Goder, Chanan, 172, 176
Goldstein, Mr. (teacher in Montreal), 117
Gomberg, Mr., 154, 155
Granli, Alma, 25–28, 33, 34, 35–36, 37, 129, 179–180
Granli, Nils, 25–28, 30, 31, 33, 34, 35–36, 37, 129, 179–180
Griffin, Leonore, 86–87
Grinnell Fire Protection Systems (Montreal), 85
Grusd, Leif, 182
Gudrun (classmate in Volbu), 33
Guttmann, Marianne, 69, 80, 84
Guttmann, Mr., 69, 80, 84
Guttmann, Mrs., 68–69, 80, 84
Guttmann, Susan, 69, 70, 80, 84, 85
Hadassah (Montreal), 110
Hagit (wife of cousin Walter), 113
Halpern, Rabbi, 117, 123
Halvorsen, Kirsten, 181, 184–186
Halvorsen, Torleif, 181, 184–186
Handelsgymnasium (business school), 65
Hanna (sister of Beks), 56, 127, 163
Harris, Ken, 172, 174, 175, 176, 177, 186
Hellermann, Mrs., 97, 104, 111, 114
Hilberg, Raul, xvii
Hitler, Adolf, xvi, xxii, xxiii, 6, 8, 10, 26, 34, 43, 206, xxviin7
Huguette (friend), 90, 91
Ibrahim (the Stolpersteine project), 203–204
Iron Cross, xxi, 8
Janssen Pharmaceuticals (Belgium), 190
Jewish Immigrant Aid Society (Montreal), 80
Jewish Youth Society (Jødisk Ungdomsforening), 57–58, 71
Jockelsen, Mr., 85
Johnson & Johnson, 190
Kahan, Ester, 176, 177, 183, 187
Kahan, Herman, 176, 177, 183, 187
Kapellen (Belgium), 190
Kaufmann, Selma (maternal grandmother), xvii–xviii, 4, 12
Kaufmann, Simon (maternal grandfather), xvii–xviii, 4, 12
Kersen, Josi, 169
Kibbutz HaZore’a, 9, 113
kiddush, 162–163, 174, 177, 182
King David residence (Montreal), 123, 124, 137–138, 139–140
Kirkeveien 104 (Oslo), 14, 19, 29
Knokke (Belgium), 190–191
Knut (husband of Nina Wellén), 170, 174–175, 178–179, 181–182, 186, 191–192, 196
Kölner Farbenfabrik (Cologne), 5, 14–15
Korean War, 78–79
Kristallnacht (November Pogrom), xviii, 9–10n
Kuba (husband of Yetta Berlinger), 92
Lazarus, David, 171
Lena (daughter of Renée Meieran), 175, 186, 193
lensmann (police officer), xix, 26, 28, 30, 34, 36
Leo (friend of Alice Rosenberg), 83–84
Leo (grandson of Renée Meieran), 175
Lette, Mrs., 100
Liam (grandson of Renée Meieran), 175
Life (magazine), xvi
Linn (daughter of Renée Meieran), 164, 175
Lita (sister of Marit Wellén), 130, 181–182
Little Norway (Ontario), 19
Machu Picchu (Peru), 133
Malmō (Sweden), 47–49, 51–52
March of the Living, 174
Marienburger Strasse 52 (Cologne), 7, 20, 122–123, 203–205
Markus, Martin, 69, 77
Markus, Ruth, 69, 77
Marrakesh (Morocco), 114–115
Martha (childhood friend), 31
Matthews, Kyle, 198
Mauthausen concentration camp, 72
Max (cousin), 9
Meieran (Meiranovsky), Beks, 18–19, 49, 56, 57, 59, 73, 76, 78, 80, 113, 115, 127, 153, 163, 164, 175, 176, 186, 193, 199
Meieran (Meiranovsky), Eli, 113
Meieran (Meiranovsky), Jack, 56
Meieran (Meiranovsky), John, 18–19, 49, 56, 57, 59, 73, 76, 78, 80, 113
Meieran (Meiranovsky), Moritz, 18, 35
Meieran (Meiranovsky), Renée, 56, 61, 78, 113, 115, 164, 173, 175, 176, 186, 192, 199
Meieran (Meiranovsky), Rosa, 18, 35
Meieran (Meiranovsky), Sigmund, 18–19, 49, 57
Memoirs of Holocaust Survivors in Canada (website), 198, 199
Miami Beach (Florida), 133–134
Miller, Lee, xvi
Monika (daughter of Celia Century), 130
Montreal Holocaust Museum, 206
Montreal Institute for Genocide and Human Rights Studies, 198
Mosaiske Trossamfund (Jewish community), 172
Moscow, 162
Moses, Otto, 72–73
Myhrvold, Arne, xx, 39–40, 172–173, 177
Nasjonal Samling (Nazi Party-Norway), xix, xxiv
Nevlunghavn (Norway), 128, 129–130, 191
Night of Broken Glass. See Kristallnacht (November Pogrom)
Nina (at Alingsås orphanage), 44, 45
Nordengen, Albert, 178
Nordiske Destillationsverker, 14–15, 24, 29–30, 38, 40, 47, 53, 55, 60, 66, 68
Norway: Day of Independence, 62; German invasion of, xix, xx, 21, 23–24, 26–27; under German occupation, xix–xx, xxiii–xxiv, 27–29, 30, 32, 34, 36, 38, 39, 55; Jewish population, xxiv, 25, 57, 61–62; post-war conditions, 55; post-war intermarriage, 58; post-war retribution, 196
Norwegian army, 18–19
Norwegian Underground, xx, xxiii, 38, 39–40, 43, 45, 60, 128, 173, 174, 181, 185
Nuremberg Trials, xvi
Nussbaum family, 13–14, 15–16
Oestermann, Richard, 200
Office Overload (Montreal), 104
Ole Bull A/S (imports; Oslo), 70, 74, 77, 86
Ordinary Men: Reserve Police Battalion 101 and the Holocaust in Poland (Browning), xvii
ort (Organization through Rehabilitation and Training), 98, 132
Ortho Pharmaceutical, 143
Oslo (Norway), xix, xxiii, 14–15, 17, 23, 24, 29, 35, 38, 40, 42–45, 55, 80, 115–116, 205
Ottosen, Kristian, 187, 197–198
Paldiel, M., 168
Paperman and Sons (funeral home; Montreal), 144–145
Petah Tikva (Israel), 147, 153, 206
Philipsohn, Charles, 43
Philipsohn, Gerd, 43
Phyllis (friend of Alice Rosenberg), 83–84
Pitman-Moore (pharmaceuticals), 138, 143
Plaut, Karolienchen (Karoline; aunt), xviii, 4, 12, 204–205
Plaut, Natan (uncle), xviii, 4, 12, 204
polio, 7, 11
Potovsky, Miss, 44
Prager, Mr., 19, 24
Prager, Mrs., 19, 24, 29
Prisoner No. 79108 Returns (Feinberg), 57
Prokrupa, Mr., 164
Quisling, Vidkun, xxiv
Rashke, Richard, xvi
Ravensbrück concentration camp, 187
Riga (Latvia), xviii, 12, 204
Righteous Among the Nations, xxiii, 170, 177, 186
Robert (nephew of Beks), 56
Rogne (Norway), xix–xx, 26–30, 31, 32–34, 35–36, 39–40, 129
Rosenberg, Alice (née Kaufmann; mother): background, xviii, 3–5; support for husband, 6, 13, 19, 44; in Norway, 15, 16, 19, 20, 30, 31, 36, 40–42, 55, 66; in Sweden, 44, 47–48, 53, 78, 79, 80; remarriage, 74, 76, 78; immigration to Canada, 97–101; health, 124, 137–138, 139–140, 141, 142, 144; death, 144–145; gravesite, 205; Stolpersteine, 204–205
Rosenberg, Benjamin (uncle), 4
Rosenberg, Elfriede (cousin), 4, 5, 10, 20–21, 34, 61, 88, 89–90, 120, 195
Rosenberg, Elfriede (grandmother), 9, 12
Rosenberg, Gustav (uncle), 4, 11, 20–21, 34, 61, 89, 204
Rosenberg, Jakob (grandfather), 4
Rosenberg, Max (Markus; father): German roots, xxi, 8; background, 3–4; military honour, xxi, 8; in Germany, 5–12; business, 5, 11, 13, 14–15, 47, 53,
55, 66; in Belgium, 13; in Norway, 15–39, 177; escape from Norway, xx, 39–42; in Sweden, 43–53; illness, 5–6, 7, 11, 19, 33, 43, 44, 46, 47–48, 59; death, 67; gravesite, 204, 205; Stolpersteine, 204–205
Rosenberg, Selma (aunt), xviii, 4, 11
Rosenberg, Selma (Gustav’s wife; aunt), 4, 20–21, 34, 61, 89, 120, 204
Rosenberg, Veilchen (Violet; grandmother), 4
Roy (husband of Shoshana Stenge), 206
Salomon, Hermann, 46, 49, 67–68, 73, 74, 78, 80, 91–92
Salomon, Ruth, 46, 49, 68, 73
Sauerland, Mr., 86, 87–88, 92
Schattan, Josef, 176
Schindler’s List (Spielberg), xv
Schwarzwald (Germany), 7–8
Segal, Mr, 109
Shaare Zion synagogue (Montreal), 90
Sher, Olga, 198–199
Shiloh, Ambassador, 171, 172, 175, 176
Six Day War, 119
Skattebo, Mr., 180
Sobibor death camp, xv–xvi
Sognsvann (Norway), 175
Spielberg, Steven, xv, xxvi, 199
Stein, Annie (cousin), 9
Stein, Erna (cousin). See Brauner, Erna (née Stein; cousin)
Stein, Hermann (uncle), xviii, 4, 9
Stein, Selma (aunt), xviii, 4, 9
Stenge, Ashi, 160–161, 165, 195, 197, 206
Stenge, Helen (daughter). See Teichman, Helen (née Stenge)
Stenge, Lily, 131–133, 134–135, 140, 142–143, 147, 150–151
Stenge, Margrit (née Rosenberg): birth, xviii, 3; childhood, xviii–xviv, 5–12; in Belgium, 12–16; in Oslo, 16–25; in Buahaugen, xx, 30–31, 32, 33, 34–35, 36–38; in Rogne, 26–30, 31, 32–34, 35–36, 39; escape from Norway, xx, 39–42; in Sweden, 43–53; education, 58–59, 62–63, 65, 69–70; courtship/marriage, 71–72, 73–74. 75–77; name change, 76; immigration to Canada, 79–81; pregnancies, 93, 95–96, 98, 99, 102–103; parenthood, 99–100, 102–104, 109, 113; settling in Montreal, 95–107; in Israel, 111–113, 124–125, 145–146, 196; travels abroad, 114–115, 131, 133, 162–163; relationship with mother, 75, 80, 111, 113–114, 145; return to Norway, 115–116, 127–130, 153, 163, 168, 199; return to Germany, 122–123; linguistic skills, 18, 47, 56, 57, 128, 187, 197; tribute to Stefan, 201; as translator, 200, 205–206; postwar financial retribution, 196; obtaining recognition for Einar Wellén, xxiii, 167–169, 171–178; and the Stolpersteine project, x, 203–205
Stenge, Marvin (son): birth, 98–99; childhood, 102, 104, 105, 109, 111, 114, 116, 117; bar mitzvah, 119–120; education, 124, 125, 130–131, 132, 135; employment, 134–135, 142, 145, 146–147, 155, 197; in Israel, 121–122, 124–125, 132, 133, 142–144, 146; as Zionist, 123; and Lily, 131–133, 134–135, 138, 140, 142, 150–152; and Gail, 157–159, 164–165; and Allegra, 189, 195, 197, 204–205; in Norway, 37, 171–172, 174–181; involvement in Stolpersteine project, 203–205
Stenge, Mordechai (Motti), 138, 147, 150, 151, 153, 158–159, 164, 171–172, 174, 178, 195, 197, 206
Stenge, Raizel, 206
Stenge, Sara, 197, 206
Stenge, Shmuli (Shmoo), 145–146, 147, 158–159, 178, 195, 196, 197, 206
Stenge, Shoshana (Shooshoo), 149, 151–152, 153, 158–159, 160, 165, 189, 195, 197, 206
Stenge, Stefan (husband): wartime experience, 72; in Norway, 61, 72–73; courtship and marriage, 71–72, 73–74, 75–77; name change, 76; in Sweden, 92–93; immigration to Canada, 79, 80–81, 83, 93; entrepreneurship, 77–78, 84, 88–89, 95, 100, 101, 103, 110, 123, 134; parenthood, 99–100, 103, 104, 116; in Israel, 111–113, 124–125, 146–147, 150–153, 154–155, 196; travels abroad, 114–115, 122–123, 131, 133, 162–163, 174–181, 190–191; health, 154–155, 159–160, 164; post-war financial retribution, 196
Stenge, Yehuda Tzvi, 197
Stern, Mr., 16
Stinnes, Mr., 86
Stolpersteine (stumble stones), xxii, 203–205
Sweden: antisemitism, 52; as refuge, 35, 48–49; wartime actions, xxiv–xxv, 51–52
Sylvia (daughter of Annie Stein), 9
Szilagyi, Stefan. See Stenge, Stefan (husband)
Talmud Torah School (Montreal), 109
Teichman, Annie, 141
Teichman, Benjamin, 160–161, 197
Teichman, Erin, 154, 156, 195, 197, 206
Teichman, Helen (née Stenge): birth, 102–103; childhood, 109, 116, 117, 120, 121, 125; education, 130, 135, 136, 138–139; in Israel, 124–125, 132, 136; marriage, 141–142; parenthood, 149–150, 153, 154, 156, 160; career, 138, 143, 173, 190, 197; in Belgium, 190–191
Teichman, Murray, 141–142, 143, 156, 164, 190–191, 197
Teichman, Natan, 141
Teichman, Rose, 141
Theresienstadt, 12, 45, 49
Thomas (son of Celia Century), 130
Tirat Zvi (Israel), 124–125, 133
Toronto, 18–19, 45
Transocean Trading Company (Montreal), 86, 92
United States, xxv, 11
United States Holocaust Memorial Museum (Washington), xv, xxvi, 170
usc Shoah Foundation, xxvi, 199
Venezuela, 79–80
Vera (childhood friend), 7
Villa Maria Nursing Home (Montreal), 140, 142
Villemure, Mr., 139
Volbu (Norway), 32–33
von Eicken, Mr., 87–88
Wächtersbach (Germany), 4–5, 9–10
Walter (cousin), 9
Wellén, Einar: in wartime Norway, xx, xxiii, 35, 38, 39–40; Margrit’s friendship with, 66, 78, 128, 129–130, 179–180, 181–182, 186; recognition for wartime efforts, 167, 168, 171, 172–173, 174–175, 176, 177, 187; health, 169–170, 191–192; death, 192
Wellén, Harald (son of Einar), 78
Wellén, Harald (uncle of Einar), 35, 179
Wellén, Jan, 181
Wellén, Marit, 66, 78, 129–130, 168, 169–170, 176, 177, 178, 181–182, 186, 191–192
Wellén, Nina, 169–170, 179, 181, 186, 191–192
wizo (Women’s International Zionist Organization), 66–67
Women and the Holocaust (website), 198–199
Yad Vashem, xv, xxiii, xxvi, 112, 167–168, 170, 177, 186
Yaffe, Estelle, 161
Yaffe, Gail, 160–161
Yechiya (Allegra’s son-in-law), 197, 206
first edition
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library and archives canada cataloguing in publication
Rosenberg Stenge, Margrit, author
Silent Refuge / Margrit Rosenberg Stenge.
(Azrieli series of Holocaust survivor memoirs. Series ix)
isbn 978-1-988065-19-9 (softcover) 978-1-988065-33-5 (ebook)
1. Rosenberg Stenge, Margrit. 2. Holocaust, Jewish (1939–1945) — Germany — Personal narratives. 3. Holocaust, Jewish (1939–1945) — Norway — Personal narratives. 4. Jewish children in the Holocaust — Germany — Biography. 5. Jewish children in the Holocaust — Norway — Biography. 6. Holocaust survivors — Sweden — Biography. 7. Holocaust survivors — Canada — Biography. i. Title.
ds134.42.r66a3 2017 940.53’18092 c2017-903708-0
The Azrieli Series of Holocaust Survivor Memoirs: Published Titles
english titles
Judy Abrams, Tenuous Threads/ Eva Felsenburg Marx, One of the Lucky Ones
Claire Baum, The Hidden Package
Bronia and Joseph Beker, Joy Runs Deeper
Max Bornstein, If Home Is Not Here
Felicia Carmelly, Across the Rivers of Memory
Tommy Dick, Getting Out Alive
Marian Domanski, Fleeing from the Hunter
John Freund, Spring’s End
Myrna Goldenberg (Editor), Before All Memory Is Lost: Women’s Voices from the Holocaust
Ibolya Grossman and Andy Réti, Stronger Together
Anna Molnár Hegedűs, As the Lilacs Bloomed
Rabbi Pinchas Hirschprung, The Vale of Tears
Helena Jockel, We Sang in Hushed Voices
Eddie Klein, Inside the Walls
Michael Kutz, If, By Miracle
Nate Leipciger, The Weight of Freedom
Alex Levin, Under the Yellow and Red Stars
Fred Mann, A Drastic Turn of Destiny
Michael Mason, A Name Unbroken
Leslie Meisels with Eva Meisels, Suddenly the Shadow Fell
Muguette Myers, Where Courage Lives
David Newman, Hope’s Reprise
Arthur Ney, W Hour
Felix Opatowski, Gatehouse to Hell
Marguerite Élias Quddus, In Hiding
Maya Rakitova, Behind the Red Curtain
Henia Reinhartz, Bits and Pieces
Betty Rich, Little Girl Lost
Paul-Henri Rips, E/96: Fate Undecided
Steve Rotschild, Traces of What Was
Kitty Salsberg and Ellen Foster, Never Far Apart
Zuzana Sermer, Survival Kit
Rachel Shtibel, The Violin/ Adam Shtibel, A Child’s Testimony
Gerta Solan, My Heart Is At Ease
Zsuzsanna Fischer Spiro, In Fragile Moments/ Eva Shainblum, The Last Time
George Stern, Vanished Boyhood
Willie Sterner, The Shadows Behind Me
Ann Szedlecki, Album of My Life
William Tannenzapf, Memories from the Abyss/ Renate Krakauer, But I Had a Happy Childhood
Elsa Thon, If Only It Were Fiction
Agnes Tomasov, From Generation to Generation
Leslie Vertes, Alone in the Storm
Anka Voticky, Knocking on Every Door
titres français
Judy Abrams, Retenue par un fil/ Eva Felsenburg Marx, Une question de chance
Claire Baum, Le Colis caché
Bronia et Joseph Beker, Plus forts que le malheur
Silent Refuge Page 23
