Last Child in the Woods: Saving Our Children From Nature-Deficit Disorder
Page 36
Adams, Ansel, 103
adventure playgrounds, 170, 263–264
advertising, nature used in, 62
Afoot and Afield guides, 130, 164
Age of Missing Information, The (McKibben), 68
agility, 49
agriculture, see farms air-conditioning, 57–58
air pollution, indoor, 131–132
Aligata, Justin, 193–194
Alliance for Childhood, 137
American Academy of Pediatrics, 120
American Demographics, 123
American Forests, 269
American Forests, 172
American Historical Association, 17
American Horticultural Society, 219
American Institutes for Research, 208
American Insurance Association, 241
American Journal of Preventive Medicine, 46
American Psychiatric Association, 44, 101
American Psychological Society, 104
American Society of Naturalists Symposium, 143
amphetamines, 101
anger, 49
animal-rights movement, 21, 24, 195
animals
birding, 174, 197–198
companionship of, 297, 298
fishing and hunting, 20, 24, 191–195, 295–296, 315–316
hyperintellectualized perception of, 19, 23–24, 133–134, 296
pets, 45, 297
wild, in urban/suburban areas, 19, 24–25, 130, 131, 249–250
wildlife viewing, 196–200
zoopolis, 246–251, 257, 267–269
animism, 298–299, 301
anthropomorphism, 297–298
antidepressants, 49–50
anxiety, 49, 51
Architecture Week, 257
Arctic National Wildlife Refuge, 302
Arizona-Sonora Desert Museum, 267
art education, 137–138
Associated Press, 64
Association for Experiential Education, 209
attachment to nature, 156–158, 309
Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD), 100–102
medications for, 101, 108
nature as therapy for, 3, 35, 100–101, 102–112, 264
attention-restoration theory, 103–105, 109, 218
ATVs (all-terrain vehicles), 139–141
Atwood, John, 194
Austin, Texas, 262
Austria, 120
autism, 45–46
cultural, 64–67
automobiles, 63–64, 119
commuting to work, 119
Back Country Land Trust, 232
back-to-the-land movement, new, 274–287, 313
backyard nature, introducing child to, 170–175
Baden-Powell, Lord, 156
Bainbridge Island, 231–232
balance, 49
Baldwin, Neil, 90–91
Banegas, Larry, 233
Bartholomew, Mel, 215–217
Bayside Village, British Columbia, 285
Beard, Daniel C., 15–16, 18, 19
Beardsley, John, 61–62, 246–247
Beatley, Timothy, 25–26, 251, 252, 253–254, 256, 257–258
Becker, Bonnie, 142–143
Benoit, Marilyn, 137
benzodiazepines, 50
Berenson, Bernard, 86, 96
Bergen, Roger, 60
Berger, John, 296–297
Berman, Dene S., 229–230
Berman, Tonia, 121
Berry, Wendell, 113, 203, 224, 271
Best, Joel, 126–127
Beyond Ecophobia (Sobel), 134
Bierlink, Henry, 300
biological absolutes, end of, 19, 21–22
biophilia, 43, 44, 218, 246
birding, 174, 197–198
Birding, 197
bison, 281
Blair Witch Project, The, 130, 131
Blake, William, 292
boredom, 11–12, 167–170
Boredom: The Literary History of a State of Mind (Spacks), 168
Botkin, Daniel, 246
Boy Scouts of America, 15, 155–156, 193–194
Bradley, Bill, 241
Brainerd, Debbie and Paul, 231–232
Brands, H. W., 71, 84–85
Breedlove, Ben, 249, 261, 266
Britain research on natural play in, 33, 34–35, 49, 124
tort reform in, 242–43
British Medical Journal, 132
Brooklyn Botanical Garden, 219
Brooks, Elaine, 39–43, 54, 63, 141, 269, 273, 274
Broward County, Florida, 241
Buffalo Commons, 275
Burroughs, John, 55
Caimi, Fra Bernardino, 62
California Department of Education, 208
Calumet Open Space Reserve, 259
Campbell, Billy, 171
camps, 2, 170, 227–234
Canada, 219–220
cardiovascular disease, 47
Carnegie Mellon Institute, 66
Carr, Dawn, 195
Carson, Rachel, 37, 72, 136, 163, 166
Catskill Watershed Corporation, 214
cell phone, parent-child contact by, 178, 184–185, 186
Center for Place-based Education, 133
Centers for Disease Control (CDC), 47, 48, 132, 265
National Center for Environmental Health, 48
Central Park, New York City, 109, 247, 270
Charlotte, North Carolina, 30
Chavez, Cesar, 92–93
Chawla, Louise, 32, 36, 44, 94–95, 96, 98, 151, 166
Cheever, John, 64
Chesapeake Bay watershed, 30
Cheshire City Council, 242–43
Chicago, Illinois, 258–260, 284
Childhood’s Future (Louv), 10, 117–118
Children’s Defense Fund, 127
Children’s Hospital and Regional Medical Center, Seattle, 102
Chorice, Linda, 198
Churchman, Deborah, 172, 173, 174
Cicalo, Lora, 204
CIVITAS, 285
Clark, Jane, 35
Clarke, Arthur C., 89–90
Clearinghouse for Rural Education and Small Schools, 229
Clemens, Samuel Langhorne, 90
Clements, Rhonda L., 34
Cleveland Botanical Garden, 219
“Closing the Achievement Gap,” 206
Coalition to End Racial Targeting of American Indian Nations, 24
Cobb, Edith, 93–94
Coles, Robert, 293, 294
Collapse of the Common Good, The (Howard), 241
college admissions pressures, 120
College Board, 137–138
colleges and universities ecological literacy, 223–224
natural history, study of, 3, 41, 135, 139–144, 224–226
Committee for Green Foothills, 243
commodification of nature, 61–62
Common Good, 241, 242
Community Associations Institute, 28
computers, 13
city-to-small-town movement and, 276
early education and, 137, 138, 205
Internet, see Internet omnipresence of, 60
time spent using, 32, 47, 57
wireless services, 282
Concerned Christian Citizens, 300
Condomitti, Jim, 243–244
conservationism, 41, 140, 141, 296
conservation psychology, 133
“containerized kids,” 35
Corbett, Judy, 261
Corbett, Michael, 254, 255, 256, 261, 285
Cornell University, 22, 50–51, 150
creativity, fostering of, 7, 55, 86–98, 122, 161, 169
Crestridge Ecological Reserve, 232–233, 240, 308
criminalization of unstructured natural play, 237
critical thinking, 124
curiosity, 13
Dahl, Ronald, 169
Daily Monitor (Addis Ababa), 35
Daley, Richard, Jr., 258, 260
Damn Lies and S
tatistics (Best), 126–127
Dankert, Bonnie, 210–211
Darwin, Charles, 72, 141
Davids-Berman, Jennifer, 229–230
Davis, California, 254–256, 285
Davis, Jay, 281
Davis, Mike, 25
Dayton, Paul, 141–145, 224–226
Death of Common Sense, The (Howard), 241
deer populations, 24
Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency (DARPA), 23
Delate, Tom, 49
Delft, Netherlands, 253
Denmark, 88, 89, 120
depression, 49–50, 51, 66, 108
therapeutic value of nature, 35, 49
Derr, Victoria, 230
Descartes, René, 65
Dess, Nancy, 66–67
developing countries, nature deficit and, 35
development of farmland and forested areas, 30, 41, 272
Dewey, John, 65–66, 203
Dexedrine, 101
Dillard, Annie, 39
disabled, camping and the, 230–231
Doyle, Dennis, 212–214
Duke University Child and Well-Being Index, 127, 128
Durak, Ruth, 250
Earthworks and Beyond: Contemporary Art in the Landscape (Beardsley), 61
Ecology of Fear: Los Angeles and the Imagination of Disaster (Davis), 25
Ecology of Imagination in Children, The (Cobb), 93–94
ecophobia, 134–135
ecopsychology, 43–44, 65, 133
ecoschools, 218–222
Edison, Thomas, 90–91, 95
Edison: Inventing the Century (Baldwin), 90–91
education experiential, 138, 139–145, 203–234, 311
higher, see colleges and universities
public schools, see public schools
Edward, Chip, 216
Ehrlich, Gretel, 291
Einstein, Albert, 110
Eleanor and Franklin (Lash), 91
electronic games and videos, 148
Eliot, T. S., 90
Emerson, Ralph Waldo, 294
emotional health, see mental health
endangered and threatened species, 29–30, 45, 248, 268
End of Nature, The (McKibben), 301
England, see Britain, research on natural play in
English Gardener, 45
enthusiasm of parent, 163–166
environmentalism, 41, 276
attachment to nature and, 156–158
faith-based, 299–304
knowledge of children about, 1, 134–135
restrictions on natural outdoor play and, 29–31, 146–147, 239–240
environmental organizations, 116, 218, 240, 311
future environmentalists and, 147, 150–156, 159
spiritual aspect of nature and, 301–302, 304–305
Environmental Protection Agency (EPA), 131
Environment and Behavior, 106, 179
environment-based education, 138, 139–145, 203–234, 311
Erickson, Martha Farrell, 157–158
Erickson, Rosemary, 283
Erikson, Erik, 86, 124
Estrada, Steve, 268
ethics and morality, nature as teacher of, 189–200, 295–296
Ethiopia, 35
European cities, green design in, 25–26, 251–254, 263
see also Western Europe; individual countries
Evans, Gary, 51
exercise, 47–49
organized sports, 31, 48, 116, 117, 182, 183, 247
see also outdoor play
experiential, environment-based education, 138, 139–145, 203–234, 311
faith-based environmentalism, 299–304
family life, overly structured, 117, 121–122, 175–176
Farm as a Pedagogical Resource, 221
farms, 311
back-to-the-land movement and, 274–287, 313
family, 18–19, 57, 58, 102, 280, 281
mega-farms, 275
“schools,” 221, 262
urban, 253
fast-food restaurants, “ball pits” at, 132
fear
brain structure and, 129
dealing with, 178–188
ecophobia, 134–135
of nature, 2, 7, 123, 130–132, 133–135, 145
of strangers, 123, 124–129, 171, 183–186
Feinstein, Arthur, 262
Field Guide to Western Reptiles and Amphibians, A (Stebbins), 139
Finch, Robert, 158–159
“Finding the Place: A Migrant Childhood,” 152
Finklehor, David, 127–128, 185
Finland, 51, 204–205
fishing, 20, 24, 191–195, 198, 315–316
Fitzsimmons, Beth, 125
Flanagan, Pat, 267
Fletcher, Julia, 76–77, 180–181, 245–246
Flight Maps (Price), 248
fly-fishing, 191, 214
Food and Drug Administration, 50
foods, knowledge of origins of, 19, 20–21, 24, 133, 217
“Fool’s Gold: A Critical Look at Computers in Childhood,” 137
forests
deforestation, 30
urban, 249, 269
walking in the woods, 170–175, 176
forts, see tree houses and forts Fout, Janet, 74–77, 180, 245–246, 294–295, 312–313
Foxfire, 209
Foxfire Magazine, 209
France, 120
Franklin, Benjamin, 71–72, 84–85, 95
Freud, Sigmund, 292–293
friendship, 51, 78–79
frontier, closing of the, 2, 17, 18, 274
Frost, Robert, 7
Frumkin, Dr. Howard, 46, 48, 53–54
“Gaining Ground,” 219–220
Gap, 257
Garden Cities movement, 284
gardens and gardening, 174–175, 215–217, 255, 258–260
play gardens, 262–263
therapeutic value of, 44–45, 46, 53
Gardner, Howard, 72–73, 74, 203
genetic engineering, 3, 21–22, 23, 279
Germany, 120
“Gilded Butterflies,” 91
Gilliam, Frank, 128
Gill the Fish, 195
Gilmore Farms, British Columbia, 285
Gingrich, Newt, 241
Ginsburg, Kenneth R., 120
girls and outdoor play, 83–84
Girl Scouts, 153–156
global positioning system (GPS) locator bracelet, 129
global warming, 311
Goodall, Jane, 90, 137
Gorman, Paul, 299–303
Göteborg, Sweden, 253
Gould, Stephen Jay, 303
government restrictions, natural outdoor play and, 29
Grano, Jared, 69–70
Great Plains
loss of population, 274–275, 276
resettling of, 278–280, 281
green design of urban areas, 25–26, 250–270, 272
for children, 261–267
greenprinting, 265–267
“greenroofs,” 252, 257, 258–259
Green Urbanism: Learning from European Cities (Beatley), 25–26, 251
Grobarek, Jackie, 211–212
“Grounds for Action,” 219–220
Guardian (London), 87
“Guerilla Gatherers, The,” 196
Gurian, Michael, 103
Guthrie, Woody, 86
Haginoya, Keiki, 33
Hand, The (Wilson), 67
Haring, Lauren, 51–52
Hariri, Gisue and Mojgan, 60
Hartig, Terry A., 104–105
health and contact with nature, 2, 3, 35, 43, 44–49, 120, 156, 159, 166, 247, 265, 276, 286, 309, 311, 312
mental, see mental health
heart disease, pets and, 45
Helsinki, Finland, green space in, 252–253
Henderson, Lynn, 129
Hepworth, Barbara, 87
Hermann, Richard, 52–53
Heschel, Abraham Joshua, 291–292
/> Het Groene Dak (The Green Roof), 252
Hirshberg, Jerry, 97
Hocker, Ann Pearse, 228–229
Hofferth, Sandra, 34
Hoffman, Edward, 292–294, 305
Homestead Act, 282
Honachefsky, William B., 264
horticulture therapy movement, 45
Houck, Mike, 256
Howard, Ebenezer, 283–284
Howard, Philip K., 241
Hubbell, James, 232–233, 308–309
Hudson River Foundation, 214
Human Relationship with Nature, The (Kahn), 50
hunter-gatherers, 43, 196
hunting, 24, 191, 194, 195
Huntington Beach Adventure Playground, 263
Huxley, Thomas, 133
hyperactivity, see Attention Deficit Hyper-activity Disorder (ADHD)
imagination, 166, 225
play in natural settings and, 48, 87, 88, 94–95, 97
Institute for Child and Adolescent Development, 53
insurance, liability, 241
intelligences, multiple, 72, 203
naturalist intelligence (“nature smart”), 71–85, 203
International Association for the Child’s Right to Play, 116, 261
International Center for Technology Assessment, 21
Internet, 60, 66, 97, 119, 137
Internet Addiction (IA), 66
Iowa, 275
Ireland, 35
Irvine Adventure Playground, 263–264
Israel, 33
Jackson, Wes, 277–280
Jacksonville, Florida, 265–266
James, William, 103, 293
Japan, 33, 120
Jefferson, Thomas, 275
Jensen, Jens, 260
Joan of Arc, 90
John Paul II, Pope, 300
Johns, John, 182
Johnson, Andrea, 56
Johnson, Dirk, 274
Jolly, Linda, 221
journaling, nature, 198
Journal of the American Medical Association, 47
Jung, Carl, 293
Kafka, Tina, 122, 168, 170, 215–216, 217
Kahn, Peter, 50
Kaiser Family Foundation, 119
Kansas City, Missouri, 262
Kansas State University, 45
Kaplan, Rachel and Stephen, 103–104, 218
Karsten, Lia, 123
Katcher, Dr. Aaron, 45–46
Kellert, Stephen, 124, 230
Kennedy, John F., Jr., 199–200
Klaas, Marc, 183–185
Kolodski, Joe, 130, 131
Konars, Teri, 175–176
Kramer, Kathryn, 167
Krutch, Joseph Wood, 235
Kuo, Frances, 88–89, 105–106, 107, 108, 109, 110, 179, 229, 312
Lancet, 35
Land Institute, 277–279
Lane, Margaret, 92
Lao-Tzu, 37
Lash, Joseph P., 91
Lau, Alberto, 81–82
Lau, Erin, 84
Lawrence, D. H., 58–59
Learning Grounds, 218
Learning through Landscapes, 218
“Leave No Child Inside Legal Defense Fund,” 243