White Working Class, With a New Foreword by Mark Cuban and a New Preface by the Author
Page 14
262. Ben Casselman, “Inequality Is Killing the American Dream,” FiveThirtyEight, December 8, 2016, http://fivethirtyeight.com/features/inequality-is-killing-the-american-dream/.
263. Nick Timiraos, “5 Questions on Trade Adjustment Assistance,” Wall Street Journal, June 15, 2015, http://blogs.wsj.com/briefly/2015/06/15/5-questions-on-trade-adjustment-assistance/.
264. Joel Paul, “The Cost of Free Trade,” Brown Journal of World Affairs 22 (2015).
265. Kristin Luker, Abortion and the Politics of Motherhood (Oakland, CA: University of California Press, 1984), supra note 12, at 194–195 (pro-choice women work), 195 (pro-life women less likely to work), cited in Joan Williams, Unbending Gender: Why Family and Work Conflict and What to Do About It (Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press, 2000), 151.
266. Jennifer Medina, “California Farmers Short of Labor, and Patience,” New York Times, March 29, 2014, https://www.nytimes.com/2014/03/30/us/california-farmers-short-of-labor-and-patience.html.
267. Jennifer L. Eberhardt, Phillip Atiba Goff, Valerie J. Purdie, and Paul G. Davies, “Seeing Black: Race, Crime, and Visual Processing,” Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 87, no. 6 (2004): 876–893, http://fairandimpartialpolicing.com/docs/pob5.pdf.
268. Rachel Swan, Phil Matier, and Andy Ross, “Oakland Police Bombshells: Racist Texts, Latest Chief Steps Down,” sfgate.com, June 18, 2016, http://www.sfgate.com/news/article/Latest-Oakland-police-chief-is-out-after-two-days-8310286.php.
269. U.S. Department of Justice, Civil Rights Division, “Investigation of the Baltimore City Police Department,” August 10, 2016, https://www.justice.gov/opa/file/883366/download.
270. Jane Harman, “Rapists in the Ranks,” Los Angeles Times, March 31, 2008, http://www.latimes.com/news/la-oe-harman31mar31-story.html.
271. James Pinkerton, “Hard to Charge: Bulletproof Part 3,” Houston Chronicle, http://www.houstonchronicle.com/local/investigations/item/Bulletproof-Part-3-Hard-to-charge-24421.php.
Chapter 14
272. John McCormick, “Obama Talks Arugula—Again—in Iowa,” The Swamp, https://archive.fo/I3RIU.
273. Bernard Weinraub, “Campaign Trail; For Quayle, a Search for Belgian Endive,” New York Times, September 20, 1988, http://www.nytimes.com/1988/09/20/us/campaign-trail-for-quayle-a-search-for-belgian-endive.html; Kate Zernike, “Who Among Us Does Not Love Windsurfing?,” New York Times, September 5, 2004, http://www.nytimes.com/2004/09/05/weekinreview/who-among-us-does-not-love-windsurfing.html; Sarah Pavlus, “Scarborough on Obama’s ‘Dainty’ Bowling Performance: ‘Americans Want Their President, If It’s a Man, to Be a Real Man,’” Media Matters for America, March 31, 2008, http://mediamatters.org/research/2008/03/31/scarborough-on-obamas-dainty-bowling-performanc/143050.
274. Jeroen van der Waal, Peter Achterberg, and Dick Houtman, “Class Is Not Dead—It Has Been Buried Alive: Class Voting and Cultural Voting in Postwar Western Societies (1956–1990),” Politics and Society 35 (2007): 415.
275. Zach Carter, “Mitt Romney Doubles Down on Cadillac Gaffe, Accuses Obama of Corruption,” Huffington Post, February 26, 2012, http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2012/02/26/mitt-romney-cadillac_n_1302193.html.
276. Nick Anderson and Janet Hook, “Dean Is Targeted by Ad Campaign,” Los Angeles Times, January 7, 2004, http://articles.latimes.com/2004/jan/07/nation/na-media7.
277. Philip Bump, “When Did Black Americans Start Voting So Heavily Democratic?” Washington Post, July 7, 2015, https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/the-fix/wp/2015/07/07/when-did-black-americans-start-voting-so-heavily-democratic/; and “The Civil Rights Act of 1964: A Long Struggle for Freedom: Immediate Impact of the Civil Rights Act,” Library of Congress, https://www.loc.gov/exhibits/civil-rights-act/immediate-impact.html.
278. Mark Stricherz, Why The Democrats Are Blue: Secular Liberalism and the Decline of the People’s Party (New York: Encounter Books, 2007), 5–6; Geoffrey Layman and John Michael McTague, “Religion, Parties, and Voting Behavior: A Political Explanation of Religious Influence,” in The Oxford Handbook of Religion and American Politics, ed. Corwin Smidt, Lyman Kellstedt, and James L. Guth (Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press, 2009), 343.
279. Thomas B. Edsall, Building Red America: The New Conservative Coalition and the Drive for Permanent Power (New York: Basic Books, 2006), 16–18.
280. Stricherz, Why the Democrats Are Blue, 1.
281. Jane Mayer, Dark Money: The Hidden Story of the Billionaires behind the Rise of the Radical Right (New York: Anchor, 2016).
282. Arlie Russell Hochschild, Strangers in Their Own Land: Anger and Mourning on the American Right (New York: New Press, 2016), 71–72, 179.
283. V. B. Dubal, “The Drive to Precarity: A Political History of Work, Regulation, & Labor Advocacy in San Francisco’s Taxi & Uber Economies,” Berkeley Journal of Employment and Labor Law 38 (2017): 73–130.
284. Amy Chozick, “Hillary Clinton’s Expectations, and Her Ultimate Campaign Missteps,” New York Times, November 9, 2016, http://mobile.nytimes.com/2016/11/10/us/politics/hillary-clinton-campaign.html; T. Becket Adams, “Bill Clinton’s Lonely, One-Man Effort to Win White Working-Class Voters,” Washington Examiner, November 12, 2016, http://www.washingtonexaminer.com/bill-clintons-lonely-one-man-effort-to-win-white-working-class-voters/article/2607228; Annie Karni, “Clinton Aides Blame Loss on Everything but Themselves,” Politico, November 10, 2016, http://www.politico.com/story/2016/11/hillary-clinton-aides-loss-blame-231215.
285. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_presidential_elections_in_which_the_winner_lost_the_popular_vote.
286. Quoctrung Bui, “50 Years of Shrinking Union Membership, in One Map,” npr.org, February 23, 2015, http://www.npr.org/sections/money/2015/02/23/385843576/50-years-of-shrinking-union-membership-in-one-map; Bureau of Labor Statistics, “Economic News Release: Union Members Summary,” U.S. Department of Labor, January 26, 2017, http://www.bls.gov/news.release/union2.nr0.htm.
287. Greg Toppo, “Teacher Unions Smarting after Many Members Vote for Trump,” USA Today, November 23, 2016, http://www.usatoday.com/story/news/2016/11/23/election-unions-teachers-clinton-trump/94242722/.
288. Patricia Murphy, “Why These Union Members and Lifelong Democrats Are Voting Trump,” The Daily Beast, July 26, 2016, http://www.thedailybeast.com/articles/2016/07/26/why-these-union-members-and-lifelong-democrats-are-voting-trump.html.
Conclusion
289. Forsetti’s Justice, “An Insider’s View: The Dark Rigidity of Fundamentalist Rural America,” alternet.org, November 22, 2016, http://www.alternet.org/election-2016/rural-america-understanding-isnt-problem.
290. Joe Mont, “10 Things Still Made in America,” The Street, October 18, 2011, https://www.thestreet.com/story/11279838/4/10-things-still-made-in-america.html.
Additional Reading
If you want to know more about the working class and you want to read one book . . .
• Michèle Lamont, The Dignity of Working Men: Morality and the Boundaries of Race, Class, and Immigration. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 2000.
If you want to read five more, add:
• Arlie Russell Hochschild, Strangers in Their Own Land: Anger and Mourning on the American Right. New York: New Press, 2016.
• Annette Lareau, Unequal Childhoods: Class, Race, and Family Life. Berkeley: University of California Press, 2003.
• Jennifer Sherman, Those Who Work, Those Who Don’t: Poverty, Morality, and Family in Rural America. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 2009.
• J. D. Vance, Hillbilly Elegy: A Memoir of a Family and Culture in Crisis. New York: Harper, 2016.
• “The Three Faces of Work-Family Conflict,” Joan C. Williams and Heather Boushey, 2010, available at https://www.americanprogress.org/issues/economy/reports/2010/01/25/7194/the-three-faces-of-work-family-conflict/.
If you want to know more, add:
• Julie Bettie, Women Without Class: Girls, Race, and Identity. Berkeley: University of California Press, 2002.
• Jonathan Cobb and Richard Sennett, The Hidden Injuries of Class. New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 1972.
• Naomi Gerstell and Dan Clawson, Unequal Time: Gender, Class, and Family in Employment Schedules. New York: Russell Sage Foundation, 2014.
• Joseph T. Howell, Hard Living on Clay Street: Portraits of Blue Collar Families, revised edition with a new Preface and Epilogue. Long Grove, IL: Waveland Press, 2017.
• Maria Kefalas, Working-Class Heroes: Protecting Home, Community, and Nation in a Chicago Neighborhood. Berkeley: University of California Press, 2003.
• Lillian B. Rubin, Worlds of Pain: Life in the Working-Class Family. New York: Basic Books, 1963.
If you want to read more about the professional elite:
• Barbara Ehrenreich, Fear of Falling: The Inner Life of the Middle Class. New York: Pantheon Books, 1989.
• Michèle Lamont, Money, Morals, and Manners: The Culture of the French and the American Upper-Middle Class. Chicago: University of Chicago, 1992.
Index
Note: Page numbers followed by t refer to tables.
abortion, 115
Affordable Care Act (Obamacare), 13, 100
African-Americans
discrimination against (see racism)
police shootings of, 116–119
in presidential election of 2016, 110
as social conservatives, 111, 112
stereotypes of, 63, 117
work ethic and family values of, 62
in working class (see black working class)
agricultural workers, 115–116
alienation, among white working class, 4, 129
“All in the Family” (television show), 2
ambit of responsibility, 68–69, 71, 130
ambition, among elites, 37–38
American dream, 32, 69, 70
American Federation of Teachers, 126
Ammerman, Colleen, 81
AMTEC (Automotive Technical Education Collaborative), 88
anger, in presidential election of 2016, 3, 6
Arizona State University (ASU), 86
aspiration, family values as, 40–41
ASU (Arizona State University), 86
authoritarian nationalism, 4
automation, 83
Automotive Technical Education Collaborative (AMTEC), 88
avant-garde, elite embrace of, 32, 110
Bettie, Julie, 60
bias. See also racism; sexism
prove-it-again, 62, 71, 79
tightrope, 79
Black Lives Matter, 117–118
black working class
on government benefits, 22–23
liberals’ connection to, 111
moral traits valued by, 16–17, 18t, 111
on structural inequality, 23, 111
women in, 77
Blair-Loy, Mary, 37
blue-collar workers
disability benefits to, 98–99
fictional depictions of, 2–3
future of jobs for, 93–95
permanent decline of jobs for, 44, 83
resentment of professionals among, 30
sense of loss among, 69–70
sexism among, 75
technical expertise of, 30
blue states, 40, 78
Boeing, 89
Bourdieu, Pierre, 43
breadwinners, men as, 76, 78, 80, 91, 92
capital, cultural, 28
Casey, Liam, 89–90
caste system, college as perpetuating, 46–47
Center for Manufacturing Technology Excellence, 88
character, working-class emphasis on, 31, 33
charitable giving, 39
Chicago, Democratic convention of 1968 in, 123
child care, 14–16
costs of, 14–16, 39
shortage of options for, 15, 23, 75–76
by working-class vs. elite men, 80
children
born outside marriage, 41
cousins in social lives of, 40
elites’ talk with, 28–29
of other families, working class caring for, 39
parenting approaches to, 53–57
poverty among, 3, 102
civics education, 105–106
civil liberties, 116
civil rights legislation, 122–123
class. See also elites; middle class; poor, the; working class
as cultural tradition, 12
definitions and use of terms for, 9–12
education as proxy for, 12, 43
shared language for, lack of, 11
class callousness, 2, 130
class cluelessness
benefits of ending, 110–112
among politicians, 12, 73, 121–122
rise of, 2–4, 130
class comprehension gap, 4
class condescension, 6, 67, 130
class conflict
in abortion debate, 115
need to defuse, 119, 131
in working-class resentment of the poor, 13
class consciousness
decline of, 2–3
history of, 2
self-employment as expression of, 26
class culture gap
class migrants’ experience of, 50–51
how to bridge, 33–34
in politics, 121–124
class migrants
on admiration of the rich, 26
ambivalence of, 33
on class culture gap, 50–51
college experience of, 47, 51–52, 111–112
definition of, 4–5, 26
family relationships of, 29, 36, 50–51, 111–112
on fears of Trump supporters, 65
class privilege
displays of, 31
and gender in hiring, 55
and racism, 63
climate change, 116
Clinton, Bill, 23, 123, 125
Clinton, Hillary
arguments against Trump, 77, 78–79
on “deplorables,” 68
educational level of supporters of, 12
on glass ceiling, 73–74, 77
Trump’s threats to jail, 106
union support for, 126–127
white working class in coalition of, 125
and working-class men, 78–80
and working-class women, 75, 77
clique networks, 35–36, 48
coalitions
evolution of, 111–113, 122–125
family as metaphor for, 112–113, 131
interracial, 59–60, 71–72, 131
coffee, class structure of, 27
college education, 43–52
alternatives to, 86–88
for class migrants, 47, 51–52, 111–112
debt in, 49
in definition of elites, 10
elite vs. working-class views on necessity of, 43–45, 86
impact on income, 45, 49
jobs for class migrants, 45–46
and middle-skill jobs, 84
prevalence of, 44–45, 85
relocation for, 47–49
at selective schools, 46–49
in up-credentialing, 85–86
value of, to working class, 45–46, 49–50, 86
community, working-class ties to, 36, 38–40
community colleges, 88
concerted cultivation, 54–57
condescension, class, 6, 67, 130
Conner, Alana, 65–66
conservatives
and industrial policy, 84
negative attitudes toward government encouraged by, 100, 101
range of sexualities embraced by, 32–33
unions opposed by, 26
Consumer Financial Protection Bureau, 103, 105
Cooper, Marianne, 38
Cooperative Extension Service, 102
Corbett, Rachel, 44
corporations
on government regulation, 103–104
negative public opinion on, 1
02–103
credential programs, 87–88
cross-racial coalitions, 59–60, 71–72, 131
Crow, Michael, 86
cultural capital, 28
cultural traditions, class as, 12. See also folkways
cultural voting, 122
culture gap, class. See class culture gap
Dawkins, Richard, 28
debt, college, 49
democracy, political polarization as threat to, 3–4, 130
Democratic Party
African-Americans’ connection to, 111
class cluelessness in, 111, 121–122
cross-racial coalitions in, 59
evolution of coalition of, 122–125
policy recommendations for, 114–119
vs. Republican Party, connection with working class, 121–127
strategies for connecting with working class, 109–119
on trade policy, 114
white southerners in, 122–123
Dempsey, Rachel, What Works for Women at Work, 79
dependability, as working-class value, 33
“deplorables,” 68
despair, among white working class, 4
dignity
of professional elite, 31
of working class, 5, 22, 91–92
dinner parties, 28, 30
disability benefits, 21–22, 98–99
discrimination. See racism; sexism
disruption, 20
divorce rates, 76
doctors
potential use of technology, 94
working-class resentment of, 25, 26
work devotion of, 37
domestic violence, 81
Earned Income Tax Credit (EITC), 104–105
economic justice, interracial coalition for, 60, 71–72, 131
economic stability, government role in, 101, 102
educational levels, 43–52. See also college education; high school education
in definition of elites, 10
in presidential election of 2016, 12
as proxy for class, 12, 43
education deserts, 47–48
education-to-employment system, 86–88
EITC (Earned Income Tax Credit), 104–105
elderly, poverty rates among, 102
elections. See presidential election; primary elections of 2016
Electoral College, 125–126