The Map That Changed the World
Page 32
WS’s map viewed by, 222–23, 227–28
Greenough’s Liver Pills, 223
Gregory, Richard, 157
Gregory Mine, 200
Greville, Charles, 247
Grub-Street Journal, 23
guinea, 61n
Hackness, 191, 276–78, 277, 286, 287, 291, 300
Hall, Sir James, 226, 227, 228
Hardwicke, Lord, 217
Hargreaves, James, 17n
Harris, Cornelius, 61
Harrison, George, 252
Hastings, Selina, 129
Hastings, Warren, 22n, 55–56
Hatchett, Charles, 247
Henry VIII, King of England, 243
Hercynian orogemy, 48
Herschel, Sir William, 123
Hickling Marshes, 207
High Littleton, 59, 60, 61, 62, 62, 68, 75, 84
High Littleton Coal Company, 61
highwaymen, 96n
Highways Trust, 129
Historic and Local New Bath Guide, The, 126–27
History of Bath (Warner), 148
Hooke, Robert, 37–38, 39
Houlton, Joseph, 130
House of Commons, 223, 248–49, 256, 296–99, 296
see also Parliament, British
House of Lords, 43
see also Parliament, British
Hume, Sir Abraham, 225
Huskisson, William, 246
Hutton, James, 68–69
Huxley, Thomas, 182, 300
Ice Age, 295 ichthyosaurs, 108, 108, 111, 112
“improving farmer,” 151
India, 55
Industrial Revolution, 17, 45
Inferior Oolite, 173, 185
Inquiry into the Original State and Formation of the Earth, An (Whitehurst), 94
Ireland, 129, 160, 265–66, 295
iron production, 17–18
Jermyn, Henry, 216
Jessop, William, 85–86
Johnes, Thomas, 196
Johnson, Percival, 282n
Johnson, Samuel, 21, 22, 110, 139
Johnstone, Sir John Vanden Bempde, 277–78, 279, 286
Johnstone family, 276–77, 277
Jones, Lady Elizabeth, 57, 58, 60, 61–62, 85, 114
Jones, Sir William, 57n, 60
Journey Through Spain (Townsend), 130
Jura Mountains, 176
Jurassic period, 33n, 87n, 165–67, 176–91, 216
Lower, 108, 115, 131, 141, 173, 180, 181–82, 189
Middle, 53, 82, 109, 115–16, 116, 121, 173, 177, 180–90, 208, 298
origin of name, 176
outcrop of rocks from, 176, 178
Upper, 179, 198
Kennet and Avon Canal, 83, 86, 127, 207, 243
Kent, 94
King’s Bench Prison:
Commitment Book of, 255, 261
WS incarcerated in, 3, 5–6, 148, 236, 255–61, 259
Kitten, Mrs. (housekeeper), 205, 206, 227 Korea, 69n
lamp shells, 32
Lansdown (landowner), 50
lapides sui generis, 35
Laugharne, 208n
Lavoisier, Antoine Laurent, 36n
Leioceras opalinum, 173–74, 173
Lewis, James, 225
Lewis, Thomas, 111
Lias epoch, 168n, 173, 180
Lias rock, 87–88, 115, 117, 143, 181
limestone, 53, 66, 114, 180
oolitic, 82, 115, 121, 131, 143, 183–87, 243–44, 289
Westminster Palace rebuilt with, 296–98, 296
Lincoln, Abraham, 22n
Lingula, 71–72, 74
literacy, 22
Liverpool, Lord, 218
Lloyd George, David, 42, 154
Lobothyris, 33, 33
London, xviii, xix, 9, 10, 15, 53, 93, 95, 108, 122, 140, 149, 202, 264, 266, 267, 271, 280, 284, 290
description of, 1–2
WS’s house and apartments in, 5, 6–7, 203–5, 205, 242, 245, 259, 262
London Clay Club, 111
Longman’s, 235
“long pound,” 29
Lowndes, William, 247, 250
Luddites, 17n
Lunar Society, 24n
Lyme Regis, 108, 109
Malm epoch, 173n
Malthus, Thomas, 123, 198
Map of Love, The (Thomas), 208n
Mearns Pit and Colliery, 62–64, 63, 65–68, 70, 82, 84
Mesozoic era, 168n
Michell, John, 94–95
mineralogy, 224–25
Minsmere Drainage Scheme, 208
Miocene epoch, 176n
Moll, Gerard, 295
Monmouthshire Canal Act (1792), 51
Monthly Magazine, 267
Morton, John, 93 mountain-building, 36, 48–49, 68, 71n
mudstones, 71
Murchison, Sir Roderick, 240, 278, 284, 286, 294
Natural History Museum, London, 108, 111, 239–41
WS’s fossil collection sold to, 240–41, 245–50
Natural History of the Earth (Woodward), 94
Naylor, W., 126, 128
Neptunism, 226, 230
New and Correct English Atlas, The (Cary), 140, 142
Newcomen, Thomas, 46
New Cyclopaedia (Rees), 198, 230, 267
Newton, Sir Isaac, 289
Noah’s flood, 39, 40, 214
Nobel, Alfred, 282
Noble, Matthew, 300
Norfolk, 213
Northallerton, 9
Northamptonshire (Morton), 93
Northanger Abbey (Austen), 121
North Carolina, 253
Notes on the History of English Geology (Fitton), 267–68
Observations on the Different Strata of Earths and Minerals (Strachey), 89n, 93
Observations on the Utility, Form and Management of Water Meadows (Smith), 209n
Old Red Sandstone, 68
oolitic limestone, 82, 115, 121, 131, 143, 183–87, 243–44, 289
“Order of the Strata and their embedded
Organic Remains, in the vicinity of Bath”(Smith), 131–36, 135, 148, 289
Ordnance Survey, 211
“Original Sketch and Observations of my First Subterranean Survey of Mearns Colliery in the Parish of High Littleton” (Smith), 65–68
Orlov, Count Alexei, 252–53
Osborne, Roger, 98–99, 100
Ouse Navigation Canal, 207
Overton, 200, 201
Oxford clay, 142
Oxfordshire (Plot), 93
Oxford University, 27n, 57n, 109, 188, 245, 293, 293
Ashmolean Museum of, 35, 179
University Museum of, 54, 64, 65
Packe, Christopher, 94
Paine, Thomas, 22
paleogeography, 115–17
Paleozoic era, 64
Palmer, Samborne, 90, 91, 92, 95, 96, 97, 98–99, 100
Pangea, 48, 175
Parliament, British, 129, 196, 246, 255
canal and navigation acts passed by, 44, 51, 93, 140
enclosure acts passed by, 18
mineral collection purchased by, 247
and rebuilding of Westminster Palace, 296–99, 296
see also House of Commons; House of Lords “pendle,” 187
Pennine Hills, 47 periods, 168n
Perkins, Richard, 90, 91, 92, 95, 96, 97, 99, 101
Permian limestone, 296–99
Permian period, 48, 174–76
Permo-Triassic period, 134 Phanerozoic eon, 168n, 302
Phillips, Elizabeth Smith (WS’s sister), 27, 245n
Phillips, John (WS’s brother-in-law), 245n
Phillips, John (WS’s nephew), 27n, 247, 248, 259, 261, 263, 275, 284, 287n, 299
biography of WS written by, 131–32, 201, 204, 220, 228, 245n, 269–70, 272, 278, 295
career of, 27n, 245, 292
WS’s relationship with, 244–45
Phillips, Richard and William, 224
Philosophical Magazine, 267
phlogiston, theory of, 36<
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Pickwick Papers, The (Dickens), 122
Place, Francis, 204
Playfair, John, 111
Pleistocene epoch, 176n
plesiosaurs, 109, 109
Plot, Robert, 33, 93
Poland, 48
Pope, Alexander, 157
Portland Screw, 179–80
Portland stone, 179
pound stones, 28–31, 31, 33, 36, 93n
Precambrian epoch, 176n
Priestley, J. B., 185
Priestley, Joseph, 24, 123
Prisley Bog, 209
prisons, see debtors’ prisons
pterodactyls, 109
“pundibs,” 32, 133
Pythagoras, 34
Quakers, 195, 224
Rack, Edmund, 122
Radford, Emma Louise, 154
Radstock Line, 85, 86, 88n
railways, 79–83, 246n
Raleigh, Sir Walter, 16n
Rawthmell, John, 37
red marlstone, 66, 67, 72, 82, 84, 87, 115
Rees, Abraham, 198, 230, 267
Rennie, John, 85, 258
Reynolds, William, 136
Rheic Ocean, 48
Richardson, Benjamin, 114, 115, 124, 128–36, 144, 157–58, 161, 225, 245n, 289
background of, 130
fossil collection of, 130–31
WS cautioned about plagiarism by, 146–47, 156
WS’s “Table of Strata” dictated to, 131–36
rocks:
Hutton’s theory of, 69
names of, 179
Neptunist theory of, 226, 230
strata of, see stratification
WS’s naming of, 142, 151n
Rome, ancient, 121
Roope (WS’s assistant), 211
Royal Society, 35, 200, 202, 204, 227, 266
Rugborne Farm, WS’s home at, 60–61, 62, 64, 74, 95, 101, 300
Russell, Francis, see Bedford, Francis Russell, fifth duke of
Russia, Imperial, 252–53
St. Aubyn, Sir John, 110
Saint Peter’s Church, 299–300
sandstone, 71, 115, 119
Scarborough, 271–76, 291
Scarborough City Museum, 274–75, 274
Scarborough Philosophical Society, 275, 278
Scotland, 68
Scriptural Geology (Young), 112
seat earth, 72
sea urchins, 30–31, 31
Sedgwick, Adam, 270, 278, 279, 284, 286, 287, 288–89
sheepshearings, 152, 154–55, 201, 210
Sheffield, 273
Shipley, William, 196
Siccar Point, 68
Silurian period, 68, 278
Sinclair, Sir John, 199, 211
smectite, 105
Smith, Ann (WS’s mother), 12, 16, 27
Smith, Charles, 296 Smith, Daniel (WS’s brother), 27
Smith, Elizabeth (WS’s sister), 27, 245n
Smith, John (WS’s brother), 27
Smith, John (WS’s father), 12, 16, 27, 241
Smith, Mary Ann (WS’s wife), 9, 212–13, 226n, 259–60, 261, 263, 290
death of, 212, 213, 294n
physical and mental illness of, 213, 238, 244, 262, 272, 294n
Smith, Sydney, 195n
Smith, William:
ambition of, 61–62, 85, 149, 195–96
ancestry of, 16n
award named for, 170n–71n
awards and honors given to, xix, 209, 280, 283, 286–89, 293–95, 293
birth of, 11–12, 17, 22n
cartography as obsessive interest of, 61n, 194
character of, xviii, 101, 137, 149, 159, 193–94, 198, 232, 268
county maps of, 268, 271
death of, 299 in debtors’ prison, 3, 5–6, 148, 236, 255–61, 259
diaries and autobiographical writings of, xix, 9n, 32, 52, 54, 56–57, 64, 65, 74, 75, 87–88, 89, 95, 100, 124, 159–60, 202, 203, 206–7, 212, 219, 227, 242, 246, 253, 256–57, 259–60, 262–63, 267, 272, 273, 291–92
as drainage engineer, 150–51, 155, 207–9, 246
early geological interest of, 27–34, 52–53
final years of, 291–99
financial troubles and ruin of, xviii, 137–38, 146, 193, 213–14, 236, 241, 244–45, 247, 251–64, 268–69
geological map of, see Delineation of The Strata of England and Wales with a part of Scotland, A
geological writings of, 65–68, 119–20, 156–60, 250, 289
as lecturer, 272–73
memorials for, 299–300
money earned by, 61, 101, 138, 208, 241–42
nickname of, 65n, 193
notion of making maps introduced to, 124–25
pension granted to, 294
period of exile of, xviii, 9–10, 264, 269–80
Phillips’s biography of, 131–32, 201, 204, 220, 228, 245n, 269–70, 272, 278, 295
physical appearance of, 5, 194–95
plagiarism of writings and map of, xviii, 146–49, 214, 228–31, 237–38, 253n
post-chaise fares paid by, 242n
properties owned or rented by, 5, 6–7, 101, 102–5, 103, 104, 115, 136–37, 203–5, 205, 241–42, 243, 244, 245, 259, 262
quarry venture of, 243–44, 245, 256, 268
rehabilitated reputation of, xviii–xix, 264, 266, 278–79
rheumatism of, 273
self-image of, 213
social standing of, 105, 114–15, 123–24, 136, 149, 155–56, 213, 225–26
Smith, William (WS’s uncle), 27, 53, 55, 242
Smith & Cruse, Land Surveyors, 197
Society of Arts, 196–97, 203, 204, 209, 219
Somerset Coal Canal Company, 127, 198 canal committee of, 90, 92
WS as surveyor for, 51–52, 58, 61, 77–78, 83–91, 92–101, 115
WS fired by, 137–38, 146, 151, 241
WS’s survey charts for, 141
Somerset Coal Measures, 48–51, 62–75, 73, 115 age of, 48, 64, 68 geology of, 64–68 stratification of, 48, 49, 63, 64, 70–75
Somerset County
Agricultural Report, 124–25
Somerset Guardian, 82
Sowerby, James, 240
Spain, 114, 130
Staffordshire (Plot), 93
stages, 168n
Stanley, Sir John, 246
steam engines, 17, 46, 50, 65
Steno, Nicolaus, 37, 38n, 39
Stephens, James, 151, 156
Stonesfield slate, 187 Stowey, 57, 60
Strachey, John, 89, 93
Strata Identified by Organized Fossils (Smith), 250
stratification:
first use of term, 65n
formulation of WS’s theories on, 74–78, 84, 87–91, 87, 97–100, 115–20
of Somerset Coal Measures, 48, 49, 63, 64, 70–75
WS’s first observations of, 63, 65–68, 71–74, 115
WS’s tabular list of, 132–36, 135, 148
Stratigraphical System of Organized Fossils, The (Smith), 250
stratigraphy, 100
strike, in marls, 66
subzones, 168n
“Sunday man,” 257n
Swan Inn, 103, 120, 124
“Table of Strata” (Smith), 131–36, 135, 148, 289
Tapster’s Baths, 204
Taylor, A., 126, 128
tectonic plates, 48–49, 68, 116–17, 116, 175
teilzones, 168n
terebratulids, 33, 33, 40
Tethyan Ocean, 116, 116
textile industry, 17
Theory of the Earth, The (Hutton), 68–69
Thomas, Dylan, 208 time, Korean myth of, 69n
Tisbury coral, 110
Titanites, 179, 181
Titfield Thunderbolt, The, 80–81
Toarcian stage, 168n
Torrens, Hugh, 110n, 293, 294n
Townsend, Joseph, 115, 124, 128–36, 144, 146, 147, 148, 215, 300
background of, 129
death of, 289n
fossil collection of, 114, 129–30
writings of, 130, 214
WS’s “Table of Strata” dictated to, 131–36
Trevithick, Richard, 232n
Triassic period, 87n, 174
trilobites, 64
Trim Bridge, WS’s offices in, 204, 205, 211, 242
Trinity College, Dublin, 265, 295
Tucking Mill House, 103–5, 103, 104, 115, 124, 197, 203, 242, 300
WS’s mortgages on, 136, 205, 211–12, 243, 244, 256
Tull, Jethro, 20
United States, WS offered job in, 253–54
University Museum, Oxford, 54, 64, 65
Uranus, 123
Ussher, James, 13, 15n, 24, 25, 38n, 41, 69n, 285
Vale of Wardour, 110
Vansittart, Nicholas, 246
Variscan orogeny, 48–49, 50–51, 68, 71n
Vernon, William, 278–79, 286
Victoria, Queen of England, 297n
Villiers, A. J. M. Brochant de, 236
virtue, divine, and placing of fossils, 36
vis plastica, 35
Voelcker, Augustus, 123
Wales, 90, 140, 142, 207, 208, 266
Walks Through Wales (Warner), 114n
Wallace, Alfred, 106 Warner, Richard, 115, 253
writings of, 114, 147–48, 214
WS’s work plagiarized by, 148, 214
Watt, James, 17, 24n, 46
Watts, Billy, 31
Webb, Edward, 54–55, 57, 97, 141
Webster, Thomas, 234, 284
Wedgwood, Josiah, 17, 24n, 44
Wells Cathedral, 59
Werner, Abraham, 226, 227, 231
Wesley, John, 51
Westminster Abbey, 243 Westminster Palace, 296–99, 296