Forensic Psychology

by Graham M Davies

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  Lindsay, W. R., Allan, R., Macleod, F., Smart, N., & Smith, A. H. W. (2003). Long term treatment and management of violent tendencies of men with intellectual disabilities convicted of assault. Mental Retardation, 41, 47–56.

  Lindsay, W. R., Allan, R., Parry, C., Macleod, F., Cottrell, J., Overend, H., & Smith, A. H. W. (2004b). Anger and aggression in people with intellectual disabilities: Treatment and follow-up of consecutive referrals and a waiting list comparison. Clinical Psychology and Psychotherapy, 11, 255–264.

  Lindsay, W. R., & Beail, N. (2004). Risk assessment: Actuarial prediction and clinical judgement of offending incidents and behaviour for intellectual disability services. Journal of Applied Research in Intellectual Disabilities, 17, 229–234.

  Lindsay W. R., & Dernevik, M. (2013). Risk and offenders with intellectual disabilities: Reappraising Hodgins (1992) classic study. Criminal Behaviour and Mental Health, 23: 151–15.

  Lindsay, W. R., Carson, D., Holland, A. T., O’Brien, G., Taylor, J. L., & Steptoe, J. (2014). A comparison of referrals with and without autism spectrum disorder to forensic intellectual disability services. Psychiatry, Psychology and Law, 21, 947–54

  Lindsay, W. R., Elliot, S. F., & Astell, A. (2004). Predictors of sexual offence recidivism in offenders with intellectual disabilities. Journal of Applied Research in Intellectual Disabilities, 17, 299–305.

  Lindsay, W. R., Hamilton, C., Moulton, S., Scott, S., Doyle, M., & McMurran, M. (2011a). Assessment and treatment of social problem solving in offenders with intellectual disability. Psychology, Crime and Law, 17, 181–197.

  Lindsay, W. R., Hastings, R. P., & Beech, A. R. (2011). Forensic research in offenders with intellectual and development of disabilities: Prevalence and risk assessment. Psychology, Crime and Law, 17, 3–7.

  Lindsay, W. R., Marshall, I., Neilson, C. Q., Quinn, K., & Smith, A. H. W. (1998a). The treatment of men with a learning disability convicted of exhibitionism. Research on Developmental Disabilities, 19, 295–316.

  Lindsay, W. R., Michie, A. M., Haut, F., Steptoe, L., & Moore, F. (2011b). Comparing offenders against women and offenders against children on treatment outcome for offenders with intellectual disability. Journal of Applied Research in Intellectual Disability, 24, 361–369.

  Lindsay, W. R., Michie, A. M., Whitefield, E., Martin, V., Grieve, A., & Carson, D. (2006). Response patterns on the Questionnaire on Attitudes Consistent with Sexual Offending in groups of sex offenders with intellectual disability. Journal of Applied Research in Intellectual Disabilities, 19, 47–54.

  Lindsay, W. R., Murphy, L., Smith, G., Murphy, D., Edwards, Z., Grieve, A., Chettock, C., & Young, S. J. (2004a). The Dynamic Risk Assessment and Management System: An assessment of immediate risk of violence for individuals with intellectual disabilities, and offending and challenging behaviour. Journal of Applied Research in Intellectual Disabilities, 17, 267–274.

  Lindsay, W. R., Neilson, C. Q., Morrison, F., & Smith, A. H. W. (1998b). The treatment of six men with a learning disability convicted of sex offences with children. British Journal of Clinical Psychology, 37, 83–98.

  Lindsay, W. R., O’Brien, G., Carson, D. R., Holland, A. J., Taylor, J. L., Wheeler, J. R., Middleton, C., Price, K., Steptoe, L., & Johnston, S. (2010). Pathways into services for offenders with intellectual disabilities: Childhood experiences, diagnostic information and offence related variables. Criminal Justice & Behaviour, 37, 678–694.

  Lindsay, W. R., Olley, S., Baillie, N., & Smith, A. H. W. (1999). The treatment of adolescent sex offenders with intellectual disability. Mental Retardation, 37, 320–333.

  Lindsay, W. R., Olley, S., Jack, C., Morrison, F., & Smith, A. H. W. (1998c). The treatment of two stalkers with intellectual disabilities using a cognitive approach. Journal of Applied Research in Intellectual Disabilities, 11, 333–344.

  Lindsay, W. R., & Skene, D. D. (2007). The Beck Depression Inventory II and The Beck Anxiety Inventory in people with intellectual disabilities: Factor analyses and group data. Journal of Applied Research in Intellectual Disability, 20, 401–408.

  Lindsay, W. R., & Smith, A. H. W. (1998). Responses to treatment for sex offenders with intellectual disability: A comparison of men with 1 and 2 year probation sentences. Journal of Intellectual Disability Research, 42, 346–353.

  Lindsay W. R., Steptoe, L., Wallace L., Haut F. & Brewster, E. (2013). An evaluation and 20 year follow up of recidivism in a community intellectual disability service. Criminal Behaviour and Mental Health, 23, 138–49.

  Lindsay, W. R., Whitefield, E., & Carson, D. (2007). An assessment for attitudes consistent with sexual offending for use with offenders with intellectual disability. Legal and Criminological Psychology, 12, 55–68.

  Lofthouse, R., Lindsay, W. R., Totsika, V., Hastings, R., Boer, D., & Haaven, J. (2013). Prospective dynamic assessment of risk of sexual reoffending in individuals with an intellectual disability and a history of sexual offending behaviour. Journal of Applied Research in Intellectual Disabilities 26, 394–403.

  Lofthouse, R., Lindsay, W. R., Totsika, V., Hastings, R., & Roberts, D. (2014). Dynamic risk and violence in individuals with an intellectual disability: Tool development and initial validation. Journal of Forensic Psychiatry and Psychology, 25, 288–306.

  Lunsky, Y., Frijters, J., Griffiths, D. M., Watson, S. L., & Williston, S. (2007). Sexual knowledge and attitudes of men with intellectual disabilities who sexually offend. Journal of Intellectual and Developmental Disability, 32, 74–81.

  Lunsky, Y., Gracey, C., Koegl, C., Bradley, E., Durbin, J., & Raina, P. (2011). The clinical profile and service needs of psychiatric inpatients with intellectual disabilities and forensic involvement. Psychology Crime and Law, 17, 9–25.

  MacEachron, A. E. (1979). Mentally retarded offenders prevalence and characteristics. American Journal of Mental Deficiency, 84, 165–176.

  McGrath, R.J ., Cumming, G., Livingston, J. A., & Hoke, S. E. (2003). Outcome of a treatment programme for adult sex offenders. Journal of Interpersonal Violence, 18, 3–17.

  Mason, J., & Murphy, G. (2002). Intellectual disability amongst people on probation: Prevalence and outcome. Journal of Intellectual Disability Research, 46, 230–238.

  Mouridsen, S. E., Rich, B., Isager, T., & Nedergaard, N. J. (2008). Pervasive developmental disorder and criminal behaviour. A case control study. International Journal of Offender Therapy and Comparative Criminology, 52, 196–205.

  Murphy, G., & Clare, I. (1991). MIETS: A service option for people with mild mental handicaps and challenging behaviour or psychiatric problems. Mental Handicap Research, 4, 180–206.

  Murphy, G. H., & Clare, I. C. H. (1996). Analysis of motivation in people with mild learning disabilities (mental handicap) who set fires. Psychology, Crime and Law, 2, 153–164.

  Murphy, G., & Sinclair, N. (2006). Group cognitive behaviour treatment for men with sexually abusive behaviour. Paper presented to 6th Seattle Club Conference on Research and People with Intellectual Disabilities.

  Murrie, D. L., Warren, J. I., Kristiansson, M., & Dietz, P. E. (2002). Asperger’s syndrome in forensic settings. International Journal of Forensic Mental Health, 1, 59–70.

  Novaco, R. W. (1975). Anger control: The development and evaluation of an experimental treatment. Lexington, MA: Heath.

  Novaco, R. W. (1994). Anger as a risk factor for violence among the mentally disordered. In J. Monahan & H. J. Steadman (Eds.), Violence in mental disorder: Developments in risk assessment. Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press.

  Novaco, R. W. (2003). The Novaco Anger Scale and Provocation Inventory Manual (NAS-PI). Los Angeles, CA: Western Psychological Services.

  Novaco, R. W., & Taylor, J. L. (20
04). Assessment of anger and aggression in offenders with developmental disabilities. Psychological Assessment, 16, 42–50.

  O’Brien, G., Taylor, J. L., Lindsay, W. R., Holland, A. J., Carson, C., Steptoe, L., Price, K., Middleton, C., & Wheeler, J. (2010). A multicentre study of adults with learning disabilities referred to services for antisocial offending behaviour: Demographic, individual, offending and service characteristics. Journal of Learning Disabilities and Offending Behaviour, 1, 5–15.

  O’Conner, W. (1996). A problem solving intervention for sex offenders with intellectual disability. Journal of Intellectual & Developmental Disability, 21, 219–235.

  Offending Behaviour Programmes Unit, HM Prison Service. (1996). The Adapted Victim Empathy Consequences Task. Unpublished manuscript.

  Oliver P. C., Crawford, M., Rao, B., Reece, B., & Tyrer, P. (2005). Modified Overt Aggression Scale (MOAS) for people with intellectual disability and aggressive challenging behaviour: A reliability study. Journal of Applied Research in Intellectual Disabilities, 20, 368–372.

  Pearson, F. S., Lipton, D. S., Cleland, C. M., & Yee, D. S. (2002). The effects of behavioural/cognitive behavioural programmes on recidivism. Crime and Delinquency, 48, 476–496.

  Quinsey, V. L., Book, A., & Skilling, T. A. (2004). A follow-up of deinstitutionalised men with intellectual disabilities and histories of antisocial behaviour. Journal of Applied Research in Intellectual Disabilities, 17, 243–254.

  Raina, P., Arenovich, T., Jones, J., & Lunsky, Y. (2013). Pathways into the criminal justice system for individuals with intellectual disabilities. Journal of Applied Research in Intellectual Disabilities, 26, 404–409.

  Rice, M. E., & Chaplin, T. C. (1979). Social skills training for hospitalised male arsonists. Journal of Behaviour Therapy and Experimental Psychiatry, 10, 105–108.

  Rose, J., Rose, D., Hawkins, C., & Anderson, C. (in press). Sex offender treatment group for men with intellectual disabilities in community settings. Journal of Forensic Practice.

  Rose, J., Jenkins, R., O’Conner, C., Jones, C., & Felce, D. (2002). A group treatment for men with intellectual disabilities who sexually offend or abuse. Journal of Applied Research in Intellectual Disabilities, 15, 138–150.

  Rose, J., & West, C. (1999). Assessment of anger in people with intellectual disabilities. Journal of Applied Research in Intellectual Disabilities, 12, 211–224.

  Russell, D., Peplan, C. A., & Cutrona, C. A. (1980). The revised UCLA Loneliness Scale: Concurrent and discriminant validity evidence. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 39, 472–480.

  Steptoe, L., Lindsay, W. R., Forrest, D., & Power, M. (2006). Quality of life and relationships in sex offenders with intellectual disability. Journal of Intellectual and Developmental Disabilities, 31, 13–19.

  Steptoe, L., Lindsay, W. R., Murphy, L., & Young, S. J. (2008). Construct validity, reliability and predictive validity of the Dynamic Risk Assessment and Management System (DRAMS) in offenders with intellectual disability. Legal and Criminological Psychology, 13, 309–321.

  Søndenaa, E., Rasmussen, K., Palmstierna, T., & Nøttestad, J. ( 2008). The prevalence and nature of intellectual disability in Norwegian prisons. Journal of Research in Intellectual Disabilities, 53, 1129–1137.

  Taylor, J. L. (2002). A review of the assessment and treatment of anger and aggression in offenders with intellectual disability. Journal of Intellectual Disability Research, 46, (Suppl. 1), 57–73.

  Taylor, J. L., Lindsay, W. R., Hogue, T. E., Mooney, P., Steptoe, L., Johnston, S., & O’Brien, G. (2007). Use of the HCR-20 in offenders with intellectual disability. Paper presented to the British Psychological Society Forensic Division Conference, Edinburgh, 2007.

  Taylor, J. L., & Novaco, R. W. (2005). Anger treatment for people with developmental disabilities: A theory, evidence and manual based approach. Chichester: Wiley.

  Taylor, J. L., Novaco, R. W., Gillmer, B. T., & Robertson, A. (2004c). Treatment of anger and aggression. In W. R. Lindsay, J. L. Taylor , & P. Sturmey (Eds.), Offenders with developmental disability (pp. 201–220). Chichester: Wiley.

  Taylor, J. L., Novaco, R. W., Gillmer, B., & Thorne, I. (2002b). Cognitive behavioural treatment of anger intensity among offenders with intellectual disabilities. Journal of Applied Research in Intellectual Disabilities, 15, 151–165.

  Taylor, J. L., Novaco, R. W., Guinan, C., & Street, N. (2004a). Development of an imaginal provocation test to evaluate treatment for anger problems in people with intellectual disabilities. Clinical Psychology and Psychotherapy, 11, 233–246.

  Taylor, J. L., Robertson, A., Thorne, I., Belshaw, T., & Watson, A. (2005). Responses of female fire-setters with mild and borderline intellectual disabilities to a group based intervention. Journal of Applied Research in Intellectual Disabilities, 19, 179–190.

  Taylor, J. L., Thorne, I., Robertson, A., & Avery, G. (2002a). Evaluation of a group intervention for convicted arsonists with mild and borderline intellectual disabilities. Criminal Behaviour and Mental Health, 12, 282–293.

  Taylor, J. L., Thorne, I., & Slavkin, M. L. (2004b). Treatment of fire setting behaviour. In W. R. Lindsay, J. L. Taylor , & P. Sturmey (Eds.), Offenders with developmental disabilities (pp. 221–240). Chichester: Wiley.

  Vanny, K. A., Levy, M. H., Greenberg, D. M., & Hayes, S. C. (2009). Mental illness and intellectual disability in magistrates courts in New South Wales. Journal of Intellectual Disability Research, 53, 289–297.

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  Webster, C. D., Eaves, D., Douglas, K. S., & Wintrup, A. (1995). The HCR-20: The assessment of dangerousness and risk. Vancouver, Canada: Simon Fraser University and British Colombia Forensic Psychiatric Services Commission.

  Webster, S. D., Mann, R. E., Thornton, D., & Wakeling, H. C. (2007). Further validation of the Short Self-esteem Scale with sexual offenders. Legal and Criminological Psychology, 19, 217–236.

  Williams, F., Wakeling, H., & Webster S. D. (2007). A psychometric study of six self-report measures for use with sexual offenders with cognitive and social functioning deficits. Psychology Crime and Law, 13, 505–522.

  Willner, P., Brace, N., & Phillips, J. (2005). Assessment of anger coping skills in individuals with intellectual disabilities. Journal of Intellectual Disability Research, 49, 329–339.

  Willner, P., Jones, J., Tams, R., & Green, G. (2002). A randomised controlled trial of the efficacy of a cognitive behavioural anger management group for clients with learning disabilities. Journal of Applied Research in Intellectual Disabilities, 15, 224–253.

  Willner, P., Rose, J., Jahoda, A., Stenfert Kroese, B., Felce, D., Cohen, D., MacMahon, P., Stimpson, A., Rose, N., Gillespie, D., Shead, J. Lammie, C., Woodgate, C., Townson, J., Nuttall, J., & Hood, K. (2013). Group-based cognitive–behavioural anger management for people with mild to moderate intellectual disability: Cluster randomised controlled trial. British Journal of Psychiatry, 203, 288–296.

  Wilson, D. B., Bouffard, L. A., & MacKenzie, D. L. (2005). A quantitative review of structured group orientated cognitive behavioural programmes for offenders. Criminal Justice and Behavior, 32, 172–204.

  Woodbury-Smith M. R., Clare, I. C. H., Holland, A. J., & Kearns, A. (2006). High functioning autistic spectrum disorders, offending and other law-breaking: Findings from a community sample. Journal of Forensic Psychiatry and Psychology, 17, 108–20.

  Woodbury-Smith, M. R., Clare, I. C. H., Holland, A. J., Kearns, A., Staufenberg, E., & Watson, P. (2005). A case-control study of offenders with high functioning autistic spectrum disorders. Journal of Forensic Psychiatry and Psychology, 16, 474–63.

  22 Interventions with Mentally Disordered Offenders

  DAWN FISHER, MICHELLE GINTY, JAGJIT SANDHU AND NUWAN GALAPPATHIE

  CHAPTER OUTLINE

  22.1 INTRODUCTION

  22.2 HISTORY OF FORENSIC MENTAL HEALTH SERVICES 22.2.1 Hospital Provision for Mentally Ill
Offenders (in Special Hospitals, Medium and Low Secure Units)

  22.2.2 Community Service Provision

  22.2.3 Mentally Ill Offenders in Prison

  22.3 TYPES OF MENTAL ILLNESS/FORENSIC BEHAVIOURS SEEN IN FORENSIC MENTAL HEALTH SERVICES 22.3.1 Schizophrenia

  22.3.2 Paranoid Schizophrenia

  22.3.3 Major Affective Disorders

  22.3.4 Personality Disorder

  22.3.5 Psychopathy

  22.3.6 Intellectual Disability and Developmental Disorders

  22.3.7 Acquired Brain Injury

  22.3.8 Substance Misuse Disorders

  22.3.9 Poorly Controlled Anger (with Resultant Aggression and Violence)

  22.4 LEGISLATION PERTAINING TO MENTALLY DISORDERED OFFENDERS 22.4.1 Mental Health Legislation/Arrangements

  22.4.2 Legislation to Safeguard the Patient

  22.4.3 Capacity to Consent

  22.4.4 Multi-Agency Public Protection Arrangements (MAPPA)

  22.4.5 Care Pathway Approach Arrangements

  22.5 THE ROLE OF THE PSYCHOLOGIST IN FORENSIC MENTAL HEALTH SETTINGS 22.5.1 Assessments

  22.5.2 Risk Assessment

  22.5.3 Treatment

  22.5.4 The Assistant Psychologist

  22.6 SUMMARY

  LEARNING OUTCOMES

  BY THE END OF THIS CHAPTER, YOU SHOULD BE ABLE TO:

  Gain an overview of the mental health legislation associated with the duty of care for mentally disordered offenders

  Appreciate the range of interventions available for people with forensic mental health problems

  Understand the role of psychology when working with mentally disordered offenders.

  22.1 INTRODUCTION

  The whole area surrounding services, legislation and specialised practice for mentally disordered offenders has come to be known as forensic mental health. The word forensic simply means “pertaining to or used in a court of law” and so has come to be associated with those who transgress the law. Forensic mental health combines the fields of mental health with the working of the criminal justice system (CJS). This presents a unique challenge for the professionals, who have to balance the needs of mentally ill offenders with the demands of the CJS, and the potential risk to the public. This approach emphasises the need for effective multi-disciplinary working, creativity, and external scrutiny.