by Will Durant
prophecy, see soothsaying
prophets, 559, 562, 564, 567, 568, 576
propitiation, 64, 65
Propontis (Sea of Marmara), 516
proscriptions, 125-126, 128, 130, 132, 141, 146-147, 167, 170, 185, 201-202, 212, 371, 373, 447-448, 628
prose, 103-104, 108, 113, 158, 160-166, 234, 250-252, 258, 295-315, 319, 433-437, 439-446, 467-468, 483-486, 490-497. 505-507, 514, 520-522, 546, 555-595, 606-616, 635-637, 662-663, 671
Proserpina, 84;
Rape of, 256
prostitution, in Etruria, 7;
under Rome, 68, 89, 134, 135, 222-223, 244, 245, 267, 272, 276, 285, 290, 297, 313, 317, 324, 328, 342, 352, 354, 369, 378, 382, 458, 487, 488, 512, 522, 562, 569, 627
prostration, 269, 280
Protagoras, Greek philosopher (481?-411 B.C.), 494
Protestantism, 592
Protogenes, Greek painter (fl. 330-300 B.C.), 338, 352, 355
Provence, 472
Proverbs, 540, 541
Providence, Cicero on, 164;
Seneca on, 304;
Marcus Aurelius on, 444; see also God
Providence, On (Seneca), 302
provinces, 87-88, 90, 107, 112, 114, 116, 118, 121, 125, 126, 129-130, 132, 140, 142, 171, 175, 177-178, 179, 190, 192, 193-194, 196, 200, 201, 205-206, 208, 211, 213, 214, 215, 216-217, 220-221, 226, 228, 235, 261, 270-271, 275, 285-288, 293, 302-303, 319, 320, 322, 330, 333, 350*, 373, 377, 380, 404-406, 408, 410, 411, 413, 417-420, 423-424, 427, 434, 438, 441, 448-449, 453, 462-549, 619, 621, 626-627, 632-633, 635, 640-645, 651, 659, 661, 666, 668-669, 672
Prusa (Brusa), 516, 521, 629
Psalms, 559, 572-573
Psalms of Solomon, 540
Psyche, 353, 468
Ptolemais (Menchieh), 498, 502
Ptolemies, 186, 187, 208, 226, 327, 344, 498, 500, 507, 631*, 641
Ptolemy VI Philometor, King of Egypt (181-146 B.C.), 186
Ptolemy XI Auletes or Neos Dionysos, King of Egypt (reigned 80-51 B.C.), 186-187
Ptolemy XII, King of Egypt (reigned 51-47 B.C.), 186-188
Ptolemy XIII, King of Egypt (reigned 47-43 B.C.), 188, 189
Ptolemy, Claudius, Greco-Egyptian astronomer, geographer, and geometer (fl. 127-151), 502-503, 507
publicans, 126, 129, 139, 140, 141, 171, 192, 196, 340, 463, 556, 562, 563, 569
public debt, 79, 220, 287, 330, 337
public lands, see ager publicus
Publicola, Publius Valerius, consul (?-503 B.C.), 16
public urinals, 287
public works, 88, 103, in, 176, 192, 213, 216, 219-220, 225, 270, 274, 287, 290-291, 326, 336, 409, 410, 418-419, 423, 461, 499, 627, 633, 639, 641, 668
Publilia, wife of Cicero (fl. 1st century B.C.), 163
Pumpkinification (Seneca), see Apocolocyn-tosis
Punchinello (Punch), 74
Punic, 621
Punic Wars, 43, 91, 218, 618;
First, 43-46, 70, 74, 78, 330, 469;
Second, 48-54, 70, 80, 105, 252, 455, 469;
Third, 105-108
punishment, in the early Republic, 57
Pupienus (Marcus Clodius Pupienus Maximus), Roman emperor (?-238), 628
purgatory, 241-242, 243, 485, 497, 615
purification, 29, 63, 64, 65, 67, 524-525, 527, 560, 586, 599, 607, 609, 618; see also baptism
Puritans, 535
Puteoli (Pozzuoli), 78, 162, 218, 322, 324, 325, 326, 330, 346, 389, 456, 457, 546, 602
Pydna (battle, 168 B.C.), 86, 96
Pylades of Cilicia, artist in pantomime (fl. end of 1st century B.C.), 378
Pyramids, 328, 499
Pyramus, 256
Pyrenees, 49, 119, 470
Pyrrha, 247
Pyrrho, Greek philosopher (365-275 B.C.), 494, 495
Pyrrhus, King of Epirus (318-272 B.C.), 28, 29, 37, 38, 71, 92, 98, 104
Pythagoras, Greek philosopher (fl. 540-510 B.C.), 98, 165, 246, 390, 497, 507, 525, 607, 608*
Pythagoreanism, 242, 301, 343, 390, 525-526, 537, 609
Pytheas, Greek navigator (fl. ca. 350 B.C.), 475-476
Pythian games, 283, 486-487
Q
quacks, 312
Quadi, 429, 431, 432
Quadratus, Christian apologist (fl. 2nd century), 611
Quaestiones (Papinian), 634
Quaestiones Naturales (Seneca), 303, 307-308, 311
quaestors, 28, 29*, 191
Quebec, 406
Quietus, Quintus Lusius, general of Trajan (?-118), 413, 414
Quintilian (Marcus Fabius Quintilianus), rhetorician (ca. 40-118?), 103, 295, 299, 302, 313-315, 316, 319, 356, 367, 380, 403, 439, 440
Quirinal, 12*, 317, 340, 411
Quirinius, Publius Sulpicius, governor of Syria (?-21 A.D.), 558
Quirinus, 13
Quirites, 13
R
rabbis, 537-539, 545, 547-548, 564
Rabelais, Francois, French writer (1490?-1553), 69, 100
Rabirius, architect (fl. 1st century), 345
Racine, Jean Baptiste, French dramatist, (1639-1699), 302, 412
Raetia, 217-218, 429, 480
Ram, 298
Raphia (Rafa), 508, 530
Ravenna, 11, 78, 325, 326, 410, 455
readings, 234, 296
real estate, see property
realism (art), 339, 349, 350, 351, 353, 361, 412, 442-443, 459-460, 634-635, 671
Reate (Rieti), 102, 286, 288
Red Sea (anc. Sinus Arabicus), 325, 413, 499, 507, 508, 516, 529
Reformation, 592
Refutation of All Heresies (Hippolytus), 618
Regulus, Marcus Atilius, general (?-ca. 250 B.C.), 44-45, 183
Regulus (in Pliny), 438
Reid, James Smith, English classical scholar (1846-1926), 665
Reimarus, Hermann Samuel, German scholar (1694-1768), 553
reincarnation, 242, 390, 497, 525, 526, 609
reliefs, 229, 338, 347-349, 361, 412, 427, 442-443, 453, 455, 474, 601, 635, 662
religion, in Etruria, 7-8, 18;
in Carthage, 41-42;
in Germany, 479;
before the Principate, 13, 18, 30, 31, 56, 58-67, 72, 93-97, 102, 104, 108, 157, 163-165, 193, 214;
under the Principate, 222, 225-227, 238-239, 248, 251, 256-257, 259, 266, 269, 291-292, 299, 335, 354, 365-366, 371, 372, 388-390, 426, 429, 443, 449, 486, 488, 497, 512, 515, 522-527, 535-542, 550-619;
under the monarchy, 625, 628, 639, 640, 646-664, 667-668;
Judaism, 535-542;
Christianity, 550-619, 646-664, 667-668;
Lucretius on, 147-154;
Varro on, 159-160;
Cicero on, 161, 164-165;
Caesar and, 193;
in Virgil, 242-243;
in Horace, 248-250;
in Livy, 251, 256-257;
Nero’s, 276;
Domitian’s, 292;
Hadrian’s, 415;
Antoninus Pius’, 423;
Marcus Aurelius’, 425-426, 444;
Tacitus’, 435-436;
in The Golden Ass, 467-468;
Plutarch’s, 484-485;
Demonax on, 489;
Epictetus’, 492-494;
Philo’s 501-502;
Dion Chrysostomus on, 522
Rembrandt van Rijn (Rembrandt Harmenszoon van Rijn), Dutch painter (1606-1669), 355
Remedia Amoris (Ovid), 255
Remi, 471*
Remus, twin of Romulus (8th century B.C.), 12, 82, 241
Renaissance, 4, 95, 243, 258, 307, 352, 353, 356, 406, 505, 661, 672
Renan, Ernest, French Orientalist and critic (1823-1892), 425, 554, 556
Republic, the Roman, 15-208, 213, 214, 242, 251, 260, 261, 264, 286, 330, 335, 352, 373, 374, 379, Chap. XVIII, passim, 436, 442, 462, 469
Republic (Cicero), see Republica, De
Republic (Plato), 608
Republic, Plato’s, 427
Republica, De (Cicero), 163*, 165
republicanism
, of Cato the Younger, 135, 136
Rerum Natura, De (Lucretius), 148-154, 239
Re Rustica, De (Cato the Elder), 103-104
Re Rustica, De (Columella), 319
Re Rustica, De (Varro), see Country Life, On
Resemblances, 243
Responsa (Papinian), 634
Resting Mercury, 459
resurrection, 94, 523-526, 573-574, 575, 585, 592, 595, 601, 604*, 605, 607
Revelation of St. John the Divine, The, 592-595, 616
revolution, 108, 111-208, 391, 604*, 631, 666
Rhea Silvia, mother of Romulus and Remus (8th century B.C.), 12
Rhegium (Reggio), 35, 44, 231, 377, 455
Rheims (anc. Durocortorum), 324, 471*
rhetoric, 29, 95, 103, 141, 160-162, 167, 168, 169, 236, 244, 250, 251, 258, 287, 295-206, 301, 313, 317, 324, 367-368, 423, 425, 434, 436, 437, 438, 441, 465, 467, 470, 486-490, 510, 512, 514, 515, 521-522, 612, 661
Rhine (anc. Rhenus), 6, 118, 174-176, 178, 179, 194, 217-218, 291, 417, 431, 441, 470, 474, 475, 478, 479, 480, 523, 627, 628, 631*, 639, 653
Rhineland, 479, 480
Rhodes, 86, 96, 97, 105, 133, 139, 141, 168, 187, 203, 231, 259, 329, 368, 388, 418, 462, 490, 512, 514, 516, 534, 588*, 630
Rhone (anc. Rhodanus), 6, 470, 474
Richardson, Samuel, English novelist (1689-1760, 637
Rimini, see Ariminum
Rio Tinto, see Minas de Rio Tinto
ritual, 64, 65, 67, 94, 147-148, 149, 226, 242, 354, 388, 389, 425, 523-525, 527, 536, 548, 575, 578-579, 582, 595, 599, 602, 618-619, 626, 656
roads, 77-78, 116, 193, 219, 291, 324, 326-327, 340-341, 343, 410, 411, 417, 453, 464, 465, 466, 469, 473, 477, 480, 499, 512, 579, 602, 627, 632, 671
Robertson, John Mackinnon, British journalist and scholar (1856-1933), 554
Roland de la Platière, Marie Jeanne, French Girondist (1754-1793), 484
Roma, 381, 388, 389
Roman Catholics, 66
Romance languages, 73, 671
Romanesque architecture, 421
Roman Games, 381
Romans, The Epistle of Paul the Apostle to the, 554, 587*
Romanticism, 249, 258
Rome, founding of, 11-13;
city of, in 2nd and 3rd centuries B.C., 81-82, 92-93;
under Augustus, 219-220;
burning and rebuilding, 280-281;
fire and plague, 289;
Flavian Rome, 338-362;
under Hadrian, 420-421
Rome, Council of, 618
Rome, History of (Dion Cassius Cocceianus), 636
Romeo, 255
Romulus, first King of Rome (8th century B.C.), 12, 13, 15*, 18, 21, 82, 120, 136, 145, 233, 241, 359, 636
Romulus, House of, 4, 359
Romulus Augustulus (Flavius Momyllus Romulus Augustus), Roman emperor in the West (?-476), 670
Roscius Gallus, Quintus, comedian (?-62 B.C.), 160, 378
Rostovtzeff, Michael, American historian (b. 1870), 642
rostrum, 340
rotation of crops, 76, 320
Rothschild, Meyer Anselm, Jewish banker (1743-1812), 131
Rouen (anc. Rotomagus), 324
Rousseau, Jean Jacques, French philosopher (1712-1778), 152, 367, 440
Rubens, Peter Paul, Flemish painter (1577-1640), 354
Rubicon (Fiumicino), 48, 81, 163, 182, 654
Rufus, Caesetius, proscribed by Antony (?-43 B.C.), 202
Rufus, Corellius, friend of Pliny the Younger (?-96?), 311
Rufus, Musonius, Stoic philosopher (fl. 1st century), 282, 300-301, 400, 521
Rufus, Virginius, governor and guardian of Pliny the Younger (14-97), 439
Rufus of Ephesus, Greek physician (fl. 98-117)’505
Ruins of Empire (Volney), 553
Rumania, 410, 480
Rumanian, 73
Russia, 112, 218, 326, 448, 478, 520, 528, 669
Rusticus, Quintus Junius, Stoic philosopher (fl. 2nd century), 425
Rutuli, 15, 240
S
Saba (Bib.Sheba), 508
Sabbath, 598, 599
Sabellians, 605
Sabidius, 318
Sabina, Poppaea, wife of Nero 0 -65), 277, 279-282, 366, 372-373
Sabina, Vivia, wife of Hadrian (?-138), 414, 419, 442, 624
Sabine (language), 274
Sabines, 5, 12, 13, 14, 21, 35, 244, 246, 254, 286, 288;
rape of women, 13
Sabinus, Poppaeus, accused of conspiracy (?-27 A.D.), 264
Sabrata, 465
Saccas, Ammonius, Alexandrian Neoplatonist (fl. 3rd century), 608, 614
sacraments, seven, 600, 602, 658
Sacra Via (Sacred Way), 341
Sacred History (Euhemerus), 98
Sacred Mount, 22
sacrifice, in Etruria, 7;
under Rome, 52, 59, 60, 63-64, 65, 76, 83, 100, 104, 149, 164, 197, 239, 265, 290, 292, 354, 381, 388, 429, 444, 522, 524-525, 526, 531, 533, 547, 570, 583, 588, 599-600, 648, 651
Sadducees, 536-538, 545, 562, 576
sadism, Caligula’s, 267
Saguntum (Sagunto), 47, 48
Sahara, 40, 217, 448, 464, 466
St. Barbara, Baths of, 474
St. Mark’s, in Venice, 351
St. Peter’s, in Rome, 18, 420, 421, 578, 635, 661
Saint-Pierre, Jacques Henri Bernardin de, French writer of romance (1737-1814), 637
St. Quentin (anc. Augusta Veromanduorum), 474
Sais, 498
Salamis (in Cyprus), 196
Salamis (island), naval battle in 480 B.C., 383
Salaria, Via, 283
Salernum (Salerno), 456
Salii, 63
Sallust (Caius Sallustius Crispus), historian (86-35 B.C.), 42, 123, 142-144, 146, 160, 190, 233, 340, 436, 455, 557
“Sallust, House of,” 353
Salome, daughter of Herodias (ist century), 560
Salome, visitor at the tomb of Jesus, 573
Salome Alexandra, Queen of the Jews (reigned 78-69 B.C..), 530
Salona (Spalato), 480
salons, 113, 131-132, 135, 230, 234, 279, 621
Salvius, leader of slave rebellion (end of 2nd century B.C.), 121
Samaria, 530, 576, 577, 604, 611
Samaria-Sebaste (Sebustieh), 508
Samaritans, 535, 567
Samaritis, 535
Samnites, 35, 37, 38, 43, 51, 125, 519
Samnium, 455
Samos, 133, 139
Samosata, 322, 495, 513
Samothrace, 139
sanctuary, 398, 518
Sanhedrin, 536, 539, 545, 547-548, 568, 570-571, 576, 580, 586
sanitation, see sewage system
San Lorenzo, Church of, 427*
San Lorenzo outside the Walls, Church of, 662
San Paolo fuori le Mura, Basilica of, 591
Sanskrit, 73
Santa Maria degli Angeli, Church of, 635
Saône (anc. Arar), 470, 474
Sappho, Greek poet (fl. 7th century B.C.), 155, 156, 158, 247, 256
Saracens, 658
Saragossa (anc. Caesaraugusta), 504
Sardinia, 38, 40, 43, 46, 52, 53, 97, 111, 112, 279, 365*, 447, 463-464
Sardis, 516, 546, 592
Sarmatians, 431, 432, 480, 630, 669
Sarmizegetusa, 410, 431, 480
Sarsina, 455
Sassanids, 530, 627, 641
Satan, 524, 540, 589, 591, 593, 595, 599, 606, 614, 663
satire, 73, 74, 97, 99, 235, 241, 245-246, 248, 250, 275, 295, 296-299, 312, 317-318, 333, 369, 437-439, 509, 671
Satires (Horace), 245-246, 248, 250
Saturn, 59, 61, 63, 66, 205, 225, 237, 242, 253, 358, 500
Saturn (planet), 309
Saturn, Temple of, 341, 358
Saturnalia, 66
Saturnian verse, 74, 98
Saturniaregna, 61, 66, 205, 225, 236-237, 242, 253
Saturninus, Antoninus, governor (fl. 1st century), 291, 292
Saturninus, Caius Sentius, governor of Syria (fl. 1st century B.C.), 558
Saturninus, Lucius Appuleius, radical leader (?-100 B.C.), 120, 519
Saturninus, Pompeius, friend of Pliny the Younger (fl. 1st and 2nd centuries), 441
Satyricon (Petronius), 296-299, 466
Save, 410, 480, 640
Saviour, see Messiah Saxa Rubra, 654
Scaevola, Caius Mucius, hero (fl. 6th century B.C.), 385
Scaevola, Publius Mucius, statesman and lawyer (fl. second half of 2nd century B.C.), 391
Scaevola, Quintus Mucius, jurist (?-82 B.C.), 391, 406
Scaevola, Quintus Mucius, jurist (2nd-1st centuries B.C.), 141, 159, 391, 406
Scaliger, Joseph Justus, French critic and scholar (1540-1609), 302
Scandinavia, 326
Scandinavians, 475
Scantinia, lex, 398
Scaurus, Marcus Aemilius, general and governor (fl. 1st century B.C.), 133, 334, 482
schism, 618, 657-658
Schola Medicorum, 312
scholarship, 158-161, 234, 250, 252, 269, 272, 415, 635-636
Scholasticism, 548
schools, see education
Schweitzer, Albert, Alsatian philosopher, theologian, physician, and musician (b. 1875), 556
science, 75, 102, 108, (in Lucretius) 148-154, 233, 269, 307-313, 314, 356, 392, 393, 406, 500, 502-507, 514, 520-521, 671
Scipio, Publius Cornelius, general, father of Scipio Africanus Major (?-211 B.C.), 49, 52, 91
Scipio Aemilianus Africanus Minor, Publius Cornelius, general (ca. 185-129 B.C.), 41, 57, 87, 91, 96-97, 101, 107, 113, 114, 115, 379, 490
Scipio Africanus, Publius Cornelius, son of Scipio Africanus (2nd century B.C.), 96
Scipio Africanus Maior, Publius Cornelius, general (234-183 B.C.), 51, 52-55, 57, 82, 85, 86, 91, 92, 94, 96, 97, 104, 113, 424
Scipio Asiaticus, Lucius Cornelius, general (fl. 190 B.C.), 86, 91, 104, 113
Scipio, Calvus Cneius Cornelius, general (?-211 B.C.), 52
Scipio Nasica Corculum, Publius Cornelius (fl. 158 B.C..), 66
Scipio Nasica Serapio, Publius Cornelius, senator (fl. 133 B.C.), 115
Scipionic circle, 96-97, 101, 104, 113
Scipios, patrician family, 85, 86, 97, 372, 469
Scopas, Greek sculptor (400-ca. 340 B.C.), 96, 351, 358
Scotland (anc. Caledonia), 36, 291, 406, 448, 476, 622, 669
Scribes, 536, 538, 567, 568, 662
Scribonia, second wife of Augustus (fl. 1st century B.C.), 205, 229
Scriptures, see Bible
Scudéry, Madeleine de, French novelist (1607-1701), 637
sculpture, Etruscan, 9-10, 18;
Carthaginian, 41, 42;
Pompeian, 459-460;
