The Warrior Queens

by Antonia Fraser

  25 Meir, Golda, My Life (1976 pbk), pp. 321, 329.

  26 Herzog, Major-General Chaim, The War of Atonement October 1973 (Boston 1975), p. 282.

  27 Herzog (XVII–26), p. 282.

  28 Mann (XVII–21).

  29 Fraser, Cromwell (VI–22), p. 607.

  30 Mrs Thatcher’s acute anxiety not to be seen to encroach upon the Queen’s role has been confirmed to the author from a wide variety of sources.

  31 International Herald Tribune, 5 November 1987.

  32 Observer, 3 January 1988.

  33 Sunday Telegraph, 27 July 1986; Young and Sloman (I–18), pp. 95, 52; Jardine (V–4), p. 233.

  34 Cosgrave, Patrick, Thatcher: The First Term (1985), pp. 53, 57, 226 note 3; cartoon by Griffin, Daily Express, 24 June 1982.

  35 Cosgrave (XVII–34), p. 226 note 3; Arnold, Bruce, Margaret Thatcher: A Study in Power (1984), p. 144.

  36 Campbell, Beatrix, The Iron Ladies: Why do Women Vote Tory? (1987), p. 243.

  37 Barnett, Anthony, Iron Britannia: Why Parliament Waged its Falklands War (1982 pbk), p. 19.

  38 Barnett (XVII–37), p. 19; Cosgrave (XVII–34), pp. 209–10.

  39 Wapshott and Brock (I–17), p. 251; Lord Lewis quoted in Young and Sloman (I–18), p. 119; author’s conversation with John Keegan; Sunday Telegraph, 7 June 1987.

  40 Daily Mail, 6 October 1987.

  41 Comus, ll. 447–50, The Poetical Works of John Milton, edited by H. C. Beeching (new edn 1941), p. 60; Young and Sloman (I–18), p. 142.

  42 Janet Watts quoting Julian Critchley, Observer, 24 April 1988; Cosgrave (XVII–34), p. 4.

  43 Author’s conversation with a former member of Mrs Thatcher’s Cabinet.

  44 Castle, Barbara, The Castle Diaries 1974–76 (1980), pp. 518, 330; The Times, 27 January 1988; Evening Standard Magazine, 5 February 1988.

  45 Cosgrave (XVII–34), p. 4; Spare Rib, August 1982.

  46 Wapshott and Brock (I–17), illustration.

  47 The Times, 12 June 1982.

  48 Harris, Kenneth, ‘Margaret Thatcher Talks to the Observer’ (April 1979); Daily Express, 26 July 1982.

  49 New Statesman, 28 May 1982; Observer, 23 May 1982; Woman’s Own magazine, 15 June 1985.

  Chapter 18: Unbecoming in a Woman?

  1 Gildas (X–3), p. 301.

  2 Camden (XIII–45), p. 117; Spenser (II–5), I, p. 297.

  3 Bonduca (VII–11), Act I, scene I; Howard (XIV–13).

  4 Thomson (XIV–17), pp. 375–6; Clark, J. E. D., English Society 1688–1832: Ideology, Social Structure and Political Practice during the Ancien Régime (Cambridge 1985), pp. 179–80.

  5 Hall, Mrs Matthew, The Queens Before the Conquest, 2 vols (1854), Vol. I, p. iv.

  6 Doughty, Charles M., The Dawn in Britain (1943), pp. 9, 597, 346; Air Commodore Dame Felicity (Hanbury) Peake in conversation with the author, 1986.

  7 Cit. Phillips, ‘Woman Ruler’ (XIII–22), p. 220.

  8 Huston, Nancy, ‘The Matrix of War: Mothers and Heroes’ in The Female Body in Western Culture: Contemporary Perspectives, edited by Susan Rubin Suleiman (1986), pp. 119–38.

  9 Mossiker (XIV–9), p. 225; Fuller Ossoli, Margaret, Women in the Nineteenth Century, edited by Arthur B. Fuller (Boston 1874), p. 307.

  10 Deutsch, Helene, MD, The Psychology of Women: A Psychoanalytic Interpretation, 2 vols (New York 1944), Vol. I, Ch. 8, pp. 279–324; see Foley, Helene B., ‘The conception of women in Athenian drama’ in Foley (III–5), p. 134.

  11 Plutarch (III–20), p. 280.

  12 Grant (III–11), p. 84.

  13 Marshall, Catherine, Ogden, C. K. and Florence, Mary Sargent, Militarism versus Feminism, edited by Margaret Kamester and Jo Vellacott (1987 pbk reprint), pp. 40, 47, 96, 140.

  14 Keegan, John, The Mask of Command (New York 1987), pp. 345–6, 351.

  15 Segal, Lynne, Is the Future Female? Troubled Thoughts on Contemporary Feminism (1987 pbk), p. 198; Kelly, Petra, Fighting for Hope (1984), p. 104; Herodotus (III–3), p. 123; Boccaccio (I–19), p. 104.

  16 Fuller Ossoli (XVIII–9), p. 307; Gloria Steinem quoted in Attallah, Naim, Women (1987), p. 543.

  17 Dinnerstein, Dorothy, The Rocking of the Cradle and the Ruling of the World (1987 pbk), p. 214, 191, 28, 164, 177.

  18 Prescott (XII–12), p. 240.

  19 Février (VIII–2), p. 36.

  20 Tacitus (III–1), p. 330.

  21 Lebra-Chapman (XVI–7), p. 128; Strickland (X–15), p. 204.

  22 Anglo-Saxon Poetry (X–8), p. 326; Abbott, ‘Women’ (VIII–8), p. 262.

  23 Gibbon (I–9), I, p. 302; Breisach (I–21), p. 130.

  Index

  Abbott, Nabia, Ref 1

  Abeokuta, Ref 1

  Achilles, Ref 1

  Actium, Battle of, 30 BC, Ref 1

  Actresses’ Franchise League, Ref 1

  Adad-nirari III, Assyrian King, Ref 1

  Adams, Simon, Ref 1

  Adela of Blois (daughter of William the Conqueror), Ref 1, Ref 2

  Adeliza of Louvain, Queen of Henry I of England, Ref 1

  Aeneas, Ref 1; see also, Virgil

  Aethelflaed (Ethelfleda), Lady of the Mercians, Ref 2

  Aethelred, Earlderman of Mercia, Ref 1

  Africa, Ref 1; see also Jinga, Queen

  Agnes, Empress, Ref 1

  Agrippa, Marcus, Governor of Jerusalem, Ref 1

  Agricola, Ref 1, Ref 2, Ref 3, Ref 4, Ref 5; see also Tacitus

  Ahenobarbus, Ref 1

  Aife (Irish woman warrior), Ref 1

  Ailill, King, Ref 1

  Aishah, wife of Muhammad the Prophet, Ref 1

  Albert, Prince Consort, Ref 1, Ref 2

  Alexander, Roman Emperor, Ref 1

  Alexander II, Pope (formerly Anselm of Lucca), Ref 1, Ref 2, Ref 3, Ref 4

  Alexander VI, Pope, Ref 1, Ref 2

  Alexander I, Tsar of Russia, Ref 1, Ref 2, Ref 3

  Alexander Helios (son of Cleopatra), Ref 1

  Alexandria, Donations of, Ref 1

  Alexios Comnenos, Byzantine Emperor, Ref 1

  Alfonso (the Battler), King of Aragon, Ref 1

  Alfonso V, King of Portugal, Ref 1, Ref 2

  Alfred, King of the West Saxons, Ref 1

  Allectus, Ref 1

  Allon, Yigel, Ref 1

  Al-Rahbani, Assi and Mansour, Ref 1

  Amazons: historical evidence for, Ref 1; reputation, Ref 2; in Spenser, Ref 3; ‘unnaturalness’, Ref 4

  Ameinias, Ref 1

  Amina, Queen of Katsina, Ref 1

  Ammianus Marcellinus, Ref 1

  Anarchy, the (twelfth-century England), Ref 1, Ref 2, Ref 3

  Anchises, Ref 1

  Andate (Andarta; goddess), Ref 1, Ref 2

  Andraste (Andaste; goddess), Ref 1, Ref 2, Ref 3, Ref 4

  Andrew, Grand Prince of Suzdal, Ref 1

  Andronicus i, Byzantine Emperor, Ref 1

  Anglesey (Mona), Ref 1, Ref 2, Ref 3

  Anglo-Saxon Chronicle, Ref 1, Ref 2

  Angola, Ref 1, Ref 2, Ref 3, Ref 4; see also Jinga, Queen

  Annales Cambriae, Ref 1

  Anne, Queen of Great Britain, Ref 1, Ref 2

  Anne Boleyn, Queen of Henry VIII, Ref 1

  Anselm of Lucca see Alexander II, Pope

  Antioch: Synod of (268), Ref 1

  Antony, Mark, Ref 1

  Anu (goddess), Ref 1

  Apollo Sarpedonius, Seleucia (oracle), Ref 1

  Appendage Syndrome: in Warrior Queens, Ref 1, Ref 2, Ref 3, Ref 4, Ref 5; Maud and, Ref 6; Queen Elizabeth and, Ref 7, Ref 8, Ref 9, Ref 10, Ref 11; and female political leaders, Ref 12; and motherhood, Ref 13

  Aquino, Battle of, 1066, Ref 1

  Aquino, Mrs Corazon, Ref 1

  Arab–Israeli War, 1973, Ref 1

  Aragon, Ref 1, Ref 2; see also Ferdinand, King of Aragon

  Arc, Joan of, Ref 1, Ref 2, Ref 3

  Ardabil, Emir of, Ref 1

  Arduino della Paluda, General, Ref 1, Ref 2

  Aristotle, Ref 1

 
Armed Saint see Holy Figurehead

  Armida, Ref 1

  Arnold, Bruce, Ref 1

  Arnulf, Bishop of Lisieux, Ref 1

  Arsinoe (sister of Cleopatra), Ref 1, Ref 2

  Artemisia, Queen Regent of Halicarnassus, Ref 1, Ref 2

  Arthur, King of Britain, Ref 1

  Arthur, Prince of England, Ref 1

  Arundel, Henry Fitzalan, Ref 1th Earl of, Ref 2

  Asander, King of Bosphorus, Ref 1

  Aske, James: Elizabetha Triumphans, Ref 1, Ref 2, Ref 3

  Aspurgus, Ref 1

  Asquith, Herbert Henry, 1st Earl of Oxford and Asquith, Ref 1, Ref 2

  Astarte (Ishtar; goddess), Ref 1, Ref 2, Ref 3

  Atrebates (tribe), Ref 1

  Augusta, Dowager Princess, Ref 1

  Augustine, St, Ref 1, Ref 2

  Augustus (Gaius Octavius), Ref 1, Ref 2, Ref 3

  Aulus Plautius, Ref 1

  Aurelian, Roman Emperor: war against Zenobia, Ref 1, Ref 2, Ref 3; Triumph, Ref 4; quells later Palmyrene rebellion, Ref 5

  Austerlitz, Battle of, 1805, Ref 1

  Austrian Succession, War of, Ref 1

  Avaricum (Bourges), Ref 1

  Aylmer, John: An Harborowe for Faithfull and Trewe Subjectes against the late blown Blast, Ref 1, Ref 2

  Bachofen, J. S., Ref 1

  Bacon, Francis, Ref 1

  Badbh (Celtic figure), Ref 1

  Bagrat Bagrationi, King of Georgia, Ref 1

  Bagrationi dynasty, Ref 1, Ref 2, Ref 3

  Banda Nera, Giovanni della, Ref 1

  Bandaraneike, Sirimavo, Ref 1, Ref 2

  Bandaraneike, Solomon W. R. D., Ref 1

  Barnett, Anthony: Iron Britannia, Ref 1

  Basiani, Battle of, 1205, Ref 1, Ref 2

  Baza (Spain), Ref 1

  Bazán Alvaro, Ref 1

  Bazao-Turunku, Ref 1

  Beatrice, Margravine, Duchess of Lorraine, Ref 1, Ref 2, Ref 3, Ref 4n

  Beaumont, Francis and Fletcher, John: Bonduca, Ref 1

  Beauvoir, Simone de, Ref 1

  Becket, Thomas à, Archbishop of Canterbury, Ref 1

  Bede, Venerable, Ref 1

  Behn, Aphra, Ref 1

  Belgic peoples, Ref 1

  Bellona (goddess), Ref 1

  Beltrán de la Cueva, Don, Ref 1

  Ben-Gurion, David, Ref 1

  Bennigsen, General Levin August Gottlieb, Baron, Ref 1

  Berenice IV, Princess of Egypt, Ref 1

  Berg, Caroline von, Ref 1

  Bernáldez, Andrés, Ref 1, Ref 2, Ref 3

  Bernard of Clairvaux, Abbé, Ref 1

  Bernard, Archbishop of Toledo, Ref 1

  Bernard of Vallombrosa, Ref 1

  Bernardi, Giovambattista, Ref 1

  Berthier, Marshal Louis Alexandre, Ref 1

  Bertrand, Marshal Henri Gratien, Ref 1

  ‘Better-Man’ Syndrome, Ref 1, Ref 2, Ref 3, Ref 4, Ref 5

  Bhopal, Hazrat Mahal, Begum of, Ref 1

  Bhutto, Benazir, Ref 1

  Blanche, Queen of France, Ref 1

  Boadbil (son of Mulay Hassan), Ref 1

  Boadicea (legendary figure): image and reputation, Ref 1, Ref 2, Ref 3, Ref 4, Ref 5, Ref 6, Ref 7, Ref 8, Ref 9, Ref 10, Ref 11, Ref 12; name, Ref 13, Ref 14, Ref 15n; as representative Warrior Queen, Ref 16, Ref 17; battle speech, Ref 18, Ref 19; burial, Ref 20, Ref 21; name vanishes from records, Ref 22; and Elizabeth I, Ref 23, Ref 24, Ref 25; represented in later literature, Ref 26, Ref 27, Ref 28, Ref 29, Ref 30, Ref 31; character of daughters, Ref 32; pictured, Ref 33; London statue, Ref 34, Ref 35, Ref 36; Rani of Jhansi compared with, Ref 37; and Women’s Movement, Ref 38, Ref 39; and etymology of term ‘bulldike’, Ref 40; and modern female political leaders, Ref 41, Ref 42, Ref 43, Ref 44; for historical figure see Boudica

  Boccaccio, Giovanni, Ref 1, Ref 2, Ref 3

  Boëce, Hector, Ref 1

  Bolton, Edmund, Ref 1, Ref 2

  Bonduca see Boadicea; Boudica

  Boniface II, Margrave, Ref 1, Ref 2, Ref 3

  Borgia, Cesare, Ref 1, Ref 2, Ref 3, Ref 4

  Bosphorus, kingdom of, Ref 1

  Botticelli, Sandro, Ref 1

  Boudica (historical figure): name, Ref 1; date of rebellion, Ref 2n, Ref 3; and Celtic mother-goddesses, Ref 4, Ref 5, Ref 6, Ref 7, Ref 8; on victory or death, Ref 9, Ref 10; treatment by Romans, Ref 11; life and career, Ref 12, Ref 13, Ref 14; status as woman, Ref 15, Ref 16; regency, Ref 17, Ref 18; historical sources for life, Ref 19; leads rebellion, Ref 20, Ref 21, Ref 22, Ref 23, Ref 24, Ref 25; daughters, Ref 26; described, Ref 27, Ref 28, Ref 29, Ref 30; voice, Ref 31, Ref 32; flogged and daughters raped, Ref 33, Ref 34; addresses tribes, Ref 35, Ref 36; releases hare, Ref 37, Ref 38; and sack of Camulodunum, Ref 39, Ref 40, Ref 41; vengeance and atrocities by, Ref 42; destroys Verulamium, Ref 43; size of army, Ref 44; final battle and defeat, Ref 45; site of final battle, Ref 46; death, Ref 47, Ref 48, Ref 49; burial place, Ref 50, Ref 51, Ref 52, Ref 53; effect on Rome, Ref 54; compared to Zenobia, Ref 55; for legendary figure see

  Boadicea Bowker, Lieutenant, Ref 1

  Bowra, Sir Maurice: Inspiration and Poetry, Ref 1

  Boxer, C. R., Ref 1

  Boxer Rebellion (China), Ref 1

  Bradstreet, Anne, Ref 1, Ref 2, Ref 3

  Breisach, Ernst, Ref 1

  Brigantes (tribes), Ref 1, Ref 2, Ref 3

  Brown Bull of Ulster (Donn Cuailnge), Ref 1

  Brown, George (later Lord George-Brown), Ref 1

  Brownmiller, Susan, Ref 1

  Bructeri (tribe), Ref 1

  Brünnhilde, Ref 1, Ref 2, Ref 3

  Bruno, Leonardi, Ref 1, Ref 2

  Brunswick, Karl Wilhelm Ferdinand, Duke of, Ref 1

  Buchanan, George: History of Scotland, Ref 1, Ref 2

  Buckingham, George Villiers, 1st Duke of, Ref 1

  Burke, Edmund, Ref 1

  Bush, George, Ref 1

  Butser Ancient Farm Project, Petersfield, Hampshire, Ref 1

  Byzantium, Ref 1

  Caesar, Julius: and Cleopatra, Ref 1; on Iceni, Ref 2; on Celts, Ref 3, Ref 4; on Druids, Ref 5; on hare, Ref 6; does not mention Londinium, Ref 7; defeated by Vercingetorix, Ref 8; executes Vercingetorix, Ref 9

  Caesarion (Cleopatra’s son), Ref 1

  Calgacus, Ref 1, Ref 2

  Callinicus Sutorius, Ref 1

  Calvin, John, Ref 1, Ref 2

  Cambetch, Battle of, 1196, Ref 1

  Cambridge, George, 2nd Duke of, Ref 1, Ref 2

  Camden, William: Britannia, Ref 1, Ref 2, Ref 3

  Camels, Battle of the, 656, Ref 1

  Camilla of the Volscians, Ref 1, Ref 2, Ref 3

  Camulodunum (Colchester): and Trinovantes, Ref 1; as Roman colonia and site of temple, Ref 2, Ref 3; sacked by Iceni, Ref 4, Ref 5, Ref 6, Ref 7, Ref 8

  Canidius Crassus, Ref 1

  Canning, Charles John, Earl, Ref 1, Ref 2

  Canning, Charlotte, Countess, Ref 1, Ref 2, Ref 3

  Canossa, Ref 1, Ref 2, Ref 3

  Caratacus, Ref 1, Ref 2, Ref 3; represented in later literature, Ref 4

  Carlyle, Jane Welsh, Ref 1

  Carlyle, Thomas, Ref 1

  Cartimandua, Queen of Brigantes, Ref 1, Ref 2, Ref 3, Ref 4, Ref 5, Ref 6

  Cassivellaunus, Ref 1

  Castile: succession question, Ref 1, Ref 2; civil war in, Ref 3; see also Isabella, Queen

  Castle, Barbara, Ref 1

  Catherine of Aragon, Queen of Henry VIII, Ref 1, Ref 2, Ref 3

  Catherine de Foix, Ref 1

  Catherine de’ Medici, Queen of France, Ref 1

  Catherine II (the Great), Tsarina of Russia: Voltaire and, Ref 1, Ref 2, Ref 3; love of peace, Ref 4, Ref 5; rule, Ref 6, Ref 7; licentiousness, Ref 8, Ref 9; character and style, Ref 10, Ref 11; as honorary male, Ref 12; expansionist policy, Ref 13; reputation, Ref 14; in Pageant of Great Women, Ref 15; patriotism, Ref 16

  Catuvellauni (tribe), Ref 1

  Cato the Elder, Ref 1

  Catus Decianus, Ref 1, Ref 2, Ref 3, Ref 4, Re
f 5, Ref 6

  Cawnpore, Ref 1

  Cecil, William, 1st Baron Burghley, Ref 1

  Celts: goddesses and Great Mothers, Ref 1, Ref 2, Ref 3, Ref 4; culture and customs, Ref 5, Ref 6, Ref 7; physique and appearance, Ref 8, Ref 9; migrations, Ref 10; women, Ref 11, Ref 12; religion, Ref 13, Ref 14; weapons, Ref 15; and Georgians, Ref 16; see also Iceni

  Cethern (Celtic warrior), Ref 1

  Charlemagne, Emperor, Ref 1

  Charles V, Habsburg Emperor, Ref 1

  Charles VI, Emperor of Austria, Ref 1

  Charles X (Charles Gustavus), King of Sweden, Ref 1

  Chaste Syndrome: in Warrior Queens, Ref 1, Ref 2, Ref 3; Zenobia and, Ref 4; Matilda and, Ref 5, Ref 6; and Aethelflaed, Ref 7

  Chauhan, Subhadra Kumari, Ref 1

  Chicago, Judy, Ref 1

  Child, Mrs Lydia Maria: An Appeal in Favor of that Class of Americans called Africans, Ref 1

  Christina, Queen of Sweden, Ref 1, Ref 2

  Christine de Pisan, Ref 1

  Churchill, Sir Winston S., Ref 1

  Cicero, Ref 1

  Cisneros, Francisco de see Ximenes, Cardinal

  Claudius, Roman Emperor: in Britain, Ref 1, Ref 2, Ref 3, Ref 4, Ref 5; temple and statues at Camulodunum (Colchester), Ref 6, Ref 7; clemency towards Caratacus, Ref 8

  Clayton, Ellen C., Ref 1

  Clement III, anti-Pope (Guibert of Ravenna), Ref 1

  Cleopatra V Tryphaena, Ref 1

  Cleopatra VI Tryphaena, Ref 1

  Cleopatra VII, Queen of Egypt: influence on Zenobia, Ref 1, Ref 2, Ref 3, Ref 4, Ref 5; and Isis, Ref 6, Ref 7; and Appendage Syndrome, Ref 8; treatment by Romans, Ref 9, Ref 10, Ref 11, Ref 12, Ref 13; life and career, Ref 14; in Spenser, Ref 15; prophecies, Ref 16; motherhood, Ref 17

  Cleopatra Selene, Ref 1

  Cleopatra Selene Cyrene, Ref 1

  Clerk, Sir John, Ref 1, Ref 2, Ref 3

  Cogidubnus, King of the Atrebates, Ref 1, Ref 2, Ref 3

  Colchester see Camulodunum

  Colchis, Ref 1

  Columbus, Christopher, Ref 1, Ref 2

  Colville, Sir John, Ref 1n

  Conrad II, Roman Emperor/German King, Ref 1

  Constantinople: falls (1453), Ref 1

  Corbulo, Ref 1

  Cordelia, Queen (Lear’s daughter), Ref 1, Ref 2

  Coritani (tribe), Ref 1

  Cornovii (tribe), Ref 1

  Cosgrave, Patrick, Ref 1

  Cowper, William: ‘Boadicea’, Ref 1, Ref 2, Ref 3, Ref 4, Ref 5, Ref 6

  Craig, Edith, Ref 1

  Critchley, Julian, Ref 1

  Croesus the Lydian, Ref 1

  Cromwell, Oliver, Ref 1