Strange Glow
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Hiroshima Peace Memorial Museum, 149, 427n10
His, Wilhelm, 235
HIV, 317
Hodgkin, Thomas, 136
Hodgkin’s disease, 131, 135–38, 426n40
Holmes, Robert H., 191
homeopathy, 118–22, 126, 214, 443n13
Hopkins Marine Station, 327
Hopkinson, Alice, 261, 268
Hopkinson, Rudolph “Cecil,” 257, 260
Hoppe-Seyler, Felix, 236
hormesis, 443n13
Houk, Vernon, 275
hybrids, 208, 211–12, 435n3
hydrogen bombs: airplane crashes and, 375–79, 383–87, 394–96; angle of departure for, 376; atomic particles and, 76; B-52 bombers and, 375, 377–78, 383–87; Bikini Atoll and, 164, 166–67, 171–73, 181, 183, 186, 331, 393, 429n5, 430n8, 431n21; bomb disposal crews and, 377; Buzz One Four crash and, 375, 377, 383, 385, 387; cancer and, 189; Castle Bravo and, 170, 172, 189, 430n11; Chrome Dome and, 385–87, 389, 394; coconut crabs and, 181, 331; compared to nuclear fission bomb, 166; craters from, 173; deuterium and, 178, 430nn15 and 16, 431n29; efficiency and, 185–86; Enewetak atoll and, 167, 429n5, 430n9, 431n21; enhanced radiation bombs and, 185–86; explosive power of, 375–76; food and, 181, 331; fusion energy and, 165–66; hydrogen gas explosion and, 418n47; intercontinental ballistic missiles (ICBMs) and, 375, 383, 386–87; Ivy Mike and, 76, 429n5; MAD strategy and, 392, 450n22; Mark 53 (B53), 375–76, 387, 449n1; MK-39, 386; NUKEMAP program and, 393; as out of fashion, 394–96; politics and, 375–78, 383–94; power of, 368; preemptive attacks and, 385–86; protecting pilot after dropping, 375–76; QUICK COUNT program and, 389–92; radioactive fallout and, 165–67, 170–74, 182, 185, 368; rule of succession and, 388–89; safety and, 375–87; selling, 382–83; Shrimp, 167, 171–77, 431n19; survivability of, 393–94; tactical ferry configuration and, 378; temperature of, 166; testing of, 164–69, 172, 189, 331, 429n5, 430nn9 and 11, 431n21; theoretical yield calculations and, 170; tritium and, 430nn15 and 16, 431n29; turkey illusion and, 388–89; use of term, 430nn6 and 10; U.S. target sites and, 390; weight of, 377–78
hydrogen gas, 63, 419n7, 448n41
hypocenter, 142, 427n5
Ichikawa, Koichi, 319
idiopathic environmental intolerance for electromagnetic fields (IEI-EMF), 322–24
Ikeda, Shigeyoshi, 146–47
incandescence, 10–11, 14–15
Indiana University, 220
inductorium, 13
infertility, 122, 324–25
infrared light, 35–36
ingestion, 88, 90, 92, 96, 101–2, 179–80, 201
interactive complexity, 361–62
intercontinental ballistic missiles (ICBMs), 375, 383, 386–88
International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC), 312, 320, 443n14
International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA), 360, 364
INTERPHONE study, 313–14, 318, 443n14
Introduction to the Theory of Optics, An (Schuster), 254
iodine, 175–80, 182, 365–66, 432n34
ionization chambers, 98, 106, 404
ionizing radiation, 36–37; cancer and, 190, 200, 434nn23 and 25; cell phones and, 316, 319, 444n18; genetics and, 436n19; occupational illness and, 98, 101, 108–9, 114–15; radiation sickness and, 150–51, 160; radioactivity and, 45; radioisotopes and, 45 (see also radioisotopes); radon and, 280, 282; roentgen unit and, 420n40; skin irritations and, 419n7
ions, 36–37, 45, 98, 240, 414n62, 422n68
iron lung, 421n51
irradiated food, 446n25
Ivy Mike, 76, 429n5
Japan: Akihito and, 357; ancient warning stones and, 371–73; atomic bombs and, 114, 140, 187 (see also Hiroshima; Nagasaki); earthquakes and, 346–57, 362, 368–69, 372, 447nn1 and 5, 447n15; Fukushima and, 330–33 (see also Fukushima nuclear power plant); Hirohito and, 161–62, 165, 357, 448n17; Pearl Harbor and, 262; seawalls and, 353–54, 356–58; sushi and, 329, 333, 336, 345; tsunamis and, 351–60, 362, 368, 372–73; tuna and, 328–30, 332, 336, 341, 343
jaw bones, 87–88, 94, 102
Jesuit’s bark, 423n6
Johns Hopkins University, 60, 128–29, 132, 210–11, 401
Joliet, Frédéric, 59, 423n76
Jorgensen, Timothy J., ix–xiii
Juda, King of Bikini, 171
Julius Caesar, 1
Kalashnikov, Michail, ix
Kano, Masato, 194
Kaplan, Henry, 135–39
Kelly, Howard Atwood, 128–33, 139, 246, 248, 279, 417n27, 425n31
Kelly, Laetitia, 133
Kelly Hospital, 60, 132, 417n27, 425n26
Kennedy, John F., 375
keratinocytes, 122, 153, 167, 187, 230–31, 423n9
Key, Francis Scott, 210
Kili Island, 172–73
kinetic energy, 36, 49
Kings College, 263, 265–66
Kirkpatrick, Robert C., 27
Klaproth, M. H., 414n3
klystron, 135
known unknowns, 342
Koch, Robert, 317
Korean War, 375
Kuboyama, Aikichi, 168, 430n13
Kwajalein Atoll, 174, 182, 432n45
Lamarck, Jean-Baptiste, 436n23
landfills, 289
Laplace, Pierre-Simon, 388
latency period, 309, 313, 316, 318
Lauritsen, Charles Christian, 134
Lautenberg, Frank, 289
Lazarus-Barlow, Walter Sydney, 94
lead coffins, 94, 101
Lee, Rose, 118, 413n45
leukemia, 97, 182, 188–89, 199, 313, 367
leukocytes, 120, 235–36, 246
Lewis, Harold W., 359–60, 363–64
life expectancy, 105, 191–92, 309
Life Span Study (LSS): atomic bombs and, 191, 196, 198–205, 227–29; genetics and, 191, 196, 198–205, 227–29; inheritable mutations and, 227–29; Muller and, 227–28
life tables, 192
lifetime risk, 200, 285, 295–96, 339, 370, 443n6
light, 7; atomic bombs and, 149–51; Becquerel and, 38–39; Bragg’s law and, 249, 253–55, 265; chemical storage of, 38–39; Cherenkov radiation and, 422n72; color and, 35–36; Crookes tube and, 22; crystallography and, 250–53 (see also crystallography); fluorescence and, 22–25 (see also fluorescence); incandescent, 10–11, 14–15; infrared, 35–36; magnification and, 8–9; Maxwell and, 16, 55, 403; neon lighting and, 22; Newton and, 261; particle theory of, 403; photo-isomers and, 35; photons and, 415n15; prisms and, 9, 24, 238, 254, 398, 400–402; reflection and, 239, 269; refraction and, 8–9, 254, 398, 400; speed of, 33, 70, 113, 135, 144, 150; ultraviolet, 35–37, 150, 414n61; wavelength and, 33–35
light bulbs: Davy and, 10; Edison and, 10; electricity and, 10–11, 14–15, 18, 22, 29–30, 68, 116–18, 414n61; fear of, 11, 117; filaments and, 10, 22–23, 117; Grubbe and,116–17
linac (linear accelerator), 133–40
linear no threshold (LNT) model, 283–84, 440n11
lip pointing, 89, 92, 101
lithium, 66–67, 71, 170, 182, 418n33, 430nn16 and 17
Lodge, Oliver Joseph, 16–17
Los Alamos National Laboratory, 105, 182, 427n5, 429n36
Lucky Dragon No. 5 (ship), 164–65, 173, 178, 194, 329, 368, 393, 429n3, 431n26
Lucky Jim (Watson), 267–68
Ludlam, Reuben, 118
Luke, Bible book of, 116
lung cancer: as bergsucht, 81–82, 104; cobalt and, 82; false-positives and, 302; Härting and, 82; Hesse and, 82; miners and, 81–86, 90, 104; Müller and, 81, 84–85; radon and, 278–91; silica and, 82; smoking and, 201, 279–80, 284–91, 302, 422n64, 441n34
lymph nodes, 131, 136–37, 236, 313, 426nn39 and 40
Lysenko, Trofim D., 219–20
MacArthur, Douglas, 162
McClure, Charles F. W., 13
Macdonald Physics Laboratory, 27
McGill University, 27, 54, 248, 416n8
MacHale, Des, 187
McKinley, William, 30
; Madigan, Daniel, 326–28, 330, 332, 338, 341, 344
MAD (mutually assured destruction) nuclear strategy, 392, 450n22
magnetic fields, 16, 29, 55, 75, 312, 322, 413n36
magnetrons, 36, 113–14, 135
magnets, 24
magnification, 8–9
Majuro Atoll, 179
mammograms, 297–304, 307–8, 334
Manhattan Project: atomic bomb and, 73, 103–6, 109–10, 112, 140, 159, 226, 421n61, 425n24; Chicago Health Division (CHD) and, 106–7; Daghlian and, 110–11; deaths at, 110–11; genetics and, 106–7, 226–27; MTD measurement and, 102–4, 109; occupational illness and, 103–7; safety at, 103–7
Marconi, Guglielmo: death of, 20; Hertz and, 16–17; Nobel Prize and, 50; radio waves and, 15–20, 50, 54, 68, 112–13, 245, 316, 413n47, 419n7; safety and, 19; Thompson on, 413n47; transatlantic transmission of, 17; wireless telegraphy and, 17–18
Marconi International Marine Communication Company, 17
margin of safety, 203
Mark 53 (B53) warhead, 375–76, 387, 449n1
marlin, 326
Marshall Islands, 171–72, 180, 182–83, 189–90, 365, 429n5, 430n9, 432n48
Marshall Islands Nuclear Claims Tribunal, 183
Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT), 112–13, 340, 358
mass deficit, 70–73
Matasubayashi, Ikuzo, 194
maximum tolerable dose (MTD), 99, 102–4, 107, 109, 421n52
Maxwell, James Clerk, 16, 55, 403
Mechanism of Mendelian Heredity, The (Morgan and Muller), 212–13
Meloney, Marie “Missy” Mattingly, 92
Mendel, Gregor: background of, 208; Brünn Society for the Study of Natural History and, 208; dominant traits and, 209; garden pea studies of, 208–9, 211, 212, 235, 237, 402; genetics and, 208–9, 211–12, 219–20, 233, 235, 237, 402, 435n4; meticulous records of, 208; Morgan and, 212–13; Muller and, 219; principles of inheritance and, 209, 221, 402; ratios of, 208–9, 212; recessive traits and, 209
Mendeleev, Dmitri, 415n19
Mendelianism, 211, 219–20
meningitis, 195
mercury, 82–83, 119, 419n3
mice, 226–29, 420n7, 437n38
microwave ovens, 1, 36, 114
microwaves: cell phones and, 319, 443n11; magnetrons and, 113–14, 135; as nonionizing radiation, 36, 319; radar and, 319
Miescher, Johannes Friedrich, 235–37, 246
migration studies, 327–28, 330, 332, 345
milk, 179–81, 343, 366, 446n25
Millikan, Robert, 260
millisieverts (mSv), 107–9, 282, 422n68
miners: asthma and, 83; caged canaries and, 83–84, 182, 419n6; coal and, 83, 419n6; Colorado Plateau and, 279; lung cancer and, 81–86, 90, 104; Müller and, 81, 84–85; occupational illness and, 81–86, 90, 97, 104, 182, 190, 278–79, 281, 284–85, 292, 419n6; radon and, 84–86, 90, 97, 284–85; Schiffner and, 84, 276; Schneeberg, 81–85, 90, 96–97, 276, 278, 419n1, 424n14
Mining College of Freiberg, 84
Minot AFB, 394
Minuteman 3 ICBMs, 387
MK-39 hydrogen bombs, 386
moment magnitude scale, 348, 447n2
Morgan, John Hunt, 210
Morgan, Thomas Hunt, 402; background of, 210, 213; doctoral training of, 210–11; Fly Room of, 210; fruit fly studies of, 210–14, 233, 243, 402; The Mechanism of Mendelian Heredity and, 212–13; Muller and, 210, 212–13; Nobel Prize and, 211, 435n10; skepticism of, 210–11, 404
Morse code, 17–18, 412n22
Moseley, Harry, 251–52, 260
mosquitoes, 2
motion pictures, 14, 258, 450n22
“moving target” argument, 300, 360, 387
Moynihan, Noel, 293
Müller, H. E., 81, 84–85
Muller, Hermann Joseph, Jr.: on atomic bombs, 224–25; background of, 206–7; chromosomes and, 214–17; communism and, 218–25; eugenics and, 218–19, 222–25; fruit flies and, 207–17, 220, 222, 225–27, 229, 232–34, 243, 247, 324, 402, 435n14, 436n15, 437nn38 and 42, 444n18; genetics and, 206–7, 210, 212–28, 232–33, 246–47, 324, 435nn13 and 14, 436n19, 437n42, 438n46, 444n18; Great Depression and, 218; infertility and, 324; Life Span Study (LSS) and, 227–28; The Mechanism of Mendelian Heredity and, 212–13; Morgan and, 210, 212–13; mutation rates and, 225–26; Nobel Prize of, 206–7, 224–25; Out of the Night: A Biologist’s View of the Future and, 219–20; partial dominance and, 225; radiation and, 207, 215, 216–18, 225–28, 233; radio waves and, 444n18; recessive traits and, 214, 225; sex-ratio assay of, 214–16; temperature effects and, 216–17; tolerance dose and, 233; Watson and, 233
Murphy, Eleanor Flannery, 126–27
mushroom clouds, 1, 173, 427n19
myoglobin, 262
myths, 289
Nagasaki: Life Span Study (LSS) and, 191, 196, 198–205, 227–29; measuring radiation doses in, 190; misinformation over, 162–63; plutonium bomb of, 76, 159–60, 162–63, 166, 169, 190, 198–99, 227, 262, 427n8, 430n13, 433n53, 447n8;; radiation sickness and, 159–63; radioactive fallout and, 168–69; silent casualties of, 163
Napoleon Bonaparte, 346
Nash equilibrium, 450n22
National Academy of Sciences, 191, 193, 330, 443n13
National Bureau of Standards, 102
National Council on Radiation Protection and Measurements (NCRP), 103
National Institute on Standards and Technology (NIST), 102–3
National Institutes of Health, 189, 290, 297
National Radio Astronomy Observatory, 322–23
National Radio Quiet Zone, 322–23
National Radium Institute, 128–30
Nature journal, 266–67, 402
Nazis, 223, 425n24, 437nn29 and 30, 439n36, 440n8
Neel, James V., 227
negative eugenics, 223
neon, 22
neurological symptoms, 83, 322–24
neutron bombs, 185–86
neutrons: atomic particles and, 43–45, 52, 58, 61–62, 66, 72–73, 108, 110–11, 151, 159–61, 170, 184–86, 319, 355, 415n13, 417n19, 422n72, 423n76, 426n38, 430n17; atom splitting and, 62–64; cobalt bomb and, 184–85; diluting positive charge of nucleus and, 417n19; as ghost particles, 160; Hiroshima bomb and, 160; nuclear fission and, 72–73 (see also nuclear fission); occupational illness and, 108, 110–11; proton ratios and, 415n13; radiation sickness and, 151, 159–61; radioactive fallout and, 170, 184–86; reflection of, 110; relative size of, 161; Rutherford prediction and, 61–62
Newton, Isaac, 9, 33, 197, 238, 245, 254, 261, 401, 411, 419n3
New York University, 291
New York World, 11
niobium, 175
Nishina, Yoshio, 421n61
Nishiwaki, Yashushi, 165
Nobel Prize: Barkla and, 405; Becquerel and, 39–40, 47–48; Blondot and, 398, 400; Chadwick and, 61; Cockcroft and, 67, 418n33; Crick and, 267; Fermi and, 73, 418n42; Haber and, 262, 439n36, 440n8; Libby and, 415n16; Marconi and, 16, 50; Marie Curie and, 40, 47–48, 100, 415n18; Morgan and, 211, 435n10; Muller and, 206–7, 224–25; Nash and, 450n22; Pauling and, 263; Pierre Curie and, 40, 47–48; Roentgen and, 21, 28, 48, 413n46; Rutherford and, 54, 439n34; Soddy and, 416n8; Thomson and, 51–52; Walton and, 67, 418n33; Watson and, 267; Wilkins and, 267; William Henry Bragg and, 259; William Lawrence Bragg and, 249, 259, 269, 405
nonionizing radiation: cell phones and, 318–19, 419n7; measurement of, 422n68; microwaves and, 36, 319; radio waves and, 318–19, 419n7
normal accidents, 362
Norman, Eric, 343–44
North Korea, 382
N-rays, 400–404
nuclear fission: bomb race and, 105; cesium and, 332; discovery of, 105; as domino effect, 72–73; Fermi and, 73–74; Manhattan Project and, 73, 103–7, 109–10, 112, 140, 159, 226, 421n61, 425n24 (see also atomic bombs); nuclear reactors and, 73–74
nuclear fusion: atomic particles and, 74–76; B-52 crash and, 386; Bikini Atoll and, 164, 166–67, 171–73, 181, 183,
186, 331, 393, 429n5, 430n8, 431n21; cold, 76; compared to nuclear fission bomb, 166; death zone of, 393; hydrogen bombs and, 76, 165–67, 170–77, 182, 185, 189, 331, 368, 375–78, 383–88, 390–94, 419n47, 429nn5 and 6, 430nn10 and 13; hydrogen gas explosion and, 418n47; lithium and, 430n17; perfect synchrony needed for, 449n14; power plants and, 359, 368; process of, 74–76; radiation sickness and, 156–57; radioactive fallout and, 165–68, 170, 177–80, 182, 185–86; Shrimp and, 167, 171–77, 431n19; Soviets and, 431n29; spies and, 431n29; sun and, 74–76, 166
nuclear meltdown, 74, 350, 355–56, 359, 362
nuclear power plants, xii; breached seawall and, 354; cancer and, 358, 364–67, 370–71; cesium and, 330–31, 333; Chernobyl, 364–68, 428n28; effective dose and, 365, 367, 370–71; electricity and, 354; fault trees and, 358–59, 380–81, 388; fuel rods and, 422n75; Fukushima, 330–33, 335, 343–46, 349–50, 352, 356–57, 362, 364, 366–71, 419n47; interactive complexity and, 361–62; International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA) and, 360, 364; iodine and, 365–66; meltdown and, 350, 355–56, 359, 362; normal accidents and, 362; nuclear fusion and, 359, 368; number needed to harm (NNH) and, 361, 365; odds of accidents in, 360–61; radiation detectors and, 275–77; radiation sickness and, 367–68; radioisotopes and, 380; reactors and, 73–74, 330, 346–50, 354–64, 367–68, 381; safety and, 355, 358–64, 370–71; Three Mile Island, 358–59, 363, 380, 388; uncertainty and, 359, 361, 363–64, 389–90; unknown unknowns and, 361–63; US Nuclear Regulatory Commission (NRC) and, 335–36, 359; Watras and, 275–78; worldwide number of, 360
nuclear weapons: ABC News stunt and, 379–82, 394; airplane crashes and, 375–79, 383–87, 394–96; Chrome Dome and, 385–87, 389, 394; deterrence measures and, 375, 381–83, 433n52; fear and, 353, 367; intercontinental ballistic missiles (ICBMs) and, 375, 383, 386–87; MAD strategy and, 392, 450n22; Mark 53 (B53) and, 375–76, 387, 449n1; NUKEMAP program and, 393; QUICK COUNT program and, 389–92; rule of succession and, 388–89; safety and, 422n75, 432n45, 447n15, 449n1; sovereign states and, 382–83; terrorists and, 379–83, 392, 394–95; turkey illusion and, 388–89; warheads and, 184, 375–76, 378–79, 386–87, 394
nuclear reactors, 73–74, 330, 346–50, 354–64, 367–68, 381
nuclein, 236–37, 240
nucleobases, 240, 264–66
nucleotides, 240–41, 264–65, 267
Nuke Effects app, 393
NUKEMAP program, 393
number needed to benefit (NNB), 442n7
number needed to harm (NNH): cancer and, 285–86, 295–96, 299, 301, 306–7, 314–15, 321, 338, 343, 361, 365, 442n7; cell phones and, 314–15, 321; diagnostic radiography and, 299, 301, 306–7, 442n7; exposure time and, 285–86, 295–96, 299, 301, 306–7, 314–15, 321, 338, 343, 361, 365, 442n7; food and, 338, 343; nuclear power plants and, 361, 365; radon and, 285–86, 295–96