Cribsheet

by Emily Oster

  Thank you to everyone who read and commented on drafts: Emma Berndt, Eric Budish, Heidi Williams, Michelle McClosky, Kelly Joseph, Josh Gottleib, Carolin Pfluger, Dan Benjamin, Samantha Cherney, Emily Shapiro, and Laura Wheery.

  Thanks to the girls, who read a lot of this and shared their experiences and let me use them: Jane Risen, Jenna Robins, Tricia Patrick, Divya Mathur, Elena Zinchenko, Hilary Friedman, Heather Caruso, Katie Kinzler, and Alix Morse. And most important, they were there to celebrate the good stuff and talk me through the less good stuff. I love you guys.

  Many colleagues and friends supported the idea and reality of this book at various stages. Including but by no means limited to Judy Chevalier, Anna Aizer, David Weil, Matt Notowidigdo, Dave Nussbaum, Nancy Rose, Amy Finkelstein, Andrei Shleifer, Nancy Zimmerman, and the More Dudes.

  A very special thanks to Matt Gentzkow, who took seriously my desire to write another book, talked me through whether it was a good idea, and provided invaluable editing. Not surprisingly, Jesse’s favorite sentence in this book was written by Matt.

  We have been lucky to have wonderful pediatricians in both Chicago and Rhode Island—Dawn Li and Lauren Ward—without whom parenting would be much harder. And we are also lucky to have had wonderful childcare—most of all Mardele Castel, Rebecca Shirley, and Sarah Hudson—but also the teachers at Moses Brown and the Little School at Lincoln.

  My incredibly supportive family. Thank you to the Shapiros: Joyce, Arvin, and Emily. To the Fairs and Osters: Steve, Rebecca, John, and Andrea. And to my parents, Ray and Sharon. Mom, I know this makes you nervous, but thanks for supporting it anyway.

  It goes without saying that without Penelope and Finn there would be no book. Thanks to Penelope for reading it, and to both of you for helping me learn to be a mom.

  Jesse. Parenting is hard. I am glad I get to do it with you. Thank you for supporting me in my crazy ideas. You’re a great husband, and a great father. Also, you’re really good at managing the trash. I love you.

  APPENDIX: FURTHER READING

  These books, which cover many of the topics discussed in this book, may be helpful further reading.

  GENERAL REFERENCE

  American Academy of Pediatrics. Caring for Your Baby and Young Child: Birth to Age Five. New York: Bantam, 2004.

  Druckerman, P. Bringing Up Bébé: One American Mother Discovers the Wisdom of French Parenting. New York: Penguin, 2014.

  Eliot, L. What’s Going On in There?: How the Brain and Mind Develop in the First Five Years of Life. New York: Bantam, 2000.

  Nathanson, L. The Portable Pediatrician for Parents: A Month-by-Month Guide to Your Child’s Physical and Behavioral Development from Birth to Age Five. New York: HarperCollins, 1994.

  DISCIPLINE

  Phelan, T. W. 1-2-3 Magic: Effective Discipline for Children 2–12. Naperville, IL: ParentMagic, Inc., 2010.

  Webster-Stratton, C. The Incredible Years: A Trouble-Shooting Guide for Parents of Children Aged 2–8. Toronto: Umbrella Press, 1992.

  SLEEP

  Ferber, R. Solve Your Child’s Sleep Problems. Rev. ed. New York: Simon & Schuster, 2006.

  Karp, H. The Happiest Baby on the Block: The New Way to Calm Crying and Help Your Newborn Baby Sleep Longer. Rev. ed. New York: Bantam, 2015.

  Weissbluth, M. Healthy Sleep Habits, Happy Child: A Step-by-Step Program for a Good Night’s Sleep. 4th ed. New York: Ballantine Books, 2015.

  POTTY TRAINING

  Glowacki, J. Oh Crap! Potty Training: Everything Modern Parents Need to Know to Do It Once and Do It Right. New York: Touchstone, 2015.

  NOTES

  CHAPTER 1: THE FIRST THREE DAYS

  1. Preer G, Pisegna JM, Cook JT, Henri AM, Philipp BL. Delaying the bath and in-hospital breastfeeding rates. Breastfeed Med 2013;8(6):485–90.

  2. Nako Y, Harigaya A, Tomomasa T, et al. Effects of bathing immediately after birth on early neonatal adaptation and morbidity: A prospective randomized comparative study. Pediatr Int 2000;42(5): 517–22.

  3. Loring C, Gregory K, Gargan B, et al. Tub bathing improves thermoregulation of the late preterm infant. J Obstet Gynecol Neonatal Nurs 2012;41(2):171–79.

  4. Weiss HA, Larke N, Halperin D, Schenker I. Complications of circumcision in male neonates, infants and children: A systematic review. BMC Urol 2010;10:2.

  5. Weiss HA et al. Complications of circumcision in male neonates, infants and children.

  6. Van Howe RS. Incidence of meatal stenosis following neonatal circumcision in a primary care setting. Clin Pediatr (Phila) 2006;45(1):49–54.

  7. Bazmamoun H, Ghorbanpour M, Mousavi-Bahar SH. Lubrication of circumcision site for prevention of meatal stenosis in children younger than 2 years old. Urol J 2008;5(4):233–36.

  8. Bossio JA, Pukall CF, Steele S. A review of the current state of the male circumcision literature. J Sex Med 2014;11(12):2847–64.

  9. Singh-Grewal D, Macdessi J, Craig J. Circumcision for the prevention of urinary tract infection in boys: A systematic review of randomised trials and observational studies. Arch Dis Child 2005;90(8): 853–58.

  10. Sorokan ST, Finlay JC, Jefferies AL. Newborn male circumcision. Paediatr Child Health 2015;20(6): 311–20.

  11. Bossio JA et al. A review of the current state of the male circumcision literature.

  12. Daling JR, Madeleine MM, Johnson LG, et al. Penile cancer: Importance of circumcision, human papillomavirus and smoking in in situ and invasive disease. Int J Cancer 2005;116(4):606–16.

  13. Taddio A, Katz J, Ilersich AL, Koren G. Effect of neonatal circumcision on pain response during subsequent routine vaccination. Lancet 1997;349(9052):599–603.

  14. Brady-Fryer B, Wiebe N, Lander JA. Pain relief for neonatal circumcision. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2004;(4):CD004217.

  15. Wroblewska-Seniuk KE, Dabrowski P, Szyfter W, Mazela J. Universal newborn hearing screening: Methods and results, obstacles, and benefits. Pediatr Res 2017;81(3):415–22.

  16. Merten S, Dratva J, Ackermann-Liebrich U. Do baby-friendly hospitals influence breastfeeding duration on a national level? Pediatrics 2005;116(5):e702–8.

  17. Jaafar SH, Ho JJ, Lee KS. Rooming-in for new mother and infant versus separate care for increasing the duration of breastfeeding. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2016;(8):CD006641.

  18. Lipke B, Gilbert G, Shimer H, et al. Newborn safety bundle to prevent falls and promote safe sleep. MCN Am J Matern Child Nurs 2018;43(1):32–37.

  19. Thach BT. Deaths and near deaths of healthy newborn infants while bed sharing on maternity wards. J Perinatol 2014;34(4):275–79.

  20. Lipke B et al. Newborn safety bundle to prevent falls.

  21. Flaherman VJ, Schaefer EW, Kuzniewicz MW, Li SX, Walsh EM, Paul IM. Early weight loss nomograms for exclusively breastfed newborns. Pediatrics 2015;135(1):e16–23.

  22. Smith HA, Becker GE. Early additional food and fluids for healthy breastfed full-term infants. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2016;(8):CD006462.

  23. Committee on Hyperbilirubinemia. Management of hyperbilirubinemia in the newborn infant 35 or more weeks of gestation. Pediatrics 2004;114(1):297–316.

  24. Chapman J, Marfurt S, Reid J. Effectiveness of delayed cord clamping in reducing postdelivery complications in preterm infants: A systematic review. J Perinat Neonatal Nurs 2016;30(4):372–78.

  25. McDonald SJ, Middleton P, Dowswell T, Morris PS. Effect of timing of umbilical cord clamping of term infants on maternal and neonatal outcomes. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2013;(7): CD004074.

  26. American Academy of Pediatrics Committee on Fetus and Newborn. Controversies concerning vitamin K and the newborn. Pediatrics 2003;112(1 Pt 1):191–92.

  27. American Academy of Pediatrics Committee on Fetus and Newborn. Controversies concering vitamin K.

  CHAPTER 2: WAIT, YOU WANT ME TO TAKE IT HOME?

  1. Sun KK, Choi KY, Chow YY. Injury by mittens in neona
tes: A report of an unusual presentation of this easily overlooked problem and literature review. Pediatr Emerg Care 2007;23(10):731–34.

  2. Gerard CM, Harris KA, Thach BT. Spontaneous arousals in supine infants while swaddled and unswaddled during rapid eye movement and quiet sleep. Pediatrics 2002;110(6):e70.

  3. Van Sleuwen BE, Engelberts AC, Boere-Boonekamp MM, Kuis W, Schulpen TW, L’hoir MP. Swaddling: A systematic review. Pediatrics 2007;120(4):e1097–106.

  4. Ohgi S, Akiyama T, Arisawa K, Shigemori K. Randomised controlled trial of swaddling versus massage in the management of excessive crying in infants with cerebral injuries. Arch Dis Child 2004;89(3):212–26.

  5. Short MA, Brooks-Brunn JA, Reeves DS, Yeager J, Thorpe JA. The effects of swaddling versus standard positioning on neuromuscular development in very low birth weight infants. Neonatal Netw 1996;15(4):25–31.

  6. Short MA et al. The effects of swaddling versus standard positioning.

  7. Reijneveld SA, Brugman E, Hirasing RA. Excessive infant crying: The impact of varying definitions. Pediatrics 2001;108(4):893–97.

  8. Biagioli E, Tarasco V, Lingua C, Moja L, Savino F. Pain-relieving agents for infantile colic. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2016;9:CD009999.

  9. Sung V, Collett S, De Gooyer T, Hiscock H, Tang M, Wake M. Probiotics to prevent or treat excessive infant crying: Systematic review and meta-analysis. JAMA Pediatr 2013;167(12):1150–57.

  10. Iacovou M, Ralston RA, Muir J, Walker KZ, Truby H. Dietary management of infantile colic: A systematic review. Matern Child Health J 2012;16(6):1319–31.

  11. Hill DJ, Hudson IL, Sheffield LJ, Shelton MJ, Menahem S, Hosking CS. A low allergen diet is a significant intervention in infantile colic: Results of a community-based study. J Allergy Clin Immunol 1995;96(6 Pt 1):886–92. Iacovou M et al. Dietary management of infantile colic.

  12. Hill DJ et al. A low allergen diet is a significant intervention in infantile colic.

  13. Available at https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hygiene_hypothesis.

  14. Hui C, Neto G, Tsertsvadze A, et al. Diagnosis and management of febrile infants (0–3 months). Evid Rep Technol Assess (Full Rep) 2012;(205):1–297. Maniaci V, Dauber A, Weiss S, Nylen E, Becker KL, Bachur R. Procalcitonin in young febrile infants for the detection of serious bacterial infections. Pediatrics 2008;122(4):701–10. Kadish HA, Loveridge B, Tobey J, Bolte RG, Corneli HM. Applying outpatient protocols in febrile infants 1–28 days of age: Can the threshold be lowered? Clin Pediatr (Phila) 2000;39(2):81–88. Baker MD, Bell LM. Unpredictability of serious bacterial illness in febrile infants from birth to 1 month of age. Arch Pediatr Adolesc Med 1999;153(5):508–11. Bachur RG, Harper MB. Predictive model for serious bacterial infections among infants younger than 3 months of age. Pediatrics 2001;108(2):311–16.

  15. Chua KP, Neuman MI, McWilliams JM, Aronson PL. Association between clinical outcomes and hospital guidelines for cerebrospinal fluid testing in febrile infants aged 29–56 days. J Pediatr 2015;167(6):1340–46.e9.

  CHAPTER 3: TRUST ME, TAKE THE MESH UNDERWEAR

  1. Frigerio M, Manodoro S, Bernasconi DP, Verri D, Milani R, Vergani P. Incidence and risk factors of third- and fourth-degree perineal tears in a single Italian scenario. Eur J Obstet Gynecol Reprod Biol 2017;221:139–43. Bodner-Adler B, Bodner K, Kaider A, et al. Risk factors for third-degree perineal tears in vaginal delivery, with an analysis of episiotomy types. J Reprod Med 2001;46(8): 752–56. Ramm O, Woo VG, Hung YY, Chen HC, Ritterman Weintraub ML. Risk factors for the development of obstetric anal sphincter injuries in modern obstetric practice. Obstet Gynecol 2018;131(2):290–96.

  2. Berens P. Overview of the postpartum period: Physiology, complications, and maternal care. UpToDate. Accessed 2017. Available at https://www.uptodate.com/contents/overview-of-the-postpartum-period-physiology-complications-and-maternal-care.

  3. Raul A. Exercise during pregnancy and the postpartum period. UpToDate. Accessed 2017. Available at https://www.uptodate.com/contents/exercise-during-pregnancy-and-the-postpartum-period.

  4. Jawed-Wessel S, Sevick E. The impact of pregnancy and childbirth on sexual behaviors: A systematic review. J Sex Res 2017;54(4–5):411–23. Lurie S, Aizenberg M, Sulema V, et al. Sexual function after childbirth by the mode of delivery: A prospective study. Arch Gynecol Obstet 2013;288(4): 785–92.

  5. Viguera A. Postpartum unipolar major depression: Epidemiology, clinical features, assessment, and diagnosis. UpToDate. Accessed 2017. Available at https://www.uptodate.com/contents/postpartum-unipolar-major-depression-epidemiology-clinical-features-assessment-and-diagnosis.

  6. O’Connor E, Rossom RC, Henninger M, Groom HC, Burda BU. Primary care screening for and treatment of depression in pregnant and postpartum women: Evidence report and systematic review for the US Preventive Services Task Force. JAMA 2016;315(4):388–406.

  7. Payne J. Postpartum psychosis: Epidemiology, pathogenesis, clinical manifestations, course, assessment, and diagnosis. UpToDate. Accessed 2017. Available at https://www.uptodate.com/contents/postpartum-psychosis-epidemiology-pathogenesis-clinical-manifestations-course-assessment-and-diagnosis.

  CHAPTER 4: BREAST IS BEST? BREAST IS BETTER? BREAST IS ABOUT THE SAME?

  1. La Leche League International. Available at http://www.llli.org/resources. Fit Pregnancy and Baby. Fit Pregnancy and Baby—Prenatal & Postnatal Guidance on Health, Exercise, Baby Care, Sex & More. https://www.fitpregnancy.com, https://www.fitpregnancy.com/baby/breastfeeding/20-breastfeeding-benefits-mom-baby.

  2. Fomon S. Infant feeding in the 20th century: Formula and beikost. J Nutr 2001;131(2):409S–20S.

  3. Angelsen N, Vik T, Jacobsen G, Bakketeig L. Breast feeding and cognitive development at age 1 and 5 years. Arch Dis Child 2001;85(3):183–88.

  4. Der G, Batty GD, Deary IJ. Effect of breast feeding on intelligence in children: Prospective study, sibling pairs analysis, and meta-analysis. BMJ 2006;333(7575):945.

  5. Der G et al. Effect of breast feeding on intelligence in children.

  6. Kramer MS, Chalmers B, Hodnett ED, Sevkovskaya Z, Dzikovich I, Shapiro S, Collet J, Vanilovich I, Mezen I, Ducruet T, Shishko G, Zubovich V, Mknuik D, Gluchanina E, Dombrovskiy V, Ustinovitch A, Kot T, Bogdanovich N, Ovchinikova L, Helsing E, for the PROBIT Study Group. Promotion of Breastfeeding Intervention Trial (PROBIT): A randomized trial in the Republic of Belarus. JAMA 2001;285(4):413–20.

  7. Kramer MS et al. PROBIT.

  8. For the statistically minded, simply scaling by multiplying to make the effect bigger is not that straightforward and requires further assumptions about the nature of the treatment, so it is common to simply report these effects as what we call “intent to treat” or just the difference between the treatment and the control groups.

  9. Quigley M, McGuire W. Formula versus donor breast milk for feeding preterm or low birth weight infants. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2014;(4):CD002971.

  10. Bowatte G, Tham R, Allen K, Tan D, Lau M, Dai X, Lodge C. Breastfeeding and childhood acute otitis media: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Acta Paediatr 2015;104(467):85–95.

  11. Kørvel-Hanquist A, Koch A, Niclasen J, et al. Risk factors of early otitis media in the Danish National Birth Cohort. Torrens C, ed. PLoS ONE 2016;11(11):e0166465.

  12. Quigley MA, Carson C, Sacker A, Kelly Y. Exclusive breastfeeding duration and infant infection. Eur J Clin Nutr 2016;70(12):1420–27.

  13. Carpenter R, McGarvey C, Mitchell EA, et al. Bed sharing when parents do not smoke: Is there a risk of SIDS? An individual level analysis of five major case-control studies. BMJ Open 2013;3:e002299.

  14. Hauck FR, Thompson JMD, Tanabe KO, Moon RY, Mechtild MV. Breastfeeding and reduced risk of sudden infant death syndrome: A meta-analysis. Pediatrics 2011;128(1):103–10.

  15. Thompson JMD, Tanabe K, Moon RY, et al. Duration of breastfeeding and risk of SIDS: An individual participant data meta-analysis. Pediatrics 2017;140(5).

  16. Ve
nnemann MM, Bajanowski T, Brinkmann B, Jorch G, Yücesan K, Sauerland C, Mitchell EA. Does breastfeeding reduce the risk of sudden infant death syndrome? Pediatrics 2009;123(3):e406–e410.

  17. Fleming PJ, Blair PS, Bacon C, et al. Environment of infants during sleep and risk of the sudden infant death syndrome: Results of 1993–5 case-control study for confidential inquiry into stillbirths and deaths in infancy. Confidential enquiry into stillbirths and deaths regional coordinators and researchers. BMJ 1996;313(7051):191–95.

  18. Kramer MS et al. PROBIT.

  19. Martin RM, Patel R, Kramer MS, et al. Effects of promoting longer-term and exclusive breastfeeding on cardiometabolic risk factors at age 11.5 years: A cluster-randomized, controlled trial. Circulation 2014;129(3):321–29.

  20. Colen CG, Ramey DM. Is breast truly best? Estimating the effects of breastfeeding on long-term child health and wellbeing in the United States using sibling comparisons. Soc Sci Med 2014;109: 55–65. Nelson MC, Gordon-Larsen P, Adair LS. Are adolescents who were breast-fed less likely to be overweight? Analyses of sibling pairs to reduce confounding. Epidemiology 2005;16(2):247–53.

  21. Owen CG, Martin RM, Whincup PH, Davey-Smith G, Gillman MW, Cook DG. The effect of breastfeeding on mean body mass index throughout life: A quantitative review of published and unpublished observational evidence. Am J Clin Nutr 2005;82(6):1298–307.

  22. Kindgren E, Fredrikson M, Ludvigsson J. Early feeding and risk of juvenile idiopathic arthritis: A case control study in a prospective birth cohort. Pediatr Rheumatol Online J 2017;15:46. Rosenberg AM. Evaluation of associations between breast feeding and subsequent development of juvenile rheumatoid arthritis. J Rheumatol 1996;23(6):1080–82. Silfverdal SA, Bodin L, Olcén P. Protective effect of breastfeeding: An ecologic study of Haemophilus influenzae meningitis and breastfeeding in a Swedish population. Int J Epidemiol 1999;28(1):152–56. Lamberti LM, Zakarija-Grkovi I, Fischer Walker CL, et al. Breastfeeding for reducing the risk of pneumonia morbidity and mortality in children under two: A systematic literature review and meta-analysis. BMC Public Health 2013;13(Suppl 3):S18. Li R, Dee D, Li C-M, Hoffman HJ, Grummer-Strawn LM. Breastfeeding and risk of infections at 6 years. Pediatrics 2014;134(Suppl 1):S13–S20. Niewiadomski O, Studd C, Wilson J, et al. Influence of food and lifestyle on the risk of developing inflammatory bowel disease. Intern Med J 2016;46(6):669–76. Hansen TS, Jess T, Vind I, et al. Environmental factors in inflammatory bowel disease: A case-control study based on a Danish inception cohort. J Crohns Colitis 2011;5(6):577–84.