Collected Works of Martin Luther

by Martin Luther

  The Collected Works of

  MARTIN LUTHER

  (1483-1546)

  Contents

  The Books

  Ninety-Five Theses (1517)

  Treatise on Baptism (1519)

  A Treatise Concerning the Blessed Sacrament and Concerning the Brotherhoods (1519)

  To the Christian Nobility of the German Nation (1520)

  On the Babylonian Captivity of the Church (1520)

  A Treatise on Christian Liberty (1520)

  Discussion of Confession (1520)

  The Fourteen of Consolation (1520)

  Treatise on Good Works (1520)

  Treatise on the New Testament (1520)

  The Papacy at Rome (1520)

  A Treatise Concerning the Ban (1520)

  A Brief Explanation of the Ten Commandments, the Creed, and the Lord’s Prayer (1520)

  The Eight Wittenberg Sermons (1522)

  That Doctrines of Men are to be Rejected (1522)

  Against Henry, King of the English (1522)

  Luther Bible (Original German Text, 1545)

  The Epistles of St. Peter and St. Jude Preached and Explained (1524)

  Hymns (1524)

  On the Bondage of the Will (1525)

  The Book of Vagabonds (1528)

  On War against the Turk (1529)

  Small Catechism (1529)

  Large Catechism (1529)

  An Open Letter on Translating (1530)

  Commentary on Genesis (1535)

  Smalcald Articles (1537)

  Selections from Luther’s ‘Table Talk’

  The Biographies

  Luther by Hartmann Grisar

  Life of Luther by Gustav Just

  Martin Luther by Thomas Martin Lindsay

  The Delphi Classics Catalogue

  © Delphi Classics 2019

  Version 1

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  The Collected Works of

  MARTIN LUTHER

  By Delphi Classics, 2019

  COPYRIGHT

  Collected Works of Martin Luther

  First published in the United Kingdom in 2019 by Delphi Classics.

  © Delphi Classics, 2019.

  All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form or by any means, without the prior permission in writing of the publisher, nor be otherwise circulated in any form other than that in which it is published.

  ISBN: 978 1 78877 952 4

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  is an imprint of

  Delphi Publishing Ltd

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  The Books

  Martin Luther was born on 10 November 1483 in Eisleben, County of Mansfeld in the Holy Roman Empire, in the present-day state of Saxony-Anhalt, Germany.

  The birthplace of Luther

  Ninety-Five Theses (1517)

  OR, DISPUTATION ON THE POWER OF INDULGENCES

  Translated by Henry Wace

  Written in 1517 by Luther while he was serving as professor of moral theology at the University of Wittenberg, the Ninety-Five Theses advance his positions against what he deemed to be the abuse of the practice of clergy selling plenary indulgences. These certificates were believed to reduce the temporal punishment in purgatory for sins committed by the purchasers or their loved ones. In the text, Luther claims that the repentance required by Christ in order for sins to be forgiven involves inner spiritual repentance rather than merely external sacramental confession. He argues that indulgences led Christians to avoid true repentance and sorrow for sin, as they believed they could forgo it by purchasing an indulgence. Also according to Luther, the practice discouraged Christians from giving to the poor and performing other acts of mercy. Though Luther claimed that his positions on indulgences accorded with those of the Pope, the text challenges a fourteenth century papal bull stating that the Pope could use the treasury of merit and the good deeds of past saints to forgive temporal punishment for sins. The Ninety-Five Theses are framed as propositions to be argued in debate rather than necessarily representing the author’s opinions, but Luther later clarified his views in the Explanations of the Disputation Concerning the Value of Indulgences.

  On 31 October 1517, Luther sent the Ninety-Five Theses enclosed with a letter to Albert of Brandenburg, Archbishop of Mainz, a date now widely considered as the start of the Reformation and commemorated annually as Reformation Day. It is likely that Luther also posted the text on the door of All Saints’ Church and other churches in Wittenberg, in accordance with University custom, on 31 October or in mid-November. The Ninety-Five Theses were quickly reprinted, translated and distributed throughout Germany and Europe, going on to initiate a pamphlet war with the indulgence preacher Johann Tetzel, thus spreading Luther’s fame even further. In consequence, Luther was tried for heresy, eventually resulting in his excommunication in 1521. Though the Ninety-Five Theses were the start of the Reformation, Luther did not consider indulgences to be as important as other theological matters which would divide the church, such as justification by faith alone and the bondage of the will.

  The 1517 Nuremberg printing of the ‘Ninety-five Theses’ as a placard, now held in the Berlin State Library

  Woodcut of an indulgence-seller in a church from a 1521 pamphlet

  CONTENTS

  INTRODUCTORY LETTER.

  DISPUTATION OF DR. MARTIN LUTHER CONCERNING PENITENCE AND INDULGENCES.

  PROTESTATION.

  Tetzel’s coffer, on display at the St. Nicholaus church in Jüterbog

  INTRODUCTORY LETTER.

  TO THE MOST Reverend Father in Christ and most illustrious Lord, Albert, Archbishop and Primate of the Churches of Magdeburg and Mentz, Marquis of Brandenburg, etc., his lord and pastor in Christ, most gracious and worthy of all fear and reverence —

  JESUS.

  The grace of God be with you, and whatsoever it is and can do.

  Spare me, most reverend Father in Christ, most illustrious Prince, if I, the very dregs of humanity, have dared to think of addressing a letter to the eminence of your sublimity. The Lord Jesus is my witness that, in the consciousness of my own pettiness and baseness, I have long put off the doing of that which I have now hardened my forehead to perform, moved thereto most especially by the sense of that faithful duty which I feel that I owe to your most reverend Fatherhood in Christ. May your Highness then in the meanwhile deign to cast your eyes upon one grain of dust, and, in your pontifical clemency, to understand my prayer.

  Papal indulgences are being carried about, under your most distinguished authority, for the building of St. Peter’s. In respect of these I do not so much accuse the extravagant sayings of the preachers, which I have not heard, but I grieve at the very false ideas which the people conceive from them, and which are spread abroad in common talk on every side — namely, that unhappy souls believe that, if they buy letters of indulgences, they are sure of their salvation; also, that, as soon as they have thrown their contribution into the chest, souls forthwith fly out of purgatory; and furthermore, that so great is the grace thus conferred, that there is no sin so great — even, as they say, if, by an impossibility, any one had violated the Mother of God — but that it may be pardoned; and again, that by these indulgences a man is freed from all punishment and guilt.

  gracious God! it is thus that the souls committed to your care, most excellent Father, are being taught unto their
death, and a most severe account, which you will have to render for all of them, is growing and increasing. Hence I have not been able to keep silence any longer on this subject, for by no function of a bishop’s office can a man become sure of salvation, since he does not even become sure through the grace of God infused into him, but the Apostle bids us to be ever working out our salvation in fear and trembling. (Phil. ii. 12.) Even the righteous man — says Peter — shall scarcely be saved. (1 Pet. iv. 18.) In fine, so narrow is the way which leads unto life, that the Lord, speaking by the prophets Amos and Zachariah, calls those who are to be saved brands snatched from the burning, and our Lord everywhere declares the difficulty of salvation.

  Why then, by these false stories and promises of pardon, do the preachers of them make the people to feel secure and without fear? since indulgences confer absolutely no good on souls as regards salvation or holiness, but only take away the outward penalty which was wont of old to be canonically imposed.

  Lastly, works of piety and charity are infinitely better than indulgences, and yet they do not preach these with such display or so much zeal; nay, they keep silence about them for the sake of preaching pardons. And yet it is the first and sole duty of all bishops, that the people should learn the Gospel and Christian charity: for Christ nowhere commands that indulgences should be preached. What a dreadful thing it is then, what peril to a bishop, if, while the Gospel is passed over in silence, he permits nothing but the noisy outcry of indulgences to be spread among his people, and bestows more care on these than on the Gospel! Will not Christ say to them: “Straining at a gnat, and swallowing a camel”?

  Besides all this, most reverend Father in the Lord, in that instruction to the commissaries which has been put forth under the name of your most reverend Fatherhood it is stated — doubtless without the knowledge and consent of your most reverend Fatherhood — that one of the principal graces conveyed by indulgences is that inestimable gift of God, by which man is reconciled to God, and all the pains of purgatory are done away with; and further, that contrition is not necessary for those who thus redeem souls or buy confessional licences.

  But what can I do, excellent Primate and most illustrious Prince, save to entreat your reverend Fatherhood, through the Lord Jesus Christ, to deign to turn on us the eye of fatherly care, and to suppress that advertisement altogether and impose on the preachers of pardons another form of preaching, lest perchance some one should at length arise who will put forth writings in confutation of them and of their advertisements, to the deepest reproach of your most illustrious Highness. It is intensely abhorrent to me that this should be done, and yet I fear that it will happen, unless the evil be speedily remedied.

  This faithful discharge of my humble duty I entreat that your most illustrious Grace will deign to receive in a princely and bishoplike spirit — that is, with all clemency — even as I offer it with a most faithful heart, and one most devoted to your most reverend Fatherhood, since I too am part of your flock. May the Lord Jesus keep your most reverend Fatherhood for ever and ever. Amen.

  From Wittemberg, on the eve of All Saints, in the year 1517.

  If it so please your most reverend Fatherhood, you may look at these Disputations, that you may perceive how dubious a matter is that opinion about indulgences, which they disseminate as if it were most certain.

  To your most reverend Fatherhood.

  Martin Luther.

  DISPUTATION OF DR. MARTIN LUTHER CONCERNING PENITENCE AND INDULGENCES.

  IN THE DESIRE and with the purpose of elucidating the truth, a disputation will be held on the underwritten propositions at Wittemberg, under the presidency of the Reverend Father Martin Luther, Monk of the Order of St. Augustine, Master of Arts and of Sacred Theology, and ordinary Reader of the same in that place. He therefore asks those who cannot be present and discuss the subject with us orally, to do so by letter in their absence. In the name of our Lord Jesus Christ. Amen.

  1. Our Lord and Master Jesus Christ in saying: “Repent ye,” etc., intended that the whole life of believers should be penitence.

  2. This word cannot be understood of sacramental penance, that is, of the confession and satisfaction which are performed under the ministry of priests.

  3. It does not, however, refer solely to inward penitence; nay such inward penitence is naught, unless it outwardly produces various mortifications of the flesh.

  4. The penalty thus continues as long as the hatred of self — that is, true inward penitence — continues; namely, till our entrance into the kingdom of heaven.

  5. The Pope has neither the will nor the power to remit any penalties, except those which he has imposed by his own authority, or by that of the canons.

  6. The Pope has no power to remit any guilt, except by declaring and warranting it to have been remitted by God; or at most by remitting cases reserved for himself; in which cases, if his power were despised, guilt would certainly remain.

  7. God never remits any man’s guilt, without at the same time subjecting him, humbled in all things, to the authority of his representative the priest.

  8. The penitential canons are imposed only on the living, and no burden ought to be imposed on the dying, according to them.

  9. Hence the Holy Spirit acting in the Pope does well for us, in that, in his decrees, he always makes exception of the article of death and of necessity.

  10. Those priests act wrongly and unlearnedly, who, in the case of the dying, reserve the canonical penances for purgatory.

  11. Those tares about changing of the canonical penalty into the penalty of purgatory seem surely to have been sown while the bishops were asleep.

  12. Formerly the canonical penalties were imposed not after, but before absolution, as tests of true contrition.

  13. The dying pay all penalties by death, and are already dead to the canon laws, and are by right relieved from them.

  14. The imperfect soundness or charity of a dying person necessarily brings with it great fear, and the less it is, the greater the fear it brings.

  15. This fear and horror is sufficient by itself, to say nothing of other things, to constitute the pains of purgatory, since it is very near to the horror of despair.

  16. Hell, purgatory, and heaven appear to differ as despair, almost despair, and peace of mind differ.

  17. With souls in purgatory it seems that it must needs be that, as horror diminishes, so charity increases.

  18. Nor does it seem to be proved by any reasoning or any scriptures, that they are outside of the state of merit or of the increase of charity.

  19. Nor does this appear to be proved, that they are sure and confident of their own blessedness, at least all of them, though we may be very sure of it.

  20. Therefore the Pope, when he speaks of the plenary remission of all penalties, does not mean simply of all, but only of those imposed by himself.

  21. Thus those preachers of indulgences are in error who say that, by the indulgences of the Pope, a man is loosed and saved from all punishment.

  22. For in fact he remits to souls in purgatory no penalty which they would have had to pay in this life according to the canons.

  23. If any entire remission of all penalties can be granted to any one, it is certain that it is granted to none but the most perfect, that is, to very few.

  24. Hence the greater part of the people must needs be deceived by this indiscriminate and high-sounding promise of release from penalties.

  25. Such power as the Pope has over purgatory in general, such has every bishop in his own diocese, and every curate in his own parish, in particular.

  26. The Pope acts most rightly in granting remission to souls, not by the power of the keys (which is of no avail in this case) but by the way of suffrage.

  27. They preach man, who say that the soul flies out of purgatory as soon as the money thrown into the chest rattles.

  28. It is certain that, when the money rattles in the chest, avarice and gain may be increased, but the suffrage of the Churc
h depends on the will of God alone.

  29. Who knows whether all the souls in purgatory desire to be redeemed from it, according to the story told of Saints Severinus and Paschal.

  30. No man is sure of the reality of his own contrition, much less of the attainment of plenary remission.

  31. Rare as is a true penitent, so rare is one who truly buys indulgences — that is to say, most rare.

  32. Those who believe that, through letters of pardon, they are made sure of their own salvation, will be eternally damned along with their teachers.

  33. We must especially beware of those who say that these pardons from the Pope are that inestimable gift of God by which man is reconciled to God.

  34. For the grace conveyed by these pardons has respect only to the penalties of sacramental satisfaction, which are of human appointment.

  35. They preach no Christian doctrine, who teach that contrition is not necessary for those who buy souls out of purgatory or buy confessional licences.

  36. Every Christian who feels true compunction has of right plenary remission of pain and guilt, even without letters of pardon.

  37. Every true Christian, whether living or dead, has a share in all the benefits of Christ and of the Church, given him by God, even without letters of pardon.

  38. The remission, however, imparted by the Pope is by no means to be despised, since it is, as I have said, a declaration of the Divine remission.

  39. It is a most difficult thing, even for the most learned theologians, to exalt at the same time in the eyes of the people the ample effect of pardons and the necessity of true contrition.

  40. True contrition seeks and loves punishment; while the ampleness of pardons relaxes it, and causes men to hate it, or at least gives occasion for them to do so.