Forensic Psychology

by Graham M Davies

  Hanson, R. K., Gordon, A., Harris, A. J. R., Marques, J. K., Murphey, W., Quinsey, V. L., & Seto, M. C. (2002). First report of the collaborative outcome data project on the effectiveness of psychological treatment for sex offenders. Sexual Abuse: A Journal of Research and Treatment, 14, 169–194. doi: 10.1177/107906320201400207

  Hanson, R. K., & Harris, A. J. R. (2000). Where should we intervene? Dynamic predictors of sexual assault recidivism. Criminal Justice and Behavior, 27, 6–35. doi: 10.1177/0093854800027001002

  Hanson, R. K., & Morton-Bourgon, K. E. (2005). The characteristics of persistent sexual offenders: A meta-analysis of recidivism studies. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 73, 1154–1163. doi: 10.1037/0022-006X.73.6.1154

  Harkins, L., Flak, V. E., Beech, A., & Woodhams, J. (2012). Evaluation of a community-based sex offender treatment program using a Good Lives Model approach. Sexual Abuse: A Journal of Research and Treatment, 24, 519–543. doi: 10.1177/1079063211429469

  Heffernan, R., & Ward, T. (in press). The conceptualization of dynamic risk factors in child sex offenders: An agency model. Aggression and Violent Behavior.

  Higgins, E. T. (1996). Ideals, oughts and regulatory focus: Affect and motivation from distinct pains and pleasures. In P. M. Gollwitzer & J. A. Bargh (Eds.), The psychology of action: Linking cognition and motivation to behaviour (pp. 91–114). New York: Guilford.

  Jones, N., Pelissier, B., & Klein-Saffran, J. (2006). Predicting sex offender treatment entry among individuals convicted of sexual offense crimes. Sexual Abuse: A Journal of Research and Treatment, 18, 83–98.

  Laub, J. H., & Sampson, R. J. (2001). Understanding desistance from crime. Crime and Justice, 28, 1–69.

  Laub, J. H., & Sampson, R. J. (2003). Shared beginnings, divergent lives: Delinquent boys to age 70. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.

  Laws, D. R. (1989). Relapse prevention with sex offenders. New York: Guilford Press.

  Laws, D. R., & Ward, T. (2011). Desistance from sex offending: Alternatives to throwing away the keys. New York, NY: Guilford Press.

  Lindsay, W. R., Ward, T., Morgan, T., & Wilson, I. (2007). Self-regulation of sex offending, future pathways and the Good Lives Model: Applications and problems. Journal of Sexual Aggression, 13, 37–50. doi: 10.1080/13552600701365613

  Lösel, F. (2010). What works in offender rehabilitation: A global perspective. Paper presented at the 12th Annual Conference of the International Corrections and Prisons Association, Ghent, Belgium.

  Lösel, F., & Schmucker, M. (2005). The effectiveness of treatment for sexual offenders: A comprehensive meta-analysis. Journal of Experimental Criminology, 1, 117–146. doi: 10.1007/s11292-004-6466-7

  Fox, K. (2015). Theorizing community integration and desistance promoting. Criminal Justice and Behavior, 42, 82–94. DOI: 10.1177/0093854814550028

  Mann, R. E. (2000). Managing resistance and rebellion in relapse prevention intervention. In D. R. Laws, S. M. Hudson , & T. Ward (Eds.), Remaking relapse prevention with sex offenders: A sourcebook (pp. 187–200). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage Publications.

  Mann, R. E., Webster, S. D., Schofield, C., & Marshall, W. L. (2004). Approach versus avoidance goals in relapse prevention with sexual offenders. Sexual Abuse: A Journal of Research and Treatment, 16, 65–75.

  Marques, J. K., Wiederanders, M., Day, D. M., Nelson, C., & van Ommeren, A. (2005). Effects of a relapse prevention program on sexual recidivism: Final results from California’s Sex Offender Treatment and Evaluation Project (SOTEP). Sexual Abuse: A Journal of Research and Treatment, 17, 79–107. doi: 10.1177/107906320501700108

  Marshall, W. L., Marshall, L. E., Serran, G. A., & Fernandez, Y. M. (2006). Treating sexual offenders: An integrated approach. New York, NY: Routledge.

  Marshall, W. L., Serran, G. A., Fernandez, Y. M., Mulloy, R., Mann, R. E., & Thornton, D. (2003). Therapist characteristics in the treatment of sexual offenders: Tentative data on their relationship with indices of behaviour change. Journal of Sexual Aggression, 9, 25-30. doi: 10.1080/355260031000137940

  Martin, A. M., Hernandez, B., Hernandez-Fernaud, E., Arregui, J. L., & Hernandez, J. A. (2010). The enhancement effect of social and employment integration on the delay of recidivism of released offenders trained with the R & R programme. Psychology, Crime & Law, 16, 401–413. doi: 10.1080/10683160902776835

  Martin, K., & Stermac, L. (2010). Measuring hope: Is hope related to criminal behaviour in offenders? International Journal of Offender Therapy and Comparative Criminology, 54, 693–705.

  Maruna, S. (2001). Making good: How ex-convicts reform and rebuild their lives. Washington, D.C.: American Psychological Association.

  Maruna, S., & Roy, K. (2007). Amputation or reconstruction? Notes on the concept of “knifing off” and desistance from crime. Journal of Contemporary Criminal Justice, 23, 104–124. doi: 10.1177/1043986206298951

  McGrath, R. J., Cumming, G., Burchard, B., Zeoli, S., & Ellerby, L. (2010). Current practices and emerging trends in sexual abuser management: The Safer Society 2009 North American survey. Brandon, Vermont: Safer Society Press.

  McNeill, F. (2006). A desistance paradigm for offender management. Criminology and Criminal Justice, 6, 39–62.

  McNeill, F., Batchelor, S., Burnett, R., & Knox, J. (2005). 21st century social work. Reducing reoffending: Key practice skills. Edinburgh: Scottish Executive.

  Moore, D. L., Bergman, B. A., & Knox, P. L. (1999). Predictors of sex offender treatment completion. Journal of Child Sexual Abuse, 7, 73–88.

  Ogloff, J. R. P., & Davis, M. R. (2004). Advances in offender assessment and rehabilitation: Contributions of the risk-needs-responsivity approach. Psychology, Crime & Law, 10, 229–242.

  Petersilia, J. (2003). When prisoners come home: Parole and prisoner reentry. New York: Oxford University Press.

  Prentky, R. A., Lee, A. F. S., Knight, R. A., & Cerce, D. (1997). Recidivism rates among child molesters and rapists: A methodological analysis. Law and Human Behavior, 21, 635–659.

  Purvis, M., Ward, T., & Shaw, S. (2013). Applying the Good Lives Model to the case management of sexual offenders. Brandon, VT: Safer Society Press.

  Rice, M. E., & Harris, G. T. (2003). The size and sign of treatment effects in sex offender therapy. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences, 989, 428–440.

  Sampson, R. J., & Laub, J. H. (1993). Crime in the making: Pathways and turning points through life. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.

  Serin, R. C., & Lloyd, C. D. (2009). Examining the process of offender change: The transition to crime desistance. Psychology, crime, & law, 15, 347–364. doi: 10.1080/10683160802261078

  Serran, G., Fernandez, Y., Marshall, W. L., & Mann, R. E. (2003). Process issues in treatment: Application to sexual offender programs. Professional Psychology: Research and Practice, 34, 368–374.

  Simons, D. A., McCullar, B., & Tyler, C. (2006). Evaluation of the Good Lives Model approach to treatment planning. Paper presented at the 25th Annual Association for the Treatment of Sexual Abusers Research and Treatment Conference, Chicago, Illinois.

  Tripodi, S. J., Kim, J. S., & Bender, K. (2010). Is employment associated with reduced recidivism? International Journal of Offender Therapy and Comparative Criminology, 54, 706–720.

  Uggen, C. (2000). Work as a turning point in the life course of criminals: A duration model of age, employment, and recidivism. American Sociological Review, 65, 529–546.

  Ward, T. (2014). The explanation of sexual offending: From single factor theories to integrative pluralism. Journal of Sexual Aggression, 20, 130–141.

  Ward, T. (2015). The detection of dynamic risk factors and correctional factors. Criminology & Public Policy, 14, 105–111.

  Ward, T., & Beech, A. (2015). Dynamic risk factors: A theoretical dead-end? Psychology, Crime & Law, 21, 100–113.

  Ward, T., & Birgden , (2007). A. Human rights and correctional clinical practice. Aggression and Violent Behavior, 12, 628–643.

  Ward, T., & Brown, M. (2004). The Good Lives Model an
d conceptual issues in offender rehabilitation. Psychology, Crime and Law, 10, 243–257.

  Ward, T., & Gannon, T. A. (2006). Rehabilitation, etiology, and self-regulation: The comprehensive Good Lives Model of treatment for sexual offenders. Aggression and Violent Behavior, 11, 77–94. doi: 10.1016/j.avb.2005.06.001

  Ward, T., Gannon, T., & Fortune, C. (2015). Restorative justice informed moral acquaintance: Resolving the dual relationship problem in forensic and correctional psychology. Criminal Justice and Behavior, 42, 45–57.

  Ward, T., & Laws, D. R. (2010). Desistance from sexual offending: Motivating change, enriching practice. International Journal of Forensic Mental Health, 9, 11–23.

  Ward, T., Mann, R. E., & Gannon, T. A. (2007). The Good Lives Model of offender rehabilitation: Clinical implications. Aggression and Violent Behavior, 12, 87–107. doi: 10.1016/j.avb.2006.03.004

  Ward, T., & Marshall, W. L. (2004). Good lives, aetiology and the rehabilitation of sex offenders: A bridging theory. Journal of Sexual Aggression, 10, 153–169.

  Ward, T., & Maruna, S. (2007). Rehabilitation: Beyond the risk assessment paradigm. London, UK: Routledge.

  Ward, T., & Nee, C. (2009). Surfaces and depths: Evaluating the theoretical assumptions of cognitive skills programmes. Psychology, Crime, & Law, 15, 165–182. doi: 10.1080/10683160802190889

  Ward, T., & Salmon, K. (2009). The ethics of punishment: Correctional practice implications. Aggression and Violent Behavior, 13, 239–247.

  Ward, T., & Stewart, C. A. (2003). The treatment of sex offenders: Risk management and good lives. Professional Psychology: Research and Practice, 34, 353–360. doi: 10.1037/0735-7028.34.4.353

  Ward, T., & Syversen, K. (2009). Human dignity and vulnerable agency: An ethical framework for forensic practice. Aggression and Violent Behavior, 14, 94–105. doi: 10.1016/j.avb.2008.12.002

  Ward, T., Vess, J., Collie, R. M., & Gannon, T. A. (2006). Risk management or goods promotion: The relationship between approach and avoidance goals in treatment for sex offenders. Aggression and Violent Behavior, 11, 378–393.

  Ware, J., & Bright, D. A. (2008). Evolution of a treatment programme for sex offenders: Changes to the NSW Custody-Based Intensive Treatment (CUBIT). Psychiatry, Psychology and Law, 15, 340–349. doi: 10.1080/13218710802014543

  Whitehead, P. R., Ward, T., & Collie, R. M. (2007). Time for a change: Applying the Good Lives Model of rehabilitation to a high-risk violent offender. International Journal of Offender Therapy and Comparative Criminology, 51, 578–598. doi: 10.1177/0306624X06296236

  Willis, G. M., & Grace, R. C. (2008). The quality of community reintegration planning for child molesters: Effects on sexual recidivism. Sexual Abuse: A Journal of Research and Treatment, 20, 218–240. doi: 10.1177/1079063208318005

  Willis, G. M., & Ward, T. (2011). Striving for a good life: The Good Lives Model applied to released child molesters. Journal of Sexual Aggression, 17, 290–303. doi: 10.1080/13552600.2010.505349

  Willis, G. M., & Ward, T. (2013). The Good Lives Model: Does it work? Preliminary evidence. In L. Craig, L. Dixon , & T. A. Gannon (Eds.), What works in offender rehabilitation (pp. 305–317). West Sussex, UK: John Wiley & Sons.

  Willis, G. M., Ward, T., & Levenson, J. S. (2014). The Good Lives Model (GLM): An evaluation of GLM operationalization in North American treatment programs. Sexual Abuse: A Journal of Research & Treatment, 26, 58–81. doi: 10.1177/1079063213478202

  Willis, G. M., Yates, P. M., Gannon, T. A., & Ward, T. (2013). How to integrate the Good Lives Model into treatment programs for sexual offending: An introduction and overview. Sexual Abuse: A Journal of Research & Treatment, 25, 123–142. doi: 10.1177/1079063212452618

  Wilson, D. B., Bouffard, L. A., & Mackenzie, D. L. (2005). A quantitative review of structured, group-oriented, cognitive-behavioral programs for offenders. Criminal Justice and Behavior, 32, 172–204.

  Wormith, J. S., Gendreau, P., & Bonta, J. (2012). Deferring to clarity, parsimony, and evidence in reply to Ward, Yates, and Willis. Criminal Justice and Behavior, 39, 111–120. doi: 10.1177/0093854811426087

  Yates, P. M., & Prescott, D. S. (2011). Building a better life: A good lives and self-regulation workbook. Brandon, VT: Safer Society Press.

  Yates, P. M., Prescott, D. S., & Ward, T. (2010). Applying the Good Lives and Self Regulation Models to sex offender treatment: a practical guide for clinicians. Brandon, VT: Safer Society Press.

  Yates, P. M., Simons, D. A., Kingston, D. A., & Tyler, C. (2009). The Good Lives Model of rehabilitation applied to treatment: Assessment and relationship to treatment progress and compliance. Paper presented at the 28th Annual Convention of the Association for the Treatment of Sexual Abusers (ATSA), Dallas, TX.

   Glossary

  7/7

  the coordinated suicide attacks conducted by four UK citizens on the London transport system on 7 July 2005. Some 52 people were killed, along with the suicide bombers, and about 700 injured.

  9/11

  attacks on US targets on 11 September 2001, in which Al-Qaeda terrorists hijacked four airliners, crashing two into the World Trade Center, one into the Pentagon and one in Pennsylvania, killing nearly 4,000 people.

  absolute judgement

  a method of deciding which person in a lineup is the perpetrator that is based on the degree to which their face matches the witness’s memory of the perpetrator. An absolute judgement is independent of the other members of the lineup (see relative judgement).

  acceptance and commitment therapy (ACT)

  an empirically-based psychological intervention that uses acceptance and mindfulness strategies mixed in different ways with commitment and behaviour-change strategies, to increase psychological flexibility.

  ACE model

  is used to examine the relative contributions of genetics and environment. Heritability is represented by the letter “A”, the common or shared environment by “C” and environmental conditions by “E”. Also known as “non-shared environmental influences”.

  Achieving Best Evidence (ABE)

  from 2001, the official guidance in England and Wales for all parties (e.g. legal personnel; police officers; social workers) and covering all vulnerable witnesses, from the initial interview through to court appearance.

  acoustic analysis

  (of speech samples). Methods of analysis used by phoneticians, which focus upon the use of computer-assisted analysis of the physical (not perceptual) properties of an utterance, such as fundamental frequency.

  acquisitive crime

  types of crime that involve property being stolen or acquired fraudulently.

  actus rea

  literally, a “guilty act”; that a criminal act has occurred.

  adaptive behaviour

  assessed using a recognised, standardised assessment such as the Vineland Adaptive Behaviour Scale (VABS) or the American Association of Intellectual and Developmental Disabilities Adaptive Behaviour Scale – Residential and Community 2nd Edition (ABS:RC2).

  adolescent-limited offending

  describes delinquent/antisocial behaviour that occurs during an individual’s teen years, but ceases when they become adults.

  adversarial court system

  refers to arrangements designed to bring out the truth of a matter, through adversarial (conflict based) techniques such as cross-examination. Frequently referred to as accusatorial. Each side presents a case (prosecution and defence) before a court. The judge gives no help to either side and does not participate in the discovering of the truth.

  algorithm

  a mathematical procedure that must be followed in a set order and will derive an overall score.

  Al Qaeda

  a terrorist organisation/network that seeks to establish a radical form of Islam based on Sharia law. Until his death in 2011, it was led by Osama bin Laden.

  amnesia

  loss of memory. Such loss can be selective or global.

  anatomically correct dolls (ACDs)

  (also known as anato
mically-detailed dolls). Dolls that have human-like genitalia. Sometimes used for interviewing children suspected of having been sexually assaulted.

  anchored narratives

  the relating of an ordered sequence of events, embedded in anchors, that occurs over time.

  anchors

  common-sense rules that concern unquestioned assumptions about people, behaviour, and ideas.

  anger management programmes

  typically focus on increasing the offender’s awareness of anger and its triggers, and then providing a range of skills including social skills and relaxation training to assist the offender to decrease anger arousal and strengthen anger control.

  attachment theory

  a well-developed theory of early development, which focuses on the formation of early relationships and the implications of how these relationships are formed for later childhood and adult functioning.

  aural-perceptual analyses

  (of speech utterances) methods of analyses, used by phoneticians, which focus on discernable heard speech characteristics such as rate, pitch, “breathiness” and particular types of articulation of vowels and consonants.

  autistic spectrum disorders (ASDs)

  a spectrum of psychological conditions characterised by widespread abnormalities of social interaction and communication, as well as “special interests” and repetitive behaviour.

  balance of probability

  also known as the “preponderance of evidence”. The standard is met if the proposition is more likely to be true than not true.

  behavioural distinctiveness

  the principle that offenders commit their crimes in different ways to one another.

  behavioural investigative advisors