. Chevalier de Johnstone, A Dialogue in Hades (Literary and Historical Society of Quebec: Historical Documents, Second Series, Quebec, 1868), 40. Needless to say Vaudreuil claimed, in a letter written that night to de Lévis, that he ‘did not tarry’ in sending men to meet the threat on the Plains; see Vaudreuil to de Lévis, 13 September 1759, in H. R. Casgrain, ed., Collection des manuscrits du Maréchal de Lévis (12 vols., Montreal and Quebec, 1889-95), VIII: 106.
54. Memoirs of the Siege of Quebec, the Capital of all Canada, and of the Retreat of Monsieur de Bourlemaque (Quebec, 1901), 29.
Chapter Fourteen: The Battle of the Plains of Abraham
1. H. B. M. Best, ‘Martin, Abraham’, in Dictionary of Canadian Biography online.
2. Logs: Dublin, Centurion, Hunter, 12 September 1759, in W. Wood, ed., The Logs of the Conquest of Canada (Toronto, 1909), 222, 211, 232.
3. A. Doughty, ed., An Historical Journal of the Campaigns in North America: For the Years 1757, 1758, 1759and 1760by Captain John Knox (3 vols., Toronto, 1914-16), II: 98.
4. Robert MacPherson to Andrew MacPherson, Camp before Quebec, 16 September 1759, James Grant Papers, Library of Congress, reprinted in full in I. McCulloch, Sons of the Mountain: The Highland Regiments in the French and Indian War, 1756-1767(2 vols., Toronto, 2006), I: 185.
5. Major Moncrief, A Short Account of the Expedition against Quebec Commanded by Major-General Wolfe in the Year 1759(Quebec, 1901), 38-9.
