by Ravi Rikhye
[265]O’Rourke, Ibid. https://fas.org/sgp/crs/row/RL33153.pdf
[266] Lin, J. and Singer, P. (2017, April 19). “China is building the world's largest nuclear submarine facility”. Popular Science. https://www.popsci.com/china-nuclear-submarine-facility#page-2
[267] Buffalo. (2015, December 7). “China’s straight-deck amphibious assault ship confirmed by official information.” China Arms Blog. http://www.china-arms.com/2015/12/chinas-straight-deck-amphibious-assault-ship-confirmed-by-official-information/
[268] Lin, J., and Singer, P. (2017, June 18). “China launches Asia’s biggest post World War II warship.” Popular Science. https://www.popsci.com/china-launches-asias-biggest-post-wwii-warship#page-6
[269] Corr, A. (2017, July 1). “China's New Destroyer, The U.S. Navy's Anti-Ship Missile Failure, And Preemption”. Forbes. https://www.forbes.com/sites/anderscorr/2017/07/01/chinas-new-destroyer-the-u-s-navys-anti-ship-missile-failure-and-preemption/#4059efa4638f
[270] Majumdar, D. (2016, March 8). “How to Sink Warships: U.S. Navy Reveals Anti-Ship SM-6 Missile”. National Interest. http://nationalinterest.org/blog/the-buzz/how-sink-battleships-us-navys-anti-ship-sm-6-missile-15436
[271] Kalman, B. (2016, March 10). “Military analysis: China’s amphibious capabilities”. Southfront.org. https://southfront.org/military-analysis-chinese-amphibious-capabilities/
[272] Andrew, K. C. (2017, December 23). “PLAN Marine Orbat Update”. China Defense Blogspot. http://china-defense.blogspot.com/
[273] Chan, M. (2017, March 17). “As overseas ambitions expand, China plans 400 per cent increase to marine corps numbers, sources say”. South China Morning Post. http://www.scmp.com/news/china/diplomacy-defence/article/2078245/overseas-ambitions-expand-china-plans-400pc-increase
[274] Khan, B. (2016, Cotober 25). “Details emerge of Pakistan’s Agosta 90B upgrade program“. Quwa. https://quwa.org/2016/10/25/details-emerge-pakistans-agosta-90b-upgrade-program/
[275] http://quwa.org/2017/10/08/outgoing-pakistan-navy-chief-reveals-new-frigate-purchase-china-harba-surface-surface-missile/
[276] http://navalanalyses.blogspot.com/2015/06/ada-class-corvettes-of-turkish-navy.html Friday, 26 June 2015
Ada class corvettes of the Turkish Navy
Written by D-Mitch
[277] https://www.defensenews.com/naval/2017/12/27/pakistan-shops-for-warships-to-replace-british-frigates-modernize-navy/
[278] Singh, Rahul. (2017, March 2). “India may ink Rs 32,000-cr deal for building minesweepers next month”. Hindustan Times.
Singh, Rahu. (2017, March 2). “India may ink Rs 32,000-cr deal for building minesweepers next month”. Hindustan Times. http://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/india-may-ink-rs-32-000-cr-deal-for-building-minesweepers-next-month/story-anO5yAOoUzbPARwJHGYbbI.html
[279] Scroll Staff. (2016, February 10). “UAE to store crude oil in India and offer two-thirds of it for free”. Scroll India. https://scroll.in/latest/803361/uae-to-store-crude-oil-in-india-and-offer-two-thirds-of-it-for-free
[280] SInodefense Editor. (2014, January 5). “PLAAF converting air divisions into brigades.” China Defense Today. https://sinodefence.wordpress.com/2014/01/05/plaaf-converting-air-divisions-into-brigades/
[281] Morris, L., and Heginbotham, E. (2016). “From theory to practice: People’s Liberation Army Air Force training at the operational level.” RAND Corporation. (https://www.rand.org/content/dam/rand/pubs/research_reports/RR1400/RR1415/RAND_RR1415.pdf
[282] RUAG. (2018). “World Air Forces”. Flight Global. https://www.flightglobal.com/asset/21905/waf/
[283] Dutch Aviation Society. (2018). “Chinese aircraft designations since 1949”. Scramble. http://www.scramble.nl/orbats/china/summary/types
[284] Ibid.
[285] Press Trust of India (2017, September 9). “China airfields in Tibet lack military infrastructure for offensive operations”. Indian Express. http://indianexpress.com/article/india/china-airfields-in-tibet-lack-military-infrastructure-for-offensive-ops-air-chief-b-s-dhanoa-4836195/
[286] An official photograph of JF-16s shows at least six aircraft delivered to CCS Pakistan Air Force and 10 pilots. (2015, January 26). “JF-17 Thunders Inducted in Combat Commander’s School” http://www.paf.gov.pk/press_release/uploaded/1427530540.pdf
[287] Khan, B. (2017, January 26). “TAI will upgrade Pakistan’s F-16 MLU fighters with nighttime capabilities”. Quwa. https://quwa.org/2017/01/26/tai-will-upgrade-pakistans-f-16-mlu-fighters-nighttime-capabilities/
[288] Pakistan Military Review. (2013, September). Pakistan to receive its first FC-20”. http://pakmr.blogspot.com/2013/09/pakistn-to-receive-its-first-fc-20-j.html
[289] Majumdar, D. (2016, November 23). “India Took a Shocking 33 Years to Develop a Jet Fighter (And It’s Still Not Ready for Combat)”. The National Interest. http://nationalinterest.org/blog/the-buzz/india-took-shocking-33-years-develop-jet-fighter-its-still-18505
[290] F-16.net. (2018). “Pakistan”. http://www.f-16.net/f-16_users_article14.html
[291] For the modernization and what it entails, see Defense Daily Industry Staff. (2017, January 17). “Billions to Upgrade and Up-arm Pakistan’s F-16s”. http://www.defenseindustrydaily.com/51b-proposed-in-sales-upgrades-weapons-for-pakistans-f16s-02396/ Involved is a structural upgrade to 8,000 hours, upgraded engine, new helmet cuing system, ability to fire the Sparrow AAM, reconnaissance pods.
[292] Sengupta, P. (2017, March 13). “Updates On Pakistan's Air-Defence Artillery Force Modernisation Efforts”. Trishul-Trident Blogspot. http://trishul-trident.blogspot.com/2017/03/updates-on-pakistans-air-defence.html
[293] Flight Global. (2018) “World air forces China”. p. 14. https://www.flightglobal.com/asset/14484 p. 14
[294] Khan, B. (2017, June 19). “Pakistan’s first AH-1Z attack helicopters on-track for 2017 delivery”. Quwa. http://quwa.org/2017/06/19/pakistans-first-ah-1z-attack-helicopters-track-2017-delivery/
[295] Anonymous. (2018). “Star light, star bright." Poetry Foundation. https://www.poetryfoundation.org/poems/46976/star-light-star-bright
[296] Singh, Shushant. (2017, November 21). “Tejas and beyond: How short the IAF is of fighters, what options it has now”. http://indianexpress.com/article/explained/beyond-the-news-tejas-and-beyond-how-short-the-iaf-is-of-fighters-what-options-it-has-now-4946876/.
[297] Majumdar, D. 2017, August 16). “Russia's Su-57 PAK-FA Stealth Fighter Might Have a 'Fatal Flaw' “. National Interest. http://nationalinterest.org/blog/the-buzz/russias-su-57-pak-fa-stealth-fighter-might-have-fatal-flaw-21931 7
[298] Som, V., and Sjukla, S. (2016, September 23). “Rafale Deal For 36 Fighter Jets Finally Sealed After Long Wait: 10 Facts”. NDTV. https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/india-signs-rs-58-000-crore-deal-for-36-rafale-fighter-jets-with-france-1465495
[299] Defense Industry Daily Staff. (2015, August 4.). “India’s M-MRCA Fighter Deal: Cancelled”. Defense Industry Daily. https://www.defenseindustrydaily.com/mirage-2000s-withdrawn-as-indias-mrca-fighter-competition-changes-01989/?utm_campaign=didsearch&utm_source=did&utm_medium=autosuggest&utm_term=MMRCA
[300] Shulka, A. (2017, November 24). “How much did the Rafale actually cost?” Broadsword Blog. http://ajaishukla.blogspot.com/2017/11/part-2-how-much-did-rafale-actually-cost.html
[301] Dassault Aviation. (2017). “Rafale deployment history.” https://www.dassault-aviation.com/en/defense/rafale/rafale-deployment-history/
[302] Rogoway, T. (2015, December 12). “This is Northrop Grumman’s idea of a Sixth-Generation Fighter, But Is It Feasible?” Foxtrot Alpha Blog. https://foxtrotalpha.jalopnik.com/this-is-northrop-grummans-idea-of-a-sixth-generation-fi-1747680825
[303] Guruswamy, M. (2016, January 27). “Stop chasing France’s Rafale: India’s air warriors can’t fly on foreign wings forever”. Scroll.in. https://qz.com/603776/stop-chasing-frances-rafale-indias-air-warriors-cant-fly-on-foreign-wings-forever/
[304] Shukla, A. (2014, February 11). “IAF will buy 14 Tejas squadrons, lowering costs”. Broadsword Blog
spot. http://ajaishukla.blogspot.com/2014/02/iaf-will-buy-14-tejas-squadrons.html
[305] Majumdar, D. (2017, January 19). “XB-70 Valkyrie: Why Didn't America Build This Mach 3 Monster Bomber?”. National Interest. http://nationalinterest.org/blog/the-buzz/xb-70-valkyrie-why-didnt-america-build-mach-3-monster-bomber-19113
[306] Pubby, M. (2016, November 30). “French boost to jet engine plan, Kaveri project being revived”. Economic Times (India).
https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/defence/french-boost-to-jet-engine-plan-kaveri-project-being-revived/articleshow/55694504.cms
[307] Khan, A. (2016, July 5). “Will India Ditch GE Engines for Reviving ‘Kaveri’ Project With French Offer?”. Defense World. http://www.defenseworld.net/news/16511/Will_India_Ditch_GE_Engines_For_Reviving____Kaveri____Project_With_French_Offer_#.WgYwlrpFwXY
[308] Kasper, J., and Balle, O. (2016, October 3). “About the GE F-414- GE-400 engine.” Forecast International. http://www.fi-powerweb.com/Engine/F414-GE-400.html
[309] Press Trust of India. (2016, April 14). “HAL in talks with Swedish firm Saab for upgraded LCA Tejas.” Economic Times India.
https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/defence/hal-in-talks-with-swedish-firm-saab-for-upgraded-lca-tejas/articleshow/51826134.cms
[310] Conversation with Pushpindar Singh Chopra, aviation expert and then head of the Dornier office in India.
[311] Mugg, J, (2015, September 21). “Jet fighter costs – a complex problem.” The Strategist. https://www.aspistrategist.org.au/jet-fighter-costs-a-complex-problem/.
[312] Freedberg, Jr., S. (2017, July 18). “Army boosting laser weapons power ten-fold.” Breaking Defense. https://breakingdefense.com/2017/07/army-boosting-laser-weapons-power-tenfold/
[313] Air Force Technology (2018). “Airborne Laser System (ABL) YAL 1A”. http://www.airforce-technology.com/projects/abl/ [Notice the beam power remains classified – all that’s known is that megawatt class.
[314] Rogoway, T. (2015, August 18). The airborne laser may rise again, but it will look very different.” FoxtrotAlpha Blog. https://foxtrotalpha.jalopnik.com/the-airborne-laser-may-rise-again-but-it-will-look-very-1724892313
[315] University of Notre Dame. (n.d.) “Radition effects of a nuclear bomb”. Lectures Physics 205, Nuclear Warfare Chapter 9. https://www3.nd.edu/~nsl/Lectures/phys205/pdf/Nuclear_Warfare_9.pdf
[316] Robock, and Toon, B. (2010, January). “Local Nuclear War, Global Suffering”. Scientific American, 74-81. www.climate.envsci.rutgers.edu/pdf/RobockToonSciAmJan2010.pdf
[317] Bagley, M. (2017, September 14). “Krakatoa Volcano: Facts About 1883 Eruption”. Live Science. https://www.livescience.com/28186-krakatoa.html
[318] Klemetti, E. (2015, April 10). “Tambora 1815: Just How Big Was the Eruption?” Wired. https://www.wired.com/2015/04/tambora-1815-just-big-eruption/
[319] (2015, April 9). After Tambora. The Economist. https://www.economist.com/news/briefing/21647958-two-hundred-years-ago-most-powerful-eruption-modern-history-made-itself-felt-around
[320] Wirakusumah, A. and Rachmat, H. (2017, January). “Impact of the 1815 Tambora Eruption to global climate change”.
Earth and Environmental Science 71 Conference 1. http://iopscience.iop.org/article/10.1088/1755-1315/71/1/012007/pdf
[321] Arora Borealis. (2010, June 1). “How much does a forest of smoke weigh?” Live Journal Blog. http://aroraborealis.livejournal.com/895589.html
[322] Senatore, F. (2010, June 9). “Rapid Hardening Cement”. Concrete Construction. http://www.concreteconstruction.net/how-to/materials/rapid-hardening-cement_o
[323] Chang, S. (1990, May). Rapid Runway Repair (RRR) Techniques: A Systems Analysis. Naval Civil Engineering Laboratory. http://www.dtic.mil/dtic/tr/fulltext/u2/a225238.pdf
[324] I have used the description from the memoirs of an officer who fought in the area. Kler, H. (1995). Unsung battles of 1962. Sspantech and Lancers: New Delhi.
[325] India Abroad News Service. (2017, June 5). “No road too treacherous for India’s military mules.” Business Standard. www.business-standard.com/article/current-affairs/no-road-too-treacherous-for-india-s-military-mules-117060500262_1.html The article says the Indian Army has 6000 mules A total of around 6,000 mules are divided into 15 units. Usually a company has three troopers and 96 animals. Each animal also has one to two handlers, depending on the load and terrain.
[326] Khan, Ameer. “Beasts ease burden of quake victim”. (2005, October 19). British Broadcasting Corporation. http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/south_asia/4354440.stm Unfortunately, of the 2000 mules in Kashmir when the earthquake struck, only a “fraction” survived.
[327] Verma, S. (2016). The war that wasn’t. Aleph: New Delhi
[328] https://www.time8.in/roads-cleared-after-a-landsliide-at-the-bomdila-dirang-stretch/
[329] Bannerjee, A. (2016, February 14“. Top priority for all-weather road to Daulat Beg Oldie”. Tribune (Punjab). http://www.tribuneindia.com/news/nation/top-priority-for-all-weather-road-to-daulat-beg-oldie/196494.html
[330] Colorado Asphalt Pavement Association. (2006, January). Guideline for the Design and Use of Asphalt Pavements for Colorado Roadways. 2nd Edition. http://co-asphalt.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/03/Design_guide_for_Roadways-.pdf
[331] Singh, Shushant. (2015, June 4). “Constructed on riverbed, road to China border being rebuilt”. Indian Express. www.indianexpress.com/article/india/india-others/constructed-on-riverbed-road-to-china-border-being-rebuilt/
[332] Bhat, V. (2018, January 15). “Fresh provocation: China’s building a 36-km long road in strategic J&K valley near Siachen”. The Print. https://theprint.in/security/china-building-a-36-km-long-road-valley-siachen/28812/
[333] Arpi, C. (2017, February 24). “A train to Chumbi Valley?” Claude Arpi Blog. http://claudearpi.blogspot.com/2017/02/a-train-to-chumbi-valley.html
[334] Surana, P. (2018). “China Shaping Tibet for Strategic Leverage”. Center for Land Warfare Studies, Mankeshaw Paper No. 70, p. 14. http://www.claws.in/images/publication_pdf/270916174_PraggyaMP.compressed.pdf. This short paper is worth reading as an assessment of Indian strategic perceptions of China in Tibet.
[335] Press Trust of India, (2016, November 30). “India to construct strategic railway lines along border with China”. http://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/india-to-construct-strategic-railway-lines-along-border-with-china/story-g6P7JgLiSfK7F5WpVw1VTM.html
[336] Sharma, S. (2017, September 10). India's rail counter to China's border game is likely to be ready in a few years' time. https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/industry/transportation/railways/why-the-railways-is-undertaking-final-location-surveys-for-four-strategic-railway-lines-along-the-india-china-border/articleshow/60441475.cms
[337] Karmaker, R. (2017, April 4). “Train to Tawang near China border in Arunachal closer to reality”. Hindustan Times. https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/train-to-tawang-near-china-border-in-arunachal-closer-to-reality/story-uz71E02T2wK91mQAUyhAHK.html
[338] Ghosh, J. (2017, July 11). “Securing the Siliguri Corridor from China.” Indian Defence Research Wing. http://idrw.org/securing-the-siliguri-corridor-from-china/
[339] Gurung, K. (2017, July 3). “Behind China's Sikkim aggression, a plan to isolate Northeast from rest of India”. Economic Times, India.
https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/defence/border-face-off-why-china-tries-to-break-chickens-neck-to-isolate-northeast/articleshow/59420472.cms
[340] US Department of the Army (2007). Field Manual 3.04.111 Aviation Brigades. https://www.globalsecurity.org/military/library/policy/army/fm/3-04-111/fm3-04-111_2007.pdf
[341] Press Trust of India. (2017, August 2). “Now China flags Tawang rail-link”. The Hindu. http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/now-china-flags-tawang-rail-link/article17760594.ece
[342] United News of India (2017, October 22). “Trans-Arumachal highway to be completed by 2021.” www.uniindia.com/trans-arunachal-highway-project-to-be-completed-by-2021/india/news/1024225.html
[343] Saikia
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[344] Jain, B. (2016, June 22). “Arunachal not happy with Defence's take on proposed Indo-China frontier highway”. Times of India. https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/Arunachal-not-happy-with-Defences-take-on-proposed-Indo-China-frontier-highway/articleshow/52874407.cms
[345] Gokhle, N. (2014, August 2). “Travelling Along the Line of Actual Control – a reporter’s diary.” NDTV. https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/travelling-along-the-line-of-actual-control-a-reporters-diary-604252
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