Oblivion or Glory
Page 32
15. T. P. O’Connor, The Times, 20 March 1921.
16. Churchill and Gilbert, Companion Volume (Companion Volumes to the official biography by Randolph S. Churchill and Martin Gilbert), p. 953.
17. Gardiner, Pillars of Society, p. 153; Churchill, Preface to The Aftermath, vol. 4 of The World Crisis, pp. vii–viii.
18. Pelling, Winston Churchill, p. 258.
19. Stevenson, Lloyd George: A Diary, pp. 196–7.
20. Norwich (ed.), The Duff Cooper Diaries, entry for 23 January 1920.
21. As quoted by Harold Nicolson in his Foreword to W.S.C. A Cartoon Biography, compiled by Fred Urquhart, p. x.
22. Low, Low’s Autobiography, pp. 146–8.
23. Winston S. Churchill, ‘Cartoons and Cartoonists’, in his Thoughts and Adventures, pp. 9–21.
24. Quoted in Clarke, The Locomotive of War, p. 85.
25. Quoted in Paul Addison, ‘How Churchill’s Mind Worked’, unpublished paper for the Faculty Seminar at the University of Texas, 2017, with many thanks to the author.
1 ‘RULE BRITANNIA’
1. Stansky, Sassoon: The Worlds of Philip and Sybil, p. 56. Lord Riddell’s diary record of the weekend at Lympne can be found in his Intimate Diary of the Peace Conference and After, pp. 259–62. For the Greenwoods, see Maclaren, Empire and Ireland, passim. For Hankey on Sutherland, see Cameron Hazlehurst, introduction to The Lloyd George Magazine 1920–1923, vol. 1, p. xiv.
2. Boothby, I Fight to Live, p. 50.
3. Stansky, Sassoon, p. 157. For a more recent biography of Sassoon, see Collins, Charmed Life, passim, and for Lympne in particular, pp. 80–6.
4. Toye, Lloyd George and Churchill, p. 86.
5. Gilbert, The Challenge of War, p. 623.
6. Michael McMenamin, ‘Winston Churchill: The Untold Story of Young Winston and his American Mentor’, in McNamara (ed.), The Churchills in Ireland, pp. 199–219; see also Churchill on Cochran in his Thoughts and Adventures, pp. 32–3.
7. For Churchill’s view on Anglo-American naval power, see Phillips O’Brien, ‘Churchill and the U.S. Navy 1919–29’, in Parker (ed.), Winston Churchill, pp. 22–42.
8. Amery, Diaries, vol. 1, p. 254.
9. Rose, The Literary Churchill, p. 97.
10. Marsh, A Number of People: A Book of Reminiscences, p. 370.
11. Young, Churchill and Beaverbrook, pp. 28–9.
12. Colville Papers, entry for 1 April 1944, quoted in Gilbert and Arnn, The Churchill Documents, vol. 19, p. 2,270.
13. Maclaren, Empire and Ireland, p. 201.
14. Clarke, Mr. Churchill’s Profession, pp. 76–7; Lough, No More Champagne, pp. 126–8; Reynolds, In Command of History, p. 525.
15. Riddell, Intimate Diary of the Peace Conference and After, p. 261.
16. Morgan, Consensus and Disunity, p. 129; Lee of Fareham, ‘A Good Innings’: The Private Papers of Viscount Lee of Fareham, p. 197.
17. Paul Addison, ‘The Search for Peace in Ireland’, in Muller (ed.), Churchill as Peacemaker, p. 200; Bew, Churchill and Ireland, p. 1.
18. Bew, Churchill and Ireland, pp. 95, 100. See also Gilbert, World in Torment, pp. 443–71, 508. For further background on Ireland, see Townshend, The Republic, passim.
19. See Gilbert, World in Torment, pp. 77–9, and Riddell, Intimate Diary of the Peace Conference and After, p. 262. For peace feelers, etc., see Townshend, The Republic, pp. 223–4, and Bew, Churchill and Ireland, pp. 102–4.
20. Townshend, The Republic, pp. 193–7. For MacSwiney’s funeral, see Walsh, Bitter Freedom, pp. 262–3.
21. Gilbert, World in Torment, pp. 500–6.
22. Riddell, Intimate Diary of the Peace Conference and After, p. 8.
23. Margo Greenwood diary, 9 January 1921, quoted in Maclaren, Empire and Ireland, pp. 203–4.
24. Toye, Churchill’s Empire, p. 142.
2 FAMILY AND FRIENDS
1. Manchester, The Last Lion, pp. 750–6.
2. Stafford, Churchill and Secret Service, p. 102.
3. For Guest, see G. R. Searle’s entry in the Oxford Dictionary of National Biography and his Corruption in British Politics, passim; see also David Cannadine, ‘The Perils of Family Piety’, in Blake and Louis (eds), Churchill, pp. 15–16.
4. Addison, Churchill, pp. 48–9.
5. See Buczacki, Churchill and Chartwell, for Churchill’s housing arrangements during this period. For his finances, see Lough, No More Champagne.
6. The Sunday Times, 4 December 1921.
7. David Freeman, ‘Eddie Marsh: A Profile’, Finest Hour, no. 131, Summer 2006; undated note by Churchill to Marsh, but pre-1914, in Marsh Papers, Churchill College, Cambridge, EMAR1. For Marsh’s own memoir, see his A Number of People, and for a biography, Hassall, Edward Marsh: Patron of the Arts, both very discreet. For Clementine (Hozier) to Marsh, see her undated letter (1908?) in the Marsh Papers, Churchill College, EMAR1.
8. There are numerous biographies of Lawrence. Here I have drawn mostly from that by James, The Golden Warrior, pp. 272–362.
9. For Lowell Thomas and his creation of the Lawrence myth, see Stephens, The Voice of America, esp. pp. 82–6 and 96–120.
10. See ‘Allenby Travelogue in the Provinces’, The Times, 13 November 1919; also Stephens, The Voice of America, p. 112.
11. Churchill, Great Contemporaries, p. 137; James, The Golden Warrior, p. 362.
12. Speech to the Oxford Union, 18 November 1920, in Churchill, Winston S., Winston S. Churchill, p. 3,027. See also Gilbert, The World in Torment, p. 437, and Morgan, Consensus and Disunity, p. 137. The Communist Party of Great Britain (CPGB) was established in July 1920. Malone was subsequently arrested, jailed, and stripped of his OBE.
13. Stafford, Churchill and Secret Service, passim.
14. Colville, The Churchillians, p. 172.
15. See Paul Addison’s entry on Sinclair in the Oxford Dictionary of National Biography, online edition 2008.
16. Hunter, Winston and Archie, pp. 12–13; De Groot, Liberal Crusader, passim; Paul Addison, entry on Sinclair in the Oxford Dictionary of National Biography.
17. Stafford, Churchill and Secret Service, p. 99.
18. From The World Crisis, quoted in Bennett, Churchill’s Man of Mystery: Desmond Morton and the World of Intelligence, p. 28. Morton, like Sinclair, helped Churchill collect and select material about Russia for the final volume of The World Crisis. See Gilbert, The Wilderness Years, pp. 298–309.
19. Bennett, Churchill’s Man of Mystery, p. 62.
20. Gilbert, In Search of Churchill, p. 90. For more on Spears and Churchill, see Egremont, Under Two Flags: The Life of Major-General Sir Edward Spears, passim; also Colville, The Churchillians, pp. 203–4.
21. Churchill and Gilbert, Companion Volume, vol. IV, pt 2, p. 1,071.
22. From Krassin, London, to Tchitcherin, Moscow, copies for Krestnitsky, Lenin, Trotsky, Levrava, 30 December 1920, CHAR 16/74; Churchill note, 5 January 1921.
3 ‘HE USES IT AS AN OPIATE’
1. Diary of Alexander MacCallum Scott, 28 July 1917, University of Glasgow MS Gen 1465/8.
2. Letter from Belgium to Clementine, 23 November 1915, in Soames, Winston and Clementine, p. 116.
3. For a description of the day, see The Times, Friday 12 November 1920, ‘Armistice Day: The Burial of the Unknown Soldier’. For the wider social context, see Juliet Nicolson, The Great Silence: 1918–1920. Living in the Shadow of the Great War, passim.
4. Major Geiger to Sir Archibald Sinclair, 13 January 1921, in Churchill and Gilbert, Companion Volume, vol. IV, pt 2, p. 1,307.
5. Leslie, Jennie, p. 239.
6. Letter from Mimizan to Clementine, 27 March 1920, in Soames, Winston and Clementine, p. 223; Soames, Winston Churchill: His Life as a Painter, p. 23.
7. Ibid, p. 46.
8. Ibid, p. 38. His 1915 portrait of Lavery, given to the artist, was exhibited in 1919 at the Royal Society of Portrait Painters.
9. Coombs and Churchill, Sir Winston Churchill, p. 202.
10. For
Dada and Paris, see Rasula, Destruction Was My Beatrice, pp. 145–78.
11. Stafford, Churchill and Secret Service, pp. 111–12.
12. Daily Herald, 7 January 1921.
13. For Cassel, see the entry by Pat Thane in the Oxford Dictionary of National Biography, online edition 2008; Ridley, Bertie, pp. 334–5; and for the connections with Churchill, see Randolph S. Churchill, Young Statesman 1901–1914, pp. 53–4, 88–9, 195–6.
14. The Times, 7 February 1921.
15. Clementine Churchill to Winston Churchill, 26 February 1921, in Soames, Winston and Clementine, p. 234.
16. The Sunday Times, 30 January 1921; see also ‘Riviera Notes,’ The Times, 24 January 1921; and Howarth, When the Riviera Was Ours, p. 98.
17. Macmillan, The Riviera, pp. xi–xii.
18. Spurling, Matisse: A Life, pp. 336–7, 454. A decade later, when the Regina finally closed its doors to guests and was converted to apartments, Matisse was the first, and for a long time, the only buyer. Cimiez is now the site of the Musée Matisse.
19. Churchill, Painting as a Pastime, pp. 34–6.
20. For Bodkin, see Eade, ‘Churchill as a Painter’, in Eade (ed.), Churchill by his Contemporaries, p. 287.
4 A WORLD IN TORMENT
1. For Churchill’s reaction to Hunter’s suspension, see his letter of 18 February 1921 to Brigadier-General W. Horwood in CHAR 2/14. For Thompson, see his overblown memoir, I Was Churchill’s Shadow, passim.
2. Churchill to Balfour, 26 February 1921, in Churchill and Gilbert, Companion Volume, vol. IV, pt 2, p. 1,379.
3. Curzon to his wife, 14 February 1921, in Gilbert, World in Torment, p. 528.
4. Churchill, Departmental minute, 10 February 1921, in ibid, pp. 1,342–3.
5. Sinclair to Churchill, 10 February 1921, in Hunter, Winston and Archie, pp. 154–5. For Sinclair’s reports on Krassin, Kopp, etc. see passim, pp. 141–55; also Stafford, Churchill and Secret Service, pp. 131–3; for Churchill on Savinkov, see his essay in Great Contemporaries, pp. 125–33.
6. Minute to Cabinet Finance Committee, 4 January 1921, Churchill and Gilbert, Companion Volume, vol. IV, p. 1,287; speech on Air Estimates to House of Commons, 1 March 1921, in Rhodes James (ed.), Winston S. Churchill, pp. 3,070–83.
7. Churchill, ‘Air Estimates’, House of Commons, 1 March 1921, in Rhodes James, ibid, pp. 3,078–9.
8. Churchill to Curzon, 4 February 1921, in ibid, p. 1,340. Also, Stafford, Churchill and Secret Service, p. 144.
9. Ibid, passim.
10. Ziegler, King Edward VIII, p. 112.
11. Riddell, Intimate Diary of the Peace Conference and After, p. 286.
12. Ibid, p. 59.
13. Letter to Clementine, 16 February 1921, CSCT 2/14/16, Churchill College Archives.
14. Ibid.
15. See his letters to Clementine of 9 and 16 February 1921, ibid. For his general stance on the monarchy, see Philip Ziegler, ‘Churchill and the Monarchy’, in Blake and Louis (eds), Churchill, pp. 187–98.
16. For Jack Churchill, see Lee and Lee, Winston and Jack, passim; also Colville, The Churchillians, pp. 201–21.
17. Lough, No More Champagne, p. 128.
5 THE GREAT CORNICHE OF LIFE
1. Churchill to Clementine, 27 January 1921, in Soames, Winston and Clementine, p. 224. For Churchill and his finances, see Lough, No More Champagne, passim.
2. Soames, Clementine Churchill, p. 196; Churchill to Clementine, 6 February 1921, in Soames, Winston and Clementine, p. 225. For more on the Garron Towers Estate, see Lough, No More Champagne, pp. 130–1, and CHAR 1/151/1.
3. ‘Men, Women, and Memories’, The Sunday Times, 20 March 1921.
4. Geiger to Sinclair, CHAR 16/75, Churchill College, Cambridge; The Times, 28, 29, 31 January, 1, 4 February 1921; The Sunday Times, 4 February 1921; Clementine to Churchill, 7 February 1921, in CHAR 1/139/3-8. The official biography makes no reference to this visit.
5. Diary of Lady Jean Hamilton, 4 February 1921.
6. For Lavery’s stay and painting at Cap d’Ail, see McConkey, Free Spirit, pp. 148–9.
7. Garvin on Churchill quoted in Rhodes James, Churchill, p. 91; Clementine to Churchill, 13 February 1921, Soames, Winston and Clementine, p. 228. In place of the biography, Garvin wrote the glowing foreword to Alexander MacCallum Scott’s 1916 biography, Winston Churchill in Peace and War; see especially pp. ii–iii.
8. Dilks, ‘The Great Dominion’, p. 16.
9. For Maclean’s reaction to Churchill, see Chalmers, A Gentleman of the Press, p. 123. For his meeting with Clementine, see her letter of 18 February in Soames, Winston and Clementine, p. 231.
10. Maclean’s magazine, 15 June 1921; Hamilton, Gallipoli Diary, pp. ix, 242; Churchill, Ian Hamilton’s March, passim.
11. Churchill to Clementine, 15 August 1929, in Soames, Winston and Clementine, p. 338.
12. J. H. Plumb, ‘The Historian’, in Taylor et al., Churchill: Four Faces and the Man, pp. 123, 139.
13. Letters of 7 and 21 February 1921, in Soames, Winston and Clementine, pp. 226, 233.
14. John Simkin, ‘Edward Marsh’, on spartacus-educational.com (2014).
15. Toye, Lloyd George and Churchill, p. 5.
16. The Sunday Times, 6 February 1921, p. 11. For ‘Anti-Waste’ see Morgan, Consensus and Disunity, esp. pp. 96–8.
17. Cowling, The Impact of Labour 1920–1924, pp. 166–7.
18. Wilson, The Downfall of the Liberal Party, pp. 117–18, and J. M. McEwan, ‘Lloyd George’s Acquisition of the Daily Chronicle in 1918’, in Journal of British Studies, vol. 22, no. 1, Autumn 1982, pp. 127–44. For the 1920 Club, see Cameron Hazlehurst, Introduction to The Lloyd George Liberal Magazine 1920–1923, vol. 1, p. xiii.
19. ‘The Menace of Labour’, The Times, 18 March 1921, p. 12.
20. The Times, 11 February 1921, p. 12. For Guest’s tour, see The Lloyd George Liberal Magazine 1920–1923, vol. 1, pp. 378–81.
21. Morgan, Consensus and Disunity, p. 115.
22. For Churchill’s position on these social issues, see Pelling, Winston Churchill, pp. 271–7; Addison, Churchill on the Home Front 1900–1955, pp. 200–21; and Cameron Hazlehurst, ‘Churchill as a Social Reformer: The Liberal Phase’, Historical Studies, vol. 17, no. 66, pp. 84–92.
23. MacMillan, Paris 1919, p. 354.
24. Gilbert, The World in Torment, pp. 535–6.
6 ‘THIS WILD COUSIN OF MINE’
1. Sheridan, Naked Truth, p. 33.
2. Ibid, p. 25.
3. Clementine to Winston, Saturday 4 December 1915, in Soames, Winston and Clementine, pp. 125–6.
4. Leslie, Cousin Clare, pp. 78–9.
5. Ibid, pp. 94–7; also, Sheridan, Naked Truth, pp. 127–35.
6. Quoted in Cameron Hazlehurst, ‘Churchill’s “collection of brilliant lions”: The Other Club and its Founders’, p. 6, unpublished article kindly lent by its author.
7. For Birkenhead, see Campbell, F. E. Smith, First Earl of Birkenhead, passim; and the same author’s entry on him in the Oxford Dictionary of National Biography.
8. Ibid, p. 143.
9. Sheridan, To the Four Winds, p. 87.
10. Campbell, F. E. Smith, First Earl of Birkenhead, passim; Leslie, Jennie, p. 342.
11. Stafford, Churchill and Secret Service, p. 111.
12. Leslie, Cousin Clare, p. 102; Gilbert, World in Torment, p. 422.
13. Sheridan, Mayfair to Moscow, pp. 21–5.
14. Churchill and Gilbert, Companion Volume, vol. IV, pt. 2, pp. 1,174, 1,182–3.
15. Sheridan, Mayfair to Moscow, p. 49.
16. Oswald Frewen Diary, Sunday 5 September 1920.
17. Stafford, Churchill and Secret Service, p. 125.
18. The Times, 22 November 1920; and Sheridan, Mayfair to Moscow, pp. 184, 187.
19. Sheridan, To the Four Winds, p. 210.
20. Leslie, Cousin Clare, pp. 134–5.
21. Sheridan, Mayfair to Moscow, entry for 19 October 1921.
22. CHAR 1/138/5–6.
7 ‘THE FORTY THIEVES’
1. Churchill, History of the English-Speaking Peoples, vol. III, p. 238.
2. The diary of Wing-Commander Maxwell Henry Coote is to be found in the Liddell Hart Centre at King’s College, London, Ref.: GB 0099 KCLMA Coote. For Sir Martin Gilbert’s account of the Cairo Conference, see World in Torment, pp. 544–7.
3. The Sunday Times, 13 March 1921; Thompson, Assignment Churchill, p. 13.
4. Manchester, The Last Lion, vol. 2, p. 70. Manchester himself, however, chooses the wrong hotel, claiming that the conference was held at the Mena House.
5. Hardy, The Poisoned Well, p. 130.
6. ‘The Cairo Season’, The Times, 2 April 1921.
7. Humphreys, Grand Hotels of Egypt in the Golden Age of Travel, pp. 148–57; Churchill to Warren Fisher of the Treasury, 18 March 1921, in Churchill and Gilbert, Companion Volume, vol. IV, pt 2, pp. 1,400–1; Hardy, The Poisoned Well, p. 65.
8. Barr, A Line in the Sand, p. 121.
9. The Sunday Times, 13 March 1921; Daily Herald, 14 March 1921.
10. Gilbert, World in Torment, vol. I, pp. 532–3, 537–8; for Churchill and Lawrence, see Richard Meinertzhagen, quoted in Dockter, Churchill and the Islamic World, p. 130; and Churchill to Shuckburgh, 18 February 1921, in Churchill and Gilbert, Companion Volume, vol. IV, pt 2, pp. 1,362–3.
11. Coote Diary, Friday 11 March 1921.
12. Ironside (ed.), High Road to Command, pp. 190–1. See also John C. Cairns’ entry on Ironside in the Oxford Dictionary of National Biography, online edition 2007.
13. Churchill to the House of Commons, 14 June 1921.
14. See e.g. Wallach, Desert Queen, and Howell, Queen of the Desert. For ‘the only female star’, see Asher-Greve, ‘Gertrude Bell’, in Cohen and Joukowsky (eds), Breaking Ground, p. 163. See also Lukitz, A Quest in the Middle East, passim, and the same author’s entry on Bell in the Oxford Dictionary of National Biography, online edition 2008.
15. Hardy, The Poisoned Well, p. 147; and letter to her father, March 1919, held in the online Bell Archive at the University of Newcastle upon Tyne.