Forensic Psychology
Page 11
Malamuth, N. M., Heavey, C. L., & Linz, D. (1993). Predicting men’s antisocial behavior against women: The interaction model of sexual aggression. In G. C. N Hall, R. Hirschman, J. R. Graham , & M. S. Zaragoza (Eds.), Sexual aggression: Issues in etiology, assessment and treatment (pp. 63–97). Washington DC: Taylor & Francis.
Marshall, W. L., & Barbaree, H. E. (1990). An integrated theory of sexual offending. In W. L. Marshall, D. R. Laws , & H. E. Barbaree (Eds.), Handbook of sexual assault: Issues, theories and treatment of the offender (pp. 257–275). New York: Plenum.
McCarty, C. A., & McMahon, R. (2005). Domains of risk in the developmental continuity of fire setting. Behavior Therapy, 36, 185–195.
McNulty, C., Kissi-Deborah, R., & Newsom-Davies, I. (1995). Police involvement with clients having intellectual disabilities: A pilot study in South London. Mental Handicap Research, 8, 129–136.
Milaniak, I., & Widom, C. S. (2015). Does child abuse and neglect increase risk for perpetration of violence inside and outside the home? Psychology of Violence, 5, 246–255.
Mills, J. F., Kroner, D. G., & Hemmati, T. (2003). Predicting violent behavior through a static-stable variable lens. Journal of Interpersonal Violence, 18, 891–904.
Moffitt, T. E. (2003). Adolescent-limited and life-course-persistent antisocial behavior: A developmental taxonomy. Psychological Review, 100, 674–701.
Molero-Samuelson, Y., Hodgins, S., Larsson, A., Larm, P., & Tengström, A. (2010). Adolescent antisocial behaviour as predictor of adverse outcomes to age 50: A follow-up study of 1,947 individuals. Criminal Justice and Behavior, 37, 158–174.
Monahan, J., Steadman, H. J., Silver, E., Appelbaum, P. S., Robbins, P. C., Mulvey, E. P., et al. (2001). Rethinking risk assessment: The MacArthur study of mental disorder and violence. New York: Oxford University Press.
Murphy, G. H., & Clare, I. C. H. (1996). Analysis of motivation in people with mild learning disabilities (mental handicap) who set fires. Psychology, Crime and Law, 2, 153–166.
Nelson, J. R., Smith, D. J., & Dodd, J. (1990). The moral reasoning of juvenile delinquents: A meta-analysis. Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology, 18, 231–239.
Nicholls, T. L., Brink, J., Desmarais, S. L., Webster, C. D., & Martin, M. (2006). The Short-Term Assessment of Risk and Treatability (START): A prospective validation study in a forensic psychiatric sample. Assessment, 13, 313–327.
Novaco, R. W. (1975). Anger control: Development and evaluation of an experimental treatment. Lexington, KT: D. C. Heath.
Novaco, R. W., & Welsh, W. N. (1989). Anger disturbances: Cognitive mediation and clinical prescriptions. In K. Howells & C. R. Hollin (Eds.), Clinical approaches to violence (pp. 39–60). Chichester: John Wiley & Sons.
Odgers, C. L., Moffitt, T. E., Broadbent, J. M., Dickson, N., Hancox, R. J., Harrington, H., Poulton, R., Sears, M. R., Thompson, W. M., & Caspi, A. (2008). Female and male antisocial trajectories: From childhood origins to adult outcomes. Development and Psychopathology, 20, 673–716.
Office for National Statistics (2015). Crime in England and Wales, year ending December 2014. London, ONS.
Orobio de Castro , B., Veerman, J. W., Koops , W., Bosch, J. W., & Monshouwer , H. (2002). Hostile attribution of intent and aggressive behavior: A meta-analysis. Child Development, 73, 916–934.
O’Sullivan, G. H., & Kelleher, M. J. (1987). A study of firesetters in the south-west of Ireland. British Journal of Psychiatry, 151, 181–823.
Palmer, E. J. (2003). Offending behaviour: Moral reasoning, criminal conduct and the rehabilitation of offenders. Cullompton: Willan Publishing.
Palmer, E. J. (2007). Moral cognition and aggression. In T. A. Gannon, T. Ward, A. R. Beech , & D. Fisher (Eds.), Aggressive offenders’ cognition: Theory, research and practice (pp. 199–214). Chichester: John Wiley & Sons.
Palmer, E. J., & Hollin, C. R. (1998). A comparison of patterns of moral development in young offenders and non-offenders. Legal and Criminological Psychology, 3, 225–235.
Palmer, E. J., & Hollin, C. R. (2000). The inter-relations of sociomoral reasoning, perceptions of own parenting, and attribution of intent with self-reported delinquency. Legal and Criminological Psychology, 5, 201–218.
Palmer, E. J., Hollin, C. R., Hatcher, R. M., & Ayres, T. C. (2010). Arson. In F. Brookman, M. Maguire, H., Pierpoint , & T. Bennett (Eds.), Handbook of crime (pp. 380–392). Cullompton: Willan Publishing.
Pettit, G. S., Lansford, J. E., Malone, P. S., Dodge, K. A., & Bates, J. E. (2010). Domain specificity in relationship history, social-information processing and violent behaviour in early adulthood. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 98, 190–200.
Piaget, J. (1932). The moral judgment of the child. London: Routledge and Kegan Paul.
Plodowski, A., Gregory, S. L., & Blackwood, N. J. (2009). Persistent violent offending among adult men: A critical review of neuroimaging studies. In S. Hodgins, E. Viding , & A. Plodowski (Eds.), The neurobiological basis of violence: Science and rehabilitation (pp. 137–155). London: Oxford University Press.
Polaschek, D. L. L. (2006). Violent offenders: Concept, theory, and practice. In C. R. Hollin & E. J. Palmer (Eds.), Offending behaviour programmes: Development, application, and controversies (pp. 113–154). Chichester: John Wiley & Sons.
Raine, A. (2002a). Biosocial studies of antisocial and violent behavior in children and adults: A review. Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology, 30, 311–326.
Raine, A. (2002b). Annotation: The role of prefrontal deficits, low autonomic arousal, and early health factors in the development of antisocial and aggressive behavior in children. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 43, 417–434.
Räsänen, P., Hirvenoja, R., Hakko, H., & Vaeisaenen, E. (1995). A portrait of the juvenile arsonist. Forensic Science International, 73, 41–47.
Repo, E., & Virkkunen, M. (1997). Young arsonists: History of conduct disorder, psychiatric diagnosis and criminal recidivism. Journal of Forensic Psychiatry, 8, 311–320.
Ritchie, E. C., & Huff, T. G. (1999). Psychiatric aspects of arsonists. Journal of Forensic Science, 44, 733–740.
Ritvo, E., Shanock, S., & Lewis, D. (1982). Firesetting and nonfiresetting delinquents: A comparison of neuropsychiatric, psychoeducational, experiential and behavioural characteristics. Child Psychiatry and Human Development, 13, 259–267.
Roberts, A. D. L., & Coid, J. W. (2010). Personality disorder and offending behaviour: Findings from the national survey of male prisoners in England and Wales. Journal of Forensic Psychiatry and Psychology, 21, 221–237.
Roberts, A., Yang, M., Zhang, T., & Coid, J. (2008). Personality disorder, temperament, and childhood adversity: Findings from a cohort of prisoners in England and Wales. Journal of Forensic Psychiatry and Psychology, 19, 460–483.
Root, C., MacKay, S., Henderson, J., Del Bove, G., & Warling, D. (2008). The link between maltreatment and juvenile firesetting: Correlates and underlying mechanisms. Child Abuse and Neglect, 32, 161–176.
Ross, R. R., & Fabiano, E. A. (1985). Time to think: A cognitive model of delinquency prevention and offender rehabilitation. Johnson City, TN: Institute of Social Sciences and Arts.
Rutter, M. (2009). Introduction: The two-way interplay between neuroscience and clinical practice in the understanding of violence and its remediation. In S. Hodgins, E. Viding , & A. Plodowski (Eds.), The neurobiological basis of violence: Science and rehabilitation (pp. xi–xx). London: Oxford University Press.
Santilla, P., Häkkänen, H., Alison, L., & Whyte, C. (2003). Juvenile firesetters: Crime scene actions and offender characteristics. Legal and Criminological Psychology, 8, 1–20.
Simeone, J. C., Ward, A. J., Rotella, P., Collins, J., & Windisch, R. (2015). An evaluation of the variance in published estimates of schizophrenia prevalence from 1990–2013: A systematic literature review. BMC Psychiatry, 15, 193.
Stams, G. J., Brugman, D., Deković , M., van Rosmalen, L., van der Laan, P., & Gibbs, J. C. (2006). The moral judgment of juvenile delinquents:
A meta-analysis. Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology, 34, 697–713.
Steadman, H. J., Osher, F. C., Robbins, P. C., Case, B., & Samuels, S. (2009). Prevalence of serious mental illness among jail inmates. Psychiatric Services, 60, 761–765.
Stewart, L., Hill, J., & Cripps, J. (2001). Treatment of family violence in correctional settings. In L. L. Motiuk & R. C. Serin (Eds.), Compendium 2000 on effective correctional programming. Ottawa, Ontario: Ministry of Supply and Services.
Swaffer, T. J. (1994). Predicting the risk of reoffending in adolescent firesetters II: The key to success. In N. K. Clark & G. M. Stephenson (Eds.), Rights and risks: The application of forensic psychology (pp. 64–67). Leicester: The British Psychological Society.
Theobald, D., Farrington, D. P., & Piquero, A. R. (2013). Childhood broken homes and adult violence: An analysis of moderators and mediators. Journal of Criminal Justice, 41, 44–52.
Tyler, N., & Gannon, T. A. (2017). Pathways to firesetting for mentally disordered offenders: A preliminary examination. International Journal of Offender Therapy and Comparative Criminology, 61, 938–955.
Tyler, N., Gannon, T. A., Lockerbie, L., King, T., Dickens, G., & De Burca, C. (2013). A Firesetting Offence Chain for Mentally Disordered Offenders (FOC-MD). Criminal Justice and Behavior, 41, 512–530.
Umbach, R., Berryessa, C. M., & Raine, A. (2015). Brain imaging research on psychopathy: Implications for punishment, prediction, and treatment in youth and adults. Journal of Criminal Justice, 43, 295–306.
Van Dorn , R., Volavka , J., & Johnson , N. (2012). Mental disorder and violence: Is there a relationship beyond substance use? Social Psychiatry and Psychiatric Epidemiology, 47, 487–503.
van Langen, M. A. M., Wissink, I. B., van Vugt, E. S., Van der Stouwe, T., & Stams, G. J. J. M. (2014). The relation between empathy and offending: A meta-analysis. Aggression and Violent Behavior, 19, 179–189.
van Vugt, E. S., Gibbs , J., Stams, G. J., Bijleveld , C., Hendriks , J., & van der Laan , P. (2011). Moral development and recidivism: A meta-analysis. International Journal of Offender Therapy and Comparative Criminology, 55, 1234–1250.
Wallinius, M., Johansson, P., Lardén, M., & Dernevik, M. (2011). Self-serving cognitive distortions and antisocial behavior among adults and adolescents. Criminal Justice and Behavior, 38, 286–301.
Walsh, E., Buchanan, A., & Fahy, T. (2002). Violence and schizophrenia: Evaluating the evidence. British Journal of Psychiatry, 180, 490–495.
Walsh, K. W. (1994). Neuropsychology: A clinical approach. Edinburgh: Churchill Livingstone.
Ward, T., & Beech, A. R. (2006). An integrated theory of sexual offending. Aggression and Violent Behavior, 11, 44–63.
Ward, T., & Siegert, R. J. (2002). Toward a comprehensive theory of child sexual abuse: A theory knitting perspective. Psychology, Crime, & Law, 8, 319–351.
Wheeler, J. R., Holland, A. J., Bambrick, M., Lindsay, W. R., Carson, D., Steptoe, L., Johnston, S., Taylor, J. L., Middleton, C., Price, K., & O’Brien, G. (2009). Community services and people with intellectual disabilities who engage in antisocial or offending behaviour: Referral rates, characteristics, and care pathways. Journal of Forensic Psychiatry and Psychology, 20, 717–740.
2 Developmental and Psychological Theories of Offending
DAVID P. FARRINGTON AND MARIA M. TTOFI
CHAPTER OUTLINE
2.1 INTRODUCTION
2.2 DEVELOPMENTAL THEORIES 2.2.1 Moffitt: Adolescence-Limited Versus Life-Course-Persistent Offending
2.2.2 Lahey and Waldman: Developmental Propensity Theory
2.2.3 Thornberry and Krohn: Interactional Theory
2.2.4 Sampson and Laub: Age-Graded Informal Social Control Theory
2.2.5 Comparing DLC Theories
2.3 CASE STUDIES FROM THE CAMBRIDGE STUDY IN DELINQUENT DEVELOPMENT
2.4 PSYCHOLOGICAL THEORIES 2.4.1 Bowlby: Attachment Theory
2.4.2 Eysenck: Personality Theory
2.4.3 Patterson: Social Learning Theory
2.4.4 Walters: Lifestyle Theory
2.5 THE ICAP THEORY 2.5.1 Long-term Risk Factors
2.5.2 Explaining the Commission of Crimes
2.5.3 Testing the Theory
2.6 CONCLUSIONS
2.7 SUMMARY
LEARNING OUTCOMES
BY THE END OF THIS CHAPTER, YOU SHOULD BE ABLE TO:
Understand specific developmental theories that have been proposed to explain offending
Comprehend the general psychological explanations of offending (attachment theory; personality theory; social learning theory; lifestyle theory)
Appreciate a theory that pulls together both specific and general theories of offending (integrated cognitive antisocial potential theory).
2.1 INTRODUCTION
In this chapter, we will first review four developmental theories of offending: the adolescence-limited/life-course-persistent theory of Moffitt (1993); the developmental propensity theory of Lahey and Waldman (2005), the interactional theory of Thornberry and Krohn (2005), and the age-graded informal social control theory of Sampson and Laub (2009); for more details about these theories, see Farrington, 2005a. Then we will review four psychological theories: the attachment theory of Bowlby (1969), the personality theory of Eysenck (1996), the social learning theory of Patterson (1982) and the lifestyle theory of Walters (2006). Finally, we will review the Integrated Cognitive Antisocial Potential (ICAP) theory of Farrington (2005b).
2.2 DEVELOPMENTAL THEORIES
Developmental and life-course criminology (DLC) is concerned mainly with three topics: (a) the development of offending and antisocial behaviour from the womb to the tomb; (b) the influence of risk and protective factors at different ages; and (c) the effects of life events on the course of development. Whereas traditional criminological theories aimed to explain between-individual differences in offending, such as why lower-class boys commit more offences than upper-class boys, DLC theories aim to explain within-individual changes in offending over time (Farrington, Loeber, Yin, & Anderson, 2002).
In conducting research on development, risk and protective factors, life events and DLC theories, it is essential to carry out prospective longitudinal surveys (see Farrington, 2015). An example is the Cambridge Study in Delinquent Development (CSDD), which is a prospective longitudinal survey of more than 400 London males from age 8 to age 48 (Farrington et al., 2006; Farrington, Coid, & West, 2009a). The main reason why developmental and life-course criminology became important during the 1990s was because of the enormous volume and significance of longitudinal research on offending that was published during this decade. Particularly influential were the three Causes and Correlates studies originally mounted by the U.S. Office of Juvenile Justice and Delinquency Prevention in Denver, Pittsburgh and Rochester (Huizinga, Weiher, Espiritu, & Esbensen, 2003; Loeber et al., 2003; Thornberry, Lizotte, Krohn, Smith, & Porter, 2003). Other important longitudinal projects that came to prominence in the 1990s were the Seattle Social Development Project (Hawkins, Smith, Hill, Kosterman, Catalano, & Abbott, 2003), the Dunedin study in New Zealand (Moffitt, Caspi, Rutter, & Silva, 2001), the Montreal Longitudinal-Experimental study (Tremblay, Vitaro, Nagin, Pagani, & Seguin, 2003), and the further analyses by Laub and Sampson (2003) of the classic study by Glueck and Glueck (1950).
2.2.1 Moffitt: Adolescence-Limited Versus Life-Course-Persistent Offending
Moffitt (1993) proposed that there are two qualitatively different categories of antisocial people (differing in kind rather than in degree), namely life-course-persistent offenders (LCP) and adolescence-limited offenders (AL). As indicated by these terms, the LCPs start offending at an early age and persist beyond their twenties, while the ALs have a short criminal career largely limited to their teenage years. The LCPs commit a wide range of offences including violence, whereas the ALs commit predominantly “rebellious” non-violent offences such as vandalism. This theory aims to explain findings in the Dunedin longitudinal study (Moffitt et al., 2001).
&n
bsp; The main factors that encourage offending by the LCPs are cognitive deficits, an under-controlled temperament, hyperactivity, poor parenting, disrupted families, teenage parents, poverty and low socio-economic status (SES). Genetic and biological factors, such as a low heart rate, are also important (see Chapter 4). There is not much discussion of neighbourhood factors, but it is proposed that the neuropsychological risk of the LCPs interacts multiplicatively with a disadvantaged environment. The theory does not propose that neuropsychological deficits and a disadvantaged environment influence an underlying construct such as antisocial propensity; rather, it suggests that neuropsychological and environmental factors are the key constructs underlying antisocial behaviour.
The main factors that encourage offending by the ALs are the “maturity gap” (their inability to achieve adult rewards such as material goods during their teenage years) and peer influence (especially from the LCPs). Consequently, the ALs cease offending when they enter legitimate adult roles and can achieve their desires legally. The ALs can easily stop because they have few neuropsychological deficits. The theory assumes that there can be stigmatising and deviance-amplifying effects of “snares” such as a criminal record, incarceration, drug or alcohol addiction, and (for girls) unwanted pregnancy, especially for the ALs. However, the observed continuity in offending over time is largely driven by the LCPs. The theory focuses mainly on the development of offenders and does not attempt to explain why offences are committed. However, it suggests that the presence of delinquent peers is an important situational influence on ALs, and that LCPs seek out opportunities and victims.