by Will Durant
Tertulla, wife of Crassus (1st century B.C.), 168
Tertullian (Quintus Septimius Florens Tertullianus), Latin father of the Church (160?-230?), 307, 385, 465, 524, 558, 591, 597, 598, 603, 612-613, 617, 618, 647-649, 652, 665
Tetrabiblios (Ptolemy), 503
Tetricus, Caius Pesuvius, pretender in Gaul (274), 638
Teutones, 118-119, 472
textbooks, 159
textiles, 77, 92, 473, 486, 510
Thallus, secretary to Augustus, 229
Thallus, pagan commentator on Christ (fl. 1st century), 555
Thames (anc. Tamesis), 176, 179, 441, 477
Thamugadi (Timgad), 466
Thapsacus, 512
Thapsus, battle in 46 B.C., 54, 189, 465, 466
Theagenes, 636
theater, 98-99, 133, 193, 219, 266-267, 274, 278, 296, 302, 316, 317, 319, 340, 352, 357, 360, 362, 363, 369, 371, 377-379, 381, 418-419, 421, 456, 458-459, 464, 466, 470, 473, 474, 480, 499, 508-509, 513, 515, 532, 548, 598, 612-613
Thebaid, 445
Thebaid (Statius), 316
Thebes (anc. Thebae), 316, 483* 498, 499, 630
Theocritus, Greek pastoral poet (fl. 3rd century B.C.), 235, 236, 637
Theodora, wife of Constantine (4th century), 653
Theodosius I the Great (Flavius Theodosius), Roman emperor (346?-395), 486
Theodotians, 605
Theodotion, Bible translator (fl. 2nd century), 614
theology, 304, 308, 501-502, 522-525, 547-548, 553-554, 556, 562, 575, 582, 586-590, 594-595. 601, 603-615, 618, 626, 635, 656, 658-661
Theophila, philosopher and friend of Martial, 370
Theophrastus, Greek philosopher (?-287 B.C.), 310, 311, 490
Theopompus, Greek historian (ca. 378-? B.C.), 7
Therapeutae, 525
thermae, see baths, public
Thermus, Marcus Minucius, general (fl. 1st century B.C.), 167
Theseus, 354
Thessalonians, The First Epistle of Paul the Apostle to the, 587*
Thessalonians, The Second Epistle of Paul the Apostle to the, 587*, 591
Thessaionica (Salonika), 78, 324, 483, 546, 583, 585, 591, 602, 630, 637, 655
Thessaly, 184, 185, 467, 483, 519
Third Legion, 466
Thirteenth Legion, 182
Thisbe, 256
Thoreau, Henry David, American philosopher and writer (1817-1862), 609
Thrace, 203, 366, 482, 483, 516, 519, 595, 630, 632, 633, 639, 655
Thrasea, Publius Paetus, Stoic philosopher and senator (?-66), 279, 282, 300, 426, 441
Thrasymachus, Greek Sophist and rhetorician (fl. 5th century B.C.), 96
Thucydides, Greek historian (471?-400? B.C.), 4
Thugga (Dougga), 465
Thurii (Terra Nuova), 37, 51, 138
Thysdrus (El. Djem), 465
Tiber, 5, 11, 17, 36, 62, 65, 78, 81, 94, 115, 117, 159, 179, 193, 253, 265, 270, 278, 280, 283, 285, 325, 326, 327, 339, 365, 366, 378, 410, 422, 439, 453, 625, 654
Tiberias (Tabariah), 535, 644
Tiberius (Tiberius Claudius Nero Caesar), Roman emperor (42 B.C.-A.D. 37), 215, 217, 229, 230-231, 232, 234, 248, 259-265, 266, 268, 270, 275, 281, 290, 291, 292, 293, 323, 329, 331-332, 344, 347, 350, 358, 365*, 371, 373, 386, 434, 436, 478, 543, 558, 560
Tibullus, Albius, poet (54-19 B.C.), 60, 155, 234, 235, 252-253, 370, 407
Tibur (Tivoli), 35, 78, 121, 155, 252, 344, 421, 454, 638
Ticino, 49
Tigellinus, Sophonius, favorite of Nero (?-69), 279, 282
Tigranes, King of Armenia (fl. end of 1st century B.C.), 217
Tigranes the Great, king of Armenia (reigned 94-56 B.C.), 528
Tigranocerta (Sert), 528
Tigris, 546, 627, 641
time, measurement of, 66-67
Timocles the Stoic (in Lucian), 496
Timomachus of Byzantium, Greek painter (fl. 1st century B.C.), 354
Timothy, colleague of St. Paul (1st century), 583, 590
Timothy, The Second Epistle of Paul the Apostle to, 590
Tingis, see Tangier
Tinia, 7
Tiridates, King of Armenia (fl. 1st century), 280
Tiro, Marcus Tullius, writer and secretary to Cicero (fl. 1st century B.C.), 163
Titus (Titus Flavius Sabinus Vespasianus), Roman emperor (40-81), 287, 288-289, 290, 291, 345, 348-349, 351, 359, 361, 365, 375, 383, 404, 419, 533, 538, 544-545, 546, 577, 603
Titus, Arch of, 348-349, 357, 412
Titus, Baths of, 291, 345, 359, 375
Titus, colleague who forsook St. Paul (1st tentury), 590
Tiu (Tyr), 479
toga, 70
Toletum (Toledo), 470
Tolosa (Toulouse), 473
Tolstoy, Count Leo Nikolaevich, Russian novelist (1828-1910), 301, 537
Tomb of the Lioness (at Corneto), 11
tombs, in Etruria, 6, 7, 8, 339, 443;
under Rome, 57, 69, 84, 226, 243, 284, 298, 334, 348, 389, 414, 443, 474;
in Saba, 508;
Christian, 601
Tomi (Constanta), 232, 256-257, 301, 480
Tom Jones (Fielding), 299
Torah, 535-542, 547-549, 560, 567-568, 576-577, 579, 580, 581, 585-589, 591, 595, 605
Torlonia, Villa, 454*
Torquatus, Manlius (Caius Nonius Asprenas?), friend of Horace (fl. 1st century B.C.), 233
Torquatus, Titus Manlius Imperiosus, dictator (fl. 363-340 B.C.), 37*
Torso Belvedere (Apollonius of Athens), 349
torture, 267, 270, 285, 292, 334, 395, 403, 424, 520, 534, 615, 643, 649, 651-652
totemism, 60
Toulouse (anc. Tolosa), 650
town planning, 356
trade, Etruscan, 6;
Carthaginian, 40-41, 54, 105, 106, 107;
under Rome, 38, 54, 77-81, 88, 90, 92, 107, 111, 116, 118, 139-140, 170, 190, 205, 211-212, 215, 218-219, 233, 321-322, 324-326, 328-331, 332-334, 336-337, 340-342, 362, 364-365, 399, 411, 432, 448, 454, 455, 456, 465, 466, 470-471, 473, 474, 476, 477, 480, 482-483, 486, 487, 499, 508, 510, 514, 520, 528-529, 532, 535, 579, 632-633, 642-644, 665, 668, 671
trade routes, 413, 455, 508, 511-512, 529, 602, 632 632
tragedy, 74-75, 98, 301-302, 378
Traiana, Via, 410
Trajan (Marcus Ulpius Nerva Trajanus), Roman emperor (52-117), 28, 97, 234, 275, 291, 299, 307, 322, 326, 330, 335, 341, 345, 349, 361, 368, 371, 375, 387, 395, 408-413, 414, 433, 434, 436, 439, 441, 442, 455, 456, 457, 470, 480, 499, 508, 510, 520, 521, 528, 554, 599, 628, 634, 648, 662
Trajan, Arch of, 411
Trajan, Baths of, 345, 375, 635
Trajan, Column of, 411-412, 413, 442-443
Trajan, Temple of, 411
Tralles (Smyrna), 312, 329, 431, 504, 515, 546, 592, 603, 617, 648, 650
Tranquillity of the Soul, On the (Seneca), 302
Transjordania, 530
transport, 77-78, 271, 323-6, 328, 339, 341, 411, 473, 477, 499, 668
Transylvania, 410
Trapezus (Trebizond), 418, 518, 520, 629
Trasimene, Lake (anc. Trasimenus, It. Trasimeno or Perugia), battle in 217 B.C., 49
travel, 323-326
treaties, violation of, 90
Trebia (battle, 218 B.C..), 91
Trebonius, Caius, governor and conspirator (?-43 B.C.), 197
Treves, see Augusta Trevirorum
tribunes, 22-25, 27, 30, 85, 114, 126, 139, 191, 213, 216
tribute, see taxation
tributum capitis, 220
tributum soli, 220
triclinium, 343, 376
Trimalchio, 297-298, 333, 380
Trinity, 595, 660
Trionn, Via dei, 662
Tripoli (anc. Tripolis), 464, 465
Tripoli, see Oea
Tristia (Ovid), 257-258
Tristram Shandy (Sterne), 299
triumphs, 82-83, 86, 119, 121, 136, 138, 170, 171, 177, 190, 206, 208, 211, 219, 271, 272, 283, 288, 291, 348-349, 365, 3
81, 413, 428, 432, 466, 545, 546, 669
Triumvirate, First, 134, 171, 174, 175-176
Triumvirate, Second, 201-208, 531
Troad, the, 157
Troas, see Alexandria Troas
Troesmis (Iglitza), 480
Trojan War, 663
troubadours, 255, 638
Troy (anc. Troia, now Hissarlik), 12, 61, 74, 190, 239-240, 278, 280, 516, 522, 663
True Word (Celsus), 606-607
tuberculosis, 313, 504, 506
Tullia, daughter of Cicero (fl. 1st century B.C.), 163, 165
Tullus, Desumius, millionaire (fl. 1st century), 461
Tullus Hostilius, third King of Rome (fl. 7th century B.C.), 13-14
Tunis, 39, 42
Tunisia, 105, 465
Turanians, 528
Turbo, Marcius Livianus, general of Trajan (fl. 2nd century), 413
Turin, 254, 654
Turkestan, 528
Turkey, 513
Turnus, 240-241, 278
Tuscan (Etruscan) style (architecture), 18, 81, 92, 357
Tuscany, 5, 6, 11, 666
Tusculan Disputations (Cicero), see Disputationes Tusculanae
Tusculum, 11, 35, 132, 162, 454
Tutumus, 60
Twelfth Legion, 182
Twelve Great Gods, 7
Twelve Tables, 23, 31-33, 72, 75, 79, 83, 99, 393, 398, 400, 401, 403
Tyndaris, 247
Tyne, 417, 476
typhus, 227
Tyre, 39, 329, 331, 373, 469, 509, 510, 534
Tyrrha (Tireh), 6*
Tyrrhenian (Etruscan) Sea, 6, 453
U
Uffizi Gallery, 348*
Ulpian (Domitius Ulpianus), jurist (?-228), 392, 398, 405, 510, 621, 626, 634
Umbria, 99, 253, 455
Umbrians, 5, 12, 35, 37, 51, 122
unemployment, under Rome, 38, 116, 176, 180, 192, 205, 213, 288, 290, 323, 326, 336, 410, 641;
in Athens, 418
United States, 79, 218, 372, 546, 632
unities, Horace on, 249
Universal History (Eusebius), 662
Universal History (Poseidonius), 514
universities, 465, 474, 487-489, 500, 504, 510, 515, 661
Urals, 218
Urban VIII (Maffeo Barberini), Pope (1568-1644), 420
urbanization, under the Republic, 90, 111, 113, 118;
under the Principate, 222, 237, 286, 319, 481, 498, 508-509, 510, 516;
under the monarchy, 631, 633, 667
urology, 313, 318
Ursus, Flavius, friend of Statius (fl. 1st century), 335
Ustica, 244
usury, see moneylending
Utica (Utique), 39, 40, 80, 106, 107, 186, 188, 189-190, 325, 418, 465
Utrecht (anc. Trajectus), 324
V
Valentia (Valencia), 470
Valentinian I (Flavius Valentinianus), Roman emperor in the West (321-375), 665
Valentinus, Alexandrian heretic (fl. 160), 604
Valerian (Caius Publius Licinius Valerianus), Roman emperor (?-260), 340, 629, 650
Valerian Way, 78
Valerii, Roman clan, 21, 364
Valerius Maximus, historian (fl. 1st century), 352, 471-472
Vandals, 358, 638, 639, 670
Van Dyke, Sir Anthony, Flemish painter (1599-1641), 354
Van Gogh, Vincent (1853-1890), 355
Vardar (anc. Axius), 630
Varro, Caius Terentius, consul and general (fl. 216 B.C.), 50
Varro, Marcus Terentius, scholar and writer 116-26 B.C.), 60, 146, 159-160, 193, 238, 308, 379, 456, 509
Varus, Publius Quintilius, governor (?-9 A.D.), 218, 543
Varus, Quintilius, noble (?-42 B.C.), 203
Vasari, Giorgio, Italian artist and biographei of artists (1511-1574), 349
vases, see ceramics
Vatican (hill), 12, 340, 578
Vatican, the, 348*, 349, 350, 407
vault, 339, 355-361, 529, 661, 671
vehicles, 323, 341
Veii (Isola Farnese), 6, 10, 17;
war with (405-396 B.C.), 24, 36, 62, 344
Velia, 455
Velitrae (Veletri), 200
venereal disease, 268, 313
Veneti, 454-455
Venetia, 454, 461
Venice, 429, 455, 516
Venus, 12, 61, 82, 148-149, 152, 167, 193, 204, 239, 241, 253, 254, 255, 256, 346, 468, 487, 510, 511, 548;
Venus Genitrix, 349;
Venus Pompeiana, 458
Venus, Temple of, 196
Venus and Mars, Temple of, see Pantheon
Venus and Roma, Temple of, 421
Venusia (Venosa), 78, 244, 455, 546
Veratius, Lucius, slaveowner (2nd century), 404
Verbanus, Lacus, see Maggiore, Lago
Vercellae (Vercelli), battle in 101 B.C., 120
Vercingetorix, Gallic chief of the Arverni (?-45 B.C.), 176-177
Verona, 11, 78, 154, 155, 410, 429, 454, 628
Verres, Caius Cornelius, governor (?-43 B.C.), 92, 141, 462, 464
Versailles, 345
versification, 74, 98, 99, 155, 295;
of Lucretius, 148, 154;
of Catullus, 155-158;
of Virgil, 236, 238, 243;
of Horace, 244-248;
of Tibullus, 253;
of Ovid, 254, 256-258;
of Statius, 316;
of Martial, 317, 318;
of Juvenal, 439
Verulamium (St. Albans), 476
Verus, Lucius Aurelius (Lucius Ceionius Commodus Verus), Roman emperor (127-169), 422, 426-428, 430
Verus, Lucius, friend of Hadrian (?-138), 421, 422
Vespasian (Titus Flavius Sabinus Vespasianus), Roman emperor (9-79), 234, 271, 284-288, 290, 301, 309, 311, 312, 313, 322, 336, 337, 341, 345, 348, 351, 358, 361, 365, 368, 378, 383, 396, 402, 407, 409, 461, 489, 516, 544, 546, 575
Vespillo, Quintus Lucretius (fl. 1st century), 370
Vesta, 12, 58, 61, 518;
House of, see Aedes Vestae;
Temple of, 4, 635
Vestal Virgins, 61, 63, 94, 133, 142, 199, 202, 206, 290, 348, 351, 370, 388, 397, 622;
Palace of, see Atrium Vestae
Vesuvius, 137, 289, 346, 352, 456, 457
veterinarians, 313
Vettii, House of, 352-353
Vetulonia, 17*
viaducts, 326
Victor I, Roman Pope (ca. 190-198), 617
Victor, Sextus Aurelius, writer (fl. 4th century), 641
Victory, 627;
Temple of, 94
Victory Hill, see Clivus Victoriae
Vicus Lorarius, 342
Vicus Margaritarius, 342
Vicus Sandalarius, 342
Vicus Vitrarius, 342
Vienna (anc. Vindobona), 78, 324, 346, 432, 480, 633
Vienne, 49, 649
Villa Item, 354
Villanova, 5;
culture, 5, 9;
migrants from, 11
villas, see mansions
Viminal, 12*, 340, 342
Viminal Gate, 263
Vinci, Leonardo da, Italian artist (1452-1519), 220, 232, 356
Vindex, Caius Julius, legate of Gallia Lugdunensis (fl. 1st century), 283, 473
Vindobona, see Vienna
Vindonissa (Windisch), 480
vineyards, 320, 344, 456, 464, 473, 535, 631, 639
Vipsania Agrippina, daughter of Agrippa (fl. 1st century B.C.), 230, 259
Virbius (“King of the Woods”), 62
Virgil (Publius Vergilius [or Virgiliusl Maro), poet (70-19 B.C.), 3, 8, 60, 61, 74, 98, 102, 154, 155, 157, 158, 205, 215, 225, 233, 234, 235-244, 245, 248, 250, 251, 252, 258, 278, 283, 307, 348, 382, 438, 441, 454, 456, 625, 671
Virgin, 236-237
Virginia, daughter of Lucius Virginius (5th century B.C.), 23, 72
Virginius, Lucius, plebeian (5th century B.C.), 23
Virgo, 298
Viriathus, Lusitanian leader (fl. 2nd century
B.C.), 87
Viroconium (Wroxeter), 477
Virtue, 358;
Temple of, 358
Virtutibus, De (Cicero), 163*
Visigoths, 670
Vistula, 478
vitalism, 507
Vitellius (Aulus Vitellius Germanicus), Roman emperor (15-69), 268, 284-285, 287
Vitruvius Pollio, Marcus, architect and engineer (1st century B.C.), 9, 343*, 356
vivisection, 504-505, 506
Voconia, lex, 224, 399
Volga (anc. Rha), 669
Volney, Comte de, Constantin François de Chasseboeuf, French skeptical author (1757-1820), 553
Vologases III, King of Parthia (fl. 2nd century), 428
Vologases IV, King of Parthia (?-209), 530
Vologases V, King of Parthia (?-227?), 530
Volscians, 15, 35, 36, 37, 326*
Voltaire, François Marie Arouet de, French writer (1694-1778), 99, 131, 154, 225, 244, 304, 495, 497, 553
vote buying, 128-129, 192
vows, 64-65, 311, 606
Vulcan, 59, 63
Vulci, 9
Vulso, Cnaeus Manlius, general (fl. 2nd century B.C.), 88
W
wages, 111, 112, 632, 642-643
Walden Pond, 609
Wales, 36, 73, 475, 477
Wall Street, 340
war, 24, 80, 81, 83, 85, 86, 90, 91, 96, 193, 198, 232, 233, 242, 253, 255, 261, 301, 310, 330, 336-337, 387, 424, 478, 602, 622, 632, 636, 641, 650, 665, 666, 667
War of the Mercenaries, 46
Wars of the Jews, The (Josephus), 546
Washington, D. C, 356
water clock, see clepsydra
watering places, 133, 324, 377, 456, 477, 664
water supply, of Rome, 220, 281, 326-328, 343;
in Italian cities, 461;
in Syria, 511, 512;
in Smyrna, 515
Watt, James, Scottish inventor (1736-1819), 504
Watteau, Jean Antoine, French painter (1684-1721), 351
wealth, 88-89, 90, 91, 95, 108, 118, 128, 130-134, 212, 221, 337, 339, 391, 399, 448, 483, 510-512, 514, 631-633, 657, 667
weapons, 33, 77, 106-107, 322, 328*
weddings, 223, 379
weights, 78
West, the, 154, 188, 203, 208, 234, 251, 283, 329, 331, 366, 389, 392, 406, 420, 463, 473, 475, 481, 512, 529, 603, 605, 612, 616-617, 629, 640, 644, 654, 657, 661, 665, 666, 669, 670, 671
Westminster Hall, 635
Wieland, Christopher Martin, German poet and novelist (1733-1813), 553
Winchester (anc. Venta Belgarum), 477
Winckelmann, Johann Joachim, German archeologist and art historian (1717-1768), 349
Wisdom of Solomon, Book of the, 540, 541, 589
Wissowa, George, German classical philologist (1859-1931), 504*
witchcraft, 526, 559
