The World of the Crusades

by Christopher Tyerman

  1095

  Byzantine appeal to Pope Urban II for military aid against the Turks; Urban II’s preaching tour of France (ends 1096); Council of Clermont proclaims crusade

  1096–9

  First Crusade; Rhineland massacres of Jews (1096); Peasants’ Crusade (1096); capture of Nicaea (1097); Edessa and Antioch (1098); Jerusalem (15 July 1099)

  1101 onwards

  Smaller crusades to Holy Land

  1104

  Acre captured

  1108–9

  Crusade of Bohemund of Taranto against Byzantium; defeated in the Balkans

  1109

  Tripoli captured

  c. 1113

  Order of the Hospital of St John in Jerusalem recognised; beginning to be militarised by c. 1130

  1114 onwards

  Crusades in Spain

  1119

  Defeat of Antioch at battle of Field of Blood

  1120

  Order of the Temple founded in Jerusalem to protect pilgrims

  1123

  First Lateran Council extends Jerusalem privileges to Spanish crusades

  1122–5

  Venetian Crusade; Tyre captured (1124)

  1129

  Crusade to Damascus

  1135

  Jerusalem privileges extended to war against papal enemies in Italy

  1144

  Edessa captured by Zengi of Aleppo

  1145–9

  Second Crusade; preaching of St Bernard (1146–7); Rhineland massacres of Jews (1146–7); Louis VII and France and Conrad III of Germany go on crusade (1147–8); Saxon crusaders campaign in southern Baltic (1147); crusaders help capture Lisbon en route to Holy Land (1147); failure of siege of Damascus (1148)

  1149

  Battle of Inab; Antioch defeat; Nur al-Din of Aleppo, Zengi’s son, begins unification of Syria

  1154

  Nur al-Din of Aleppo captures Damascus in process of unifying Syria

  1163–9

  Franks of Jerusalem contest control of Egypt with Nur al-Din’s mercenary commander Shirkuh; Shirkuh wins

  1169

  Saladin succeeds Shirkuh as ruler of Egypt

  1171

  Saladin abolishes the Fatimid caliphate of Egypt, which returns to nominal allegiance of Abbasid caliph of Baghdad

  1174

  Death of Nur al-Din; Saladin begins to unify Syria with Egypt (Damascus 1174; Aleppo 1183; Mosul 1186)

  1177

  Saladin defeated at Montgisard

  1179

  Saladin captures Jacob’s Ford

  1187

  Battle of Hattin; Saladin destroys army of kingdom of Jerusalem; Jerusalem falls to Saladin

  1188–92

  Third Crusade: Saladin Tithe (1188); siege of Acre (1189–91); Frederick I of Germany leads land army (1189); defeats Turks in Asia Minor but drowns in River Saleph (1190); crusade of Richard I of England (1190–2) and Philip II of France (1190–1); capture of Cyprus (1191); fall of Acre (1191); Saladin defeated at Arsuf (1191) and Jaffa (1192); Richard withdraws from Jerusalem twice (1192); treaty of Jaffa partitions Palestine (September 1192); Jerusalem stays in Muslim hands

  1193

  Saladin dies

  1196–7

  German Crusade of Henry VI

  1198–1230

  Crusades to Livonia in Baltic

  1198

  Foundation of Teutonic Knights in Acre (the militarisation of German hospital, founded at Acre 1190–1)

  1198

  Pope Innocent III proclaims Fourth Crusade

  1199

  Church taxation suggested by Innocent III for the crusade; crusade against Markward of Anweiler in Sicily

  1201–4

  Fourth Crusade; treaty with Venetians (1201); sack of Zara (1202); diversion to Constantinople (1203); sack of Constantinople (1204)

  13th century

  Crusades in the Baltic by Teutonic Knights (Prussia), Sword Brothers (Livonia); Danes (Prussia, Livonia, Estonia)and Swedes (Estonia and Finland); crusades against German peasants, Bosnians etc.

  1208–29

  Albigensian Crusade; sack of Beziers (1209); battle of Muret (1213); death of Simon de Montfort at siege of Toulouse (1218); crusade of Louis VIII of France (1226); treaty of Paris (1229)

  1212

  Children’s Crusade

  1212

  Almohads defeated by Spanish Christian coalition at Las Navas de Tolosa

  1213

  Innocent III proclaims Fifth Crusade and extends crusade privileges to those who contribute but do not go on crusade

  1215

  Fourth Lateran Council authorises regular crusade taxation

  1217–21

  Fifth Crusade; siege of Damietta (1218–19); Damietta occupied (1219–21)

  1228–9

  Frederick II of Germany in Holy Land; treaty with Sultan of Egypt restores Jerusalem (1229–44)

  1231 onwards

  Crusades against the Byzantines to defend western conquests in Greece

  1239–41

  Crusades to Holy Land of Theobald, count of Champagne and Richard, earl of Cornwall; crusaders defeated at Gaza (1239)

  1239–68

  Crusades against Hohenstaufen rulers of Germany and Sicily

  1242

  Teutonic Knights defeated by Alexander Nevsky at Lake Chud

  1244

  Jerusalem lost to Muslims; Louis IX of France takes the cross

  1248–54

  First Crusade of Louis IX of France; Damietta occupied (1249–50); battle of Mansourah (1250); Louis in Holy Land (1250–4)

  1250

  Mamluks take rule in Egypt (to 1517)

  1251

  First Shepherds’ Crusade

  1260

  Mamluks repulse Mongols at Ain Jalut; Baibars sultan of Egypt (to 1277)

  1261

  Greeks recover Constantinople

  1267

  Louis IX takes cross again

  1268

  Fall of Antioch to Baibars of Egypt

  1269

  Aragonese crusade to Holy Land

  1270

  Louis IX’s crusade ends at Tunis where he dies

  1271–2

  Crusade to Holy Land of Lord Edward, later Edward I of England

  1272–91

  Small expeditions to Holy Land

  1282–1302

  Wars of the Sicilian Vespers; French crusade to Aragon (1285)

  1289

  Fall of Tripoli

  1291

  Fall of Acre to al-Ashraf Khalil of Egypt and evacuation of mainland Outremer

  1306–1522

  Hospitallers rule island of Rhodes

  1307–14

  Trial and suppression of Templars

  14th century

  Papal crusades in Italy; crusading continues against heretics in Italy; Moors in Spain; Lithuanian pagans in Baltic (to 1410)

  1309

  Popular crusade; Teutonic Knights move headquarters from Venice to Prussia

  1320

  Second Shepherds’ Crusade

  1330s onwards

  Naval leagues against Turks in Aegean; Smyrna occupied (1344–1402)

  1345–7

  Crusade of Humbert of Vienne

  1350s onwards

  Ottoman Turks established in Balkans; soon establish overlordship over Byzantine emperors

  1365–6

  Crusade of Peter of Cyprus; Alexandria sacked (1365)

  1365

  Crusade of Count Amadeus of Savoy to Dardanelles

  1383

  Crusade of Bishop Despenser of Norwich against supporters of Pope Clement VII in Flanders

  1390

  Christian expedition to Tunisia

  1396

  Christian expedition under John of Nevers against the Ottomans defeated at Nicopolis on the Danube (September)

  15th century

  Numerous small crusading forays against the Ottomans in eastern Mediterranean and east/central
Europe

  1420–71

  Crusades against the Hussite heretics in Bohemia

  1444

  Crusaders defeated at Varna in Bulgaria (November)

  1453

  Fall of Constantinople to Ottoman Turks under Mehmed II

  1456

  Belgrade successfully defended from Ottoman Turks with help of crusaders under John of Capistrano

  1460–4

  Abortive crusade of Pope Pius II

  1480

  Turks besiege Rhodes; Otranto occupied by Turks (1480–1)

  1492

  Granada falls to Spanish Monarchs

  1499–1503

  Venetian-Ottoman war

  1513–17

  Fifth Lateran Council; crusade still promoted

  16th century

  More crusade schemes against Turks in Mediterranean and central Europe; Hungary conquered by Suleiman the Magnificent after battle of Mohacs (1526); from 1530s crusades threatened against heretics (i.e. Protestants)

  1522

  Rhodes falls to Turks

  1525

  Secularisation of Teutonic Order in Prussia

  1529

  Turks besiege Vienna

  1530–1798

  Hospitallers rule Malta

  1535

  Charles V captures Tunis

  1536

  Francis I of France allies with Ottomans

  1560s–1590s

  French Wars of Religion; some Catholics receive crusade privileges

  1561–2

  Secularisation of Teutonic Order in Livonia

  1565

  Turks fail to conquer Malta

  1571

  Holy League wins a naval battle against the Turks at Lepanto; Cyprus falls to Turks

  1578

  King Sebastian of Portugal defeated and killed at Alcazar on crusade in Morocco

  1588

  Spanish Armada attracts crusade privileges for the Spanish

  1618–48

  Thirty Years War; religious war without formal crusading

  1669

  Crete falls to Turks

  1683

  Turks besiege Vienna

  1684–97

  Holy League begins to reconquer Balkans from Turks

  1798

  Hospitallers surrender Malta to Napoleon Bonaparte

  1830

  French invasion of Algeria

  1854–56

  Crimean War; Britain and France ally with Ottomans against Russia

  1898

  Kaiser Wilhelm II of Germany visits Jerusalem and Damascus

  1914–18

  First World War; Ottoman Turkey allies with Germany, which encourages proclamation of jihad against the Turks’ enemies

  1917

  British under General Allenby take Jerusalem

  1919

  Versailles Peace Treaty negotiations confirm Mandates for Britain and France in Syria, Palestine, Iraq and the Lebanon

  1922

  End of the Ottoman Empire

  1948

  Creation of the State of Israel (defended in wars 1948, 1967, 1973)

  1982

  Israeli invasion of Lebanon

  1990

  First Gulf War

  2001

  al-Qaeda attack on US; President George W. Bush likens conflict with al-Qaeda to crusade

  2003

  Iraq War

  2004 and 2011

  Papal apologies for crusade violence

  2014

  Isis declares new caliphate in Syria and Iraq

  RULERS

  Papacy

  Gregory VII 1173–85

  (Anti-pope Clement 1080–1100)

  Victor III 1086–7

  Urban II 1088–99

  Paschal II 1099–1118

  Gelasius II 1118–19

  Calixtus II 1119–24

  Honorius II 1124–30

  Innocent II 1130–43

  (Anti-pope Anacletus 1130–38)

  Celestine II 1143–4

  Lucius II 1144–5

  Eugenius III 1145–53

  Anastasius IV 1153–4

  Hadrian IV 1154–9

  Alexander III 1159–81

  Lucius III 1181–5

  Urban III 1185–7

  Gregory VIII 1187

  Clement III 1187–91

  Celestine III 1191–8

  Innocent III 1198–1216

  Honorius III 1216–27

  Gregory IX 1227–41

  Celestine IV 1241

  Innocent IV 1243–54

  Alexander IV 1254–61

  Urban IV 1261–4

  Clement IV 1265–8

  Gregory X 1271–6

  Innocent V 1276

  Hadrian V 1276

  John XXI 1276–7

  Nicholas III 1277–80

  Martin IV 1281–5

  Honorius IV 1285–7

  Nicholas IV 1288–92

  Celestine V 1294

  Boniface VIII 1294–1303

  Benedict XI 1303–4

  Clement V 1305–14

  John XXII 1316–34

  Benedict XII 1334–42

  Clement VI 1342–52

  Innocent VI 1352–62

  Urban V 1362–70

  Gregory XI 1370–78

  Urban VI 1378–89

  (Avignon Clement VII 1378–94)

  Boniface IX 1389–1404

  (Avignon Benedict XIII 1394–1423)

  Innocent VII 1404–6

  Gregory XII 1406–15

  Alexander V 1409–10

  John XXIII 1410–15

  Martin V 1417–31

  Eugenius IV 1431–47

  (Anti-pope Felix V 1439–49)

  Nicholas V 1447–55

  Calixtus III 1455–8

  Pius II 1458–64

  Paul II 1464–71

  Sixtus IV 1471–84

  Innocent VIII 1484–92

  Alexander VI 1492–1503

  Pius III 1503

  Julius II 1503–13

  Leo X 1513–21

  Hadrian VI 1522–3

  Clement VII 1523–34

  Paul III 1534–49

  Julius III 1550–55

  Marcellus II 1555

  Paul IV 1555–9

  Germany

  (*denotes also Holy Roman Emperor)

  Henry IV* 1056–1106

  Henry V* 1106–25

  Lothar VII* 1125–37

  Conrad III 1138–52

  Frederick I* 1152–90

  Henry VI* 1190–97

  Philip of Swabia 1198–1208

  Otto IV* 1198–1214

  Frederick II* 1212–50

  Conrad IV 1250–54

  (Contested rule 1247–73)

  Rudolf I 1273–91

  Adolf of Nassau 1292–98

  Albert I 1298–1308

  Henry VII* 1308–13

  Louis IV* 1314–47

  Charles IV* 1346–78

  Wenzel 1378–1400

  Rupert 1400–10

  Sigismund* 1410–37

  Albert II (I of Hungary) 1438–9

  Frederick III* 1440–93

  Maximilian* 1493–1519

  Charles V* 1519–55

  Byzantine Empire

  Alexius I 1081–1118

  John II 1118–43

  Manuel I 1143–80

  Alexius II 1180–83

  Andronicus I 1183–5

  Isaac II 1185–95; 1203–4

  Alexius III 1195–1203

  Alexius IV 1203–4

  Nicholas 1204

  Alexius V 1204

  Latin Empire of Constantinople:

  Baldwin I 1204–5

  Henry 1205–16

  Peter of Courtenay 1217–18

  Robert of Courtenay 1221–8

  Baldwin II 1228–61

  John of Brienne (co-emperor) 1231–7

  Michael VIII 1261–82

  Andronicus II 1282–1328

  Andronicus III 1328–
41

  John V 1341–7, 1354–77, 1379–90, 1390–91

  John VI 1347–54

  Andronicus IV 1376–9

  John VII 1390

  Manuel II 1391–1425

  John Vlll 1425–48

  Constantine XI 1448–53

  France

  Philip I 1060–1108

  Louis VI 1108–37

  Louis VII 1137–80

  Philip II 1180–1223

  Louis VIII 1223–6

  Louis IX 1226–70

  Philip III 1270–85

  Philip IV 1285–1314

  Louis X 1314–16

  John I 1316

  Philip V 1316–22

  Charles IV 1322–8

  Philip VI 1328–50

  John II 1350–64

  Charles V 1364–80

  Charles VI 1380–1422

  Charles VII 1422–61

  Louis XI 1461–83

  Charles VIII 1483–98

  Louis XII 1498–1515

  Francis I 1515–47

  England

  William I 1066–87

  William II 1087–1100

  Henry I 1100–1135

  Stephen 1135–54

  Henry II 1154–89

  Richard I 1189–99

  John 1199–I2I6

  Henry III 1216–72

  Edward I 1272–1307

  Edward ll 1307–27

  Edward III 1327–77

  Richard II 1377–99