To Begin the World Over Again

by Matthew Lockwood

India–China–Britain triangle trade in (i), (ii)

  US–Chinese trade in (i)

  Orange Order (i)

  O’Reilly, Alejandro (i), (ii)

  Orlov, Grigory (i)

  Oswald, Eleazar (i)

  Oswald, Richard (i), (ii)

  Ottoman Empire

  Kingdom of Mysore’s appeal for help from (i), (ii), (iii)

  knowledge of the “Greek Project” (i)

  recognition of Bahadir Giray (i), (ii)

  relations with Austria (i)

  relations with France (i)

  response to Russian annexation of Crimea (i)

  Russia’s Byzantine ambitions (i)

  Russo-Turkish War (i)

  subordination of Crimea (i)

  war with Russia and Austria (i)

  weakness of (i)

  Paine, Thomas (i), (ii), (iii), (iv), (v), (vi)

  Palliser, Sir Hugh (i), (ii)

  Panin, Nikita Ivanovich (i), (ii), (iii)

  Parker, Peter (i), (ii), (iii), (iv)

  Peace of Paris (i), (ii)

  Peep O’Day Boys (i)

  Perkins, Cato (i), (ii), (iii)

  Peru

  indigenous revolt in (i), (ii), (iii), (iv), (v), (vi)

  mita system (i)

  siege of La Paz (i)

  Spanish conquest of (i)

  see also Bastidas, Micaela; Condorcanqui, José Gabriel

  Peters, Thomas (i), (ii), (iii), (iv)

  Phillip, Arthur

  British thefts from the Eora (i)

  criminal justice system under (i)

  deferred execution of John Caesar (i)

  First Fleet’s voyage to Australia (i), (ii)

  kidnapping of indigenous people (i), (ii)

  relations with the Eora (i), (ii)

  response to convict raids (i)

  response to the killing of McEntire (i)

  settlement at Port Jackson (i)

  spear wound (i)

  Yemmerrawannie and Bennelong in London (i), (ii)

  Phipps, Constantine (i)

  Pitt the Younger, William (i), (ii), (iii), (iv), (v), (vi)

  Pizarro, Francisco (i)

  Platt, Ebenezer (i)

  Pocahontas (i)

  police forces

  French (i)

  Irish (i)

  London Police Bill (i)

  movement towards in Britain (i)

  Pollock, Oliver (i), (ii)

  Polson, John (i), (ii), (iii), (iv)

  Popham, Captain (i), (ii), (iii)

  Porteus, Beilby (i)

  Portland, William Cavendish-Bentinck, 3rd Duke of (i), (ii)

  Portsmouth (i), (ii), (iii), (iv)

  Potato War (i)

  Potemkin, Prince Grigory (i), (ii), (iii), (iv), (v), (vi), (vii)

  Price, Richard

  Francis Dana’s meeting with (i)

  as instigator of popular rebellion (i), (ii)

  pamphlet on the Declaratory Act (i)

  prison system

  attacks on prisons during the Gordon riots (i)

  “Convict”/“Hulks” Act (i), (ii)

  Crimping Houses (i)

  Health of Prisoners Act (i)

  history of incarceration (i)

  hulks (i), (ii), (iii)

  impact of the end of transportation (i), (ii), (iii)

  institutionalization of punishment (i)

  Lord George Gordon’s critique of (i)

  Milbank Prison (i)

  Newgate Prison, London (i), (ii), (iii)

  penal reform movement (i), (ii)

  Penitentiary Act (i)

  Penitentiary Houses (i)

  pre-trial incarceration (i)

  rehabilitation through isolation and hard labour (i), (ii), (iii), (iv), (v), (vi)

  Protestant Ascendancy

  fear of a Franco-Spanish invasion (i), (ii)

  identity as Protestant Englishmen (i), (ii), (iii)

  lack of desire for further parliamentary reforms (i), (ii)

  members in the Irish Volunteer Movement (i)

  and the 1798 rebellion (i)

  Protestant Association (i), (ii), (iii)

  Prussia

  demands for soldiers from Weimar (i)

  involvement in Russo-Ottoman peace negotiations (i)

  militarism of (i), (ii)

  objections to Russian annexation of Crimea (i)

  Potato War (i)

  pro-Prussian faction at the Russian court (i), (ii)

  in the “Protestant System” of alliances (i)

  Pugachev, Yemelyan (i)

  Qianlong Emperor

  internal stability of the empire (i)

  letter to George III (i)

  military interventions in Southeast Asia (i)

  official audience with (i)

  reign of (i)

  relations with the British (i)

  return to Beijing (i)

  ritual prostration before (i), (ii), (iii), (iv), (v)

  wariness of Europeans (i), (ii)

  Quincy, Josiah (i)

  radicalism

  aftermath of the Gordon Riots (i)

  Association movement (i)

  association with terror and violence (i), (ii), (iii), (iv), (v), (vi)

  and the French Revolution (i), (ii)

  increased government controls for (i)

  John Horne Tooke (i)

  John Wilkes (i), (ii), (iii)

  reform movement, 1779 (i)

  Richard Price’s writings (i), (ii), (iii)

  support for American independence (i)

  see also Aitken, John

  Randall, John (i), (ii)

  Randall, Thomas (i)

  Ratcliffe, Stephen (i), (ii)

  refugees

  the Black Poor and abolitionist sympathies (i)

  in Britain (i), (ii)

  Committee for the Relief of the Black Poor (i)

  plight of the post-revolution Black Poor (i)

  refugees in New York (i), (ii)

  settlement of on Sullivan’s Island (i), (ii)

  see also Nova Scotia, Canada; Sierra Leone Colony

  religion

  Christianization of Africa (i), (ii), (iii)

  conversion to Christianity by former slaves (i)

  the Kodava Hindus (i), (ii)

  religious institutions backing for abolition (i)

  religious persecution by Tipu Sultan (i), (ii), (iii), (iv)

  see also Catholicism

  revolution

  Age of Revolutions (i)

  authoritarian counter-revolutions (i)

  counter-revolutionary reimagining (i)

  literature advocating popular power and freedom (i)

  perceived links to increased crime (i)

  terrorism as warfare of (i)

  Riot Act (i), (ii)

  riots

  aftermath of the Gordon Riots (i), (ii)

  British tradition of (i)

  the Gordon Riots (i), (ii), (iii)

  international reaction to the Gordon Riots (i)

  as political tactic (i)

  in Scotland (i)

  St. George’s Field Massacre (i), (ii)

  of summer 1780 (i), (ii), (iii)

  in support of Keppel (i)

  Robertson, William (i)

  Rodney, George (i)

  Roger, Isaac (i), (ii)

  Russia

  American representatives in (i)

  annexation of Crimea (i), (ii), (iii)

  Byzantine ambitions (i)

  within central/eastern European relations (i)

  Cossack uprising (i)

  creation of a unified imperial culture (i)

  Francis Dana’s travels to (i), (ii)

  George Macartney as envoy to (i)

  the “Greek Project” (i), (ii), (iii)

  James Harris as Britain’s ambassador (i)

  Ottoman war (i)

  reception of Francis Dana (i), (ii), (iii)

  relations with Austria (i), (ii)


  relations with Britain (i)

  relations with Crimea (i), (ii)

  relations with Sweden (i), (ii)

  the Romanov dynasty (i)

  Russo-Turkish War (i)

  Siberian exile policy (i)

  St. Petersburg (i)

  see also Catherine the Great; Crimea; League of Armed Neutrality; navy, Russian

  Saavedra de Sangronis, Francisco (i), (ii), (iii), (iv)

  Sancho, Ignatius

  on the British crisis (i), (ii), (iii), (iv), (v)

  fears of French invasion (i)

  on the Gordon Riots (i), (ii), (iii)

  on John Wilkes (i)

  life of (i)

  on slavery (i)

  stance on the American War (i), (ii)

  Sandwich, John Montagu, 4th Earl of (i)

  Sayre, Stephen (i), (ii), (iii), (iv)

  Scotland (i), (ii)

  Scott, Joseph (i)

  Scottish Enlightenment (i)

  Seven Years’ War

  consumption taxes and (i)

  costs of (i)

  French attempted invasions during (i), (ii)

  global impact of (i)

  Indian theatre of conflict (i)

  legacy of the French defeat (i), (ii)

  legacy of the Spanish defeat (i), (ii), (iii), (iv), (v)

  Russian conquests in (i), (ii)

  taxation after (i)

  Sharp, Granville

  as an abolitionist (i), (ii)

  on the Committee for the Relief of the Black Poor (i)

  on the Habeas Corpus Act (i)

  importance of self-determination (i), (ii)

  settlement in Africa as a solution to the Black poor (i)

  settlement in as a solution to the Black poor (i)

  see also Sierra Leone Company

  Shaw, Samuel (i), (ii), (iii)

  Sierra Leone Colony

  construction of Freetown (i)

  deportation of Jamaica’s Maroons to (i)

  first refugee colony in (i)

  as focal point of the abolitionist movement (i)

  free trade as an alternative to the slave trade (i)

  fugitive slaves in (i), (ii)

  government of (i)

  health of the settlers (i)

  land ownership (i)

  second settlement (i)

  self-determination of (i), (ii)

  settlement in as a solution to the Black poor (i)

  settler petitions to the directors (i), (ii), (iii)

  settlers belief in the new colony (i)

  settlers concerns over low wages and expensive provisions (i), (ii), (iii)

  Thomas Ludham’s governorship (i)

  transfer to a crown colony (i)

  as vehicle for British imperial expansion (i)

  Sierra Leone Company

  aims of (i)

  assurance on the protection from slavery (i)

  British administration of the colony (i)

  formation of (i)

  governorship by William Dawes (i), (ii)

  land ownership (i)

  as means to undermine the slave trade (i), (ii), (iii), (iv), (v)

  rebellion by the settlers (i)

  recruitment in Nova Scotia (i), (ii)

  relations with the slave traders (i)

  resettlement project (i), (ii)

  settler petitions to the directors (i), (ii), (iii)

  Singh, Chait, Raja of Benares (i), (ii), (iii)

  slavery

  American fears of a British planned slave rebellion (i), (ii)

  Birch certificates (i), (ii)

  conversion to Christianity (i)

  Dunmore’s Proclamation for a slave army (i), (ii)

  European slavers’ practices (i)

  first calls for emancipation (i)

  former slaves in London (i), (ii), (iii)

  former slaves in the British army (i), (ii)

  free trade as an alternative to the slave trade in Sierra Leone (i)

  freedom for those who deserted to the British (i)

  Gregson syndicate (i)

  impact on African states (i), (ii)

  incompatibility with visions of Empire (i), (ii)

  John Caesar in Botany Bay penal colony (i), (ii)

  John Randall (i), (ii)

  Patriots’s discourses of enslavement (i), (ii)

  Portuguese (i)

  refugee community in New York (i), (ii)

  refugee settlement on Sullivan’s Island (i), (ii)

  refugees from the American War (i)

  relations between traders and the Sierra Leone Company (i)

  relocation of slaves by the British (i), (ii)

  relocation of slaves to Nova Scotia (i)

  return of refugees under the Treaty of Paris (i)

  revolution in Haiti (i)

  the Sierra Leone Colony as means to undermine (i), (ii), (iii), (iv), (v)

  slave rebellions (i)

  starvation of slaves in the Caribbean (i)

  Thomas Jeremiah (i), (ii), (iii)

  the Zong affair (i)

  see also King, Boston

  Smeathman, Henry (i)

  Smith, Adam (i)

  Smith, William (i)

  smuggling trade

  customs reforms (i)

  due to consumption duties (i)

  the Faroe Islands as a hub for (i)

  fiscal impact of (i), (ii)

  French contraband in South America (i)

  Hovering Act (i)

  penalties for smugglers (i)

  scale of (i)

  in the Spanish empire (i)

  for tea (i)

  violence of (i)

  Society of United Irishmen

  formation of (i)

  French support for (i)

  increased membership (i)

  rebellion of 1798 (i), (ii)

  as a revolutionary organization (i)

  Somerset, James (i)

  Southeast Asia

  British outpost in Malaysia (i)

  British trade in (i), (ii), (iii)

  Chinese military interventions in (i)

  Dutch Batavia (i), (ii)

  Dutch Indonesia (i)

  French interests in Vietnam (i), (ii)

  independent traders in (i)

  key role of Vietnam in trade (i)

  Warren Hastings’ base in Vietnam (i)

  Spain

  action against British interests in the Caribbean (i), (ii)

  alliance with France (i)

  British threat to the colonies of (i)

  clandestine aid to America (i), (ii), (iii)

  Franco-Spanish alliance against the British (i), (ii), (iii)

  importance of Louisiana to (i), (ii), (iii)

  post-war financial position (i)

  relations with Britain (i)

  role in the American War (i), (ii)

  Spanish empire

  anti-Spanish sentiments (i)

  British invasion of Nicaragua (i), (ii), (iii), (iv)

  British plans to exploit the unrest in (i)

  Comanche attacks in New Mexico (i)

  cost of the American War (i)

  French contraband in South America (i)

  imperial reform movement (i), (ii), (iii)

  knowledge of the American revolution (i)

  liberalization of trade in (i)

  mita system (i)

  North American territories (i), (ii), (iii), (iv), (v)

  reorganization of (i)

  repartimiento system (i), (ii)

  resistance to the Bourbon reforms (i)

  revolutions in (i)

  tax systems (i), (ii), (iii), (iv)

  as weakened, post-revolution (i), (ii)

  see also Peru

  Sprengtporten, Göran Manus (i), (ii)

  Stamp Act (i), (ii), (iii)

  Staunton, George (i), (ii), (iii), (iv)

  Stuart, James (i)

  Suckling, Maurice (i)

  Suffren, Pierre An
dré de (i), (ii), (iii)

  Sutton, Evelyn (i)

  Suvorov, Alexander (i)

  Sweden

  criticism of the monarchy (i)

  Danish invasion of (i)

  opinion of the American War (i)

  relations with Russia (i), (ii)

  trade benefits during the American War (i), (ii)

  see also Gustav III; League of Armed Neutrality

  Swedish East India Company (i)

  Tandy, James Napper (i), (ii)

  tax systems

  British (i)

  in British controlled Bengal (i), (ii), (iii)

  demands for payments from native states in India (i), (ii)

  Permanent Settlement system in India (i), (ii)

  resentment over consumption duties (i)

  and the smuggling trade (i)

  in the Spanish empire (i), (ii), (iii), (iv)

  Stamp Act (i), (ii), (iii)

  Townsend Act (i)

  tea

  fashionability of (i)

  smuggling trade in (i), (ii), (iii)

  as symbol of American free trade (i)

  US–Chinese trade in (i)

  Tea Act (i), (ii)

  terrorism

  John Aitken as (i)

  as the new warfare of rebellion (i)

  psychological legacy of (i)

  Thelwall, John (i)

  Tipu Sultan see also Kingdom of Mysore

  accession to the throne (i)

  appeal to the Ottomans and French for help (i), (ii), (iii)

  attempted alliance with the Marathas (i)

  expansionist aims of (i), (ii)

  fall of (i)

  hatred of the British (i), (ii)

  invasion of the Kingdom of Travancore (i), (ii)

  religious persecution by (i), (ii), (iii), (iv)

  Treaty of Mangalore (i), (ii)

  triumph at Pollilur (i)

  tobacco (i), (ii), (iii), (iv)

  Tone, Theobald Wolfe (i), (ii), (iii), (iv)

  Tooke, John Horne (i), (ii)

  trade

  American merchants in India (i)

  American trade in the Mediterranean (i)

  America’s desire for free trade (i)

  British base in Southeast Asia (i)

  British control of maritime trade (i), (ii), (iii), (iv)

  British free trade colonies in Africa (i), (ii)

  British free trade in Dutch Indonesia (i)

  British outpost in Malaysia (i)

  British-Chinese trade (i), (ii), (iii), (iv)

  British-French free trade agreement (i)

  Canadian-American trade (i)

  Danish maritime trade (i)

  importance of to Britain (i), (ii), (iii)

  India–China–Britain triangle trade in opium (i), (ii)

  between Ireland and America (i), (ii), (iii), (iv), (v), (vi)

  Irish boycott of British goods (i)

  Irish–American trade (i), (ii), (iii), (iv), (v), (vi)

  liberalization of in the Spanish empire (i)

  neutral shipping (i)

  Port of Livorno, Italy (i)

  potential American market for France (i)

  repartimiento in the Spanish empire (i), (ii)

  Sierra Leone Company as an alternative to the slave trade (i), (ii), (iii), (iv), (v)