Super Human

by Dave Asprey

  17.Diane M. Jaworski and Leonor Pérez-Martínez, “Tissue Inhibitor of Metalloproteinase-2 (TIMP-2) Expression Is Regulated by Multiple Neural Differentiation Signals,” Journal of Neurochemistry 98, no. 1 (July 2006): 234–47, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1471-4159.2006.03855.x.

  18.Ye Li et al., “Human iPSC-Derived Natural Killer Cells Engineered with Chimeric Antigen Receptors Enhance Anti-Tumor Activity,” Cell Stem Cell 23, no. 2 (August 2, 2018): P181–192.E5, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.stem.2018.06.002.

  19.Rich Haridy, “Anti-Aging Discovery Reveals Importance of Immune System in Clearing Old Cells,” New Atlas, January 1, 2019, https://newatlas.com/immune-system-aging-senescent-cells/57835/.

  20.“Natural Killer Cell,” ScienceDaily, https://www.sciencedaily.com/terms/natural_killer_cell.htm.

  21.Qing Li et al., “Effect of Phytoncide from Trees on Human Natural Killer Cell Function,” International Journal of Immunopathology and Pharmacology 22, no. 4 (October–December 2009): 951–59, https://doi.org/10.1177/039463200902200410.

  22.Ebere Anyanwu et al., “The Neurological Significance of Abnormal Natural Killer Cell Activity in Chronic Toxigenic Mold Exposures,” Scientific World Journal 13, no. 3 (November 13, 2003): 1128–37, https://doi.org/10.1100/tsw.2003.98.

  23.Saul E. Villeda et al., “Young Blood Reverses Age-Related Impairments in Cognitive Function and Synaptic Plasticity in Mice,” Nature Medicine 20 (2014): 659–63, https://doi.org/10.1038/nm.3569.

  24.Makoto Kuro-o et al., “Mutation of the Mouse Klotho Gene Leads to a Syndrome Resembling Ageing,” Nature 390, no. 6655 (November 6, 1997): 45–51, https://doi.org/10.1038/36285.

  25.Hiroshi Kurosu et al., “Suppression of Aging in Mice by the Hormone Klotho,” Science 309, no. 5742 (September 16, 2005): 1829–33, https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1112766.

  26.Richard D. Semba et al., “Plasma Klotho and Mortality Risk in Older Community-Dwelling Adults,” Journals of Gerontology Series A: Biological Sciences & Medical Sciences 66, no. 7 (July 2011): 794–800, https://doi.org/10.1093/gerona/glr058.

  27.Dan E. Arking et al., “Association of Human Aging with a Functional Variant of Klotho,” Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the USA 99, no. 2 (January 2002): 856–61, https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.022484299.

  28.Jennifer S. Yokoyama et al., “Variation in Longevity Gene KLOTHO Is Associated with Greater Cortical Volumes,” Annals of Clinical and Translational Neurology 2, no. 3 (January 2015): 215–30, https://doi.org/10.1002/acn3.161.

  29.Ming-Chang Hu et al., “Klotho Deficiency Is an Early Biomarker of Renal Ischemia-Reperfusion Injury and Its Replacement Is Protective,” Kidney International 78, no. 12 (December 2010): 1240–51, https://doi.org/10.1038/ki.2010.328; Ming-Chang Hu et al., “Recombinant α-Klotho May Be Prophylactic and Therapeutic for Acute to Chronic Kidney Disease Progression and Uremic Cardiomyopathy,” Kidney International 91, no. 5 (January 2017): 1104–14, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.kint.2016.10.034.

  30.Richard D. Semba et al., “Klotho in the Cerebrospinal Fluid of Adults With and Without Alzheimer’s Disease,” Neuroscience Letters 558 (January 2014): 37–40, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neulet.2013.10.058.

  31.Julio Leon et al., “Peripheral Elevation of a Klotho Fragment Enhances Brain Function and Resilience in Young, Aging and Alpha-Synuclein Transgenic Mice,” Cell Reports 20: 1360–71, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.celrep.2017.07.024.

  32.Shigehiro Doi et al., “Klotho Inhibits Transforming Growth Factor-β1 (TGF-β1) Signaling and Suppresses Renal Fibrosis and Cancer Metastasis in Mice,” Journal of Biological Chemistry 286, no. 10 (March 11, 2011): 8655–65, https://doi.org/10.1074/jbc.M110.174037.

  33.Elisabete A. Forsberg et al., “Effect of Systemically Increasing Human Full-Length Klotho on Glucose Metabolism in db/db Mice,” Diabetes Research and Clinical Practice 113 (March 2016): 208–10, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.diabres.2016.01.006.

  34.Richard D. Semba et al., “Relationship of Low Plasma Klotho with Poor Grip Strength in Older Community-Dwelling Adults: The InCHIANTI Study,” European Journal of Applied Physiology 112, no. 4 (April 2012): 1215–20, https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21769735.

  35.Lisa D. Chong, “Repairing Injured Muscle,” Science, December 14, 2018, http://science.sciencemag.org/content/362/6420/1260.5.full.

  36.Morgan S. Saghiv et al., “The Effects of Aerobic and Anaerobic Exercise on Circulating Soluble-Klotho and IGF-1 in Young and Elderly Adults and in CAD Patients,” Journal of Circulating Biomarkers 6 (September 28, 2017): 6:1849454417733388, https://doi.org/10.1177/1849454417733388.

  37.Wei Ling Lau et al., “Vitamin D Receptor Agonists Increase Klotho and Osteopontin While Decreasing Aortic Calcification in Mice with Chronic Kidney Disease Fed a High Phosphate Diet,” Kidney International 82, no. 12 (December 2012): 1261–70, https://doi.org/10.1038/ki.2012.322.

  38.Hye Eun Yoon et al., “Angiotensin II Blockade Upregulates the Expression of Klotho, the Anti-Ageing Gene, in an Experimental Model of Chronic Cyclosporine Nephropathy,” Nephrology Dialysis Transplantation 26, no. 3 (March 2011): 800–13, https://doi.org/10.1093/ndt/gfq537.

  39.Shih-Che Hsu et al., “Testosterone Increases Renal Anti-Aging Klotho Gene Expression via the Androgen Receptor-Mediated Pathway,” Biochemical Journal 464, no. 2 (December 2014): 221–29, https://doi.org/10.1042/BJ20140739.

  40.Gerit D. Mulder et al., “Enhanced Healing of Ulcers in Patients with Diabetes by Topical Treatment with Glycyl-L-Histidyl-L-Lysine Copper,” Wound Repair and Regeneration 2, no. 4 (October 1994): 259–69, https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1524-475X.1994.20406.x.

  41.Loren Pickart, Jessica Michelle Vasquez-Soltero, and Anna Margolina, “The Human Tripeptide GHK-Cu in Prevention of Oxidative Stress and Degenerative Conditions of Aging: Implications for Cognitive Health,” Oxidative Medicine and Cellular Longevity 2012 (February 2012): 324832, https://doi.org/10.1155/2012/324832.

  42.Loren Pickart, “The Human Tri-Peptide GHK and Tissue Remodeling,” Journal of Biomaterials Science, Polymer Edition 19, no. 8 (2008): 969–88, https://doi.org/10.1163/156856208784909435.

  43.Mary P. Lupo and Anna L. Cole, “Cosmeceutical Peptides,” Dermatologic Therapy 20, no. 5 (November 28, 2007): 343–49, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1529-8019.2007.00148.x.

  44.Loren Pickart, Jessica Michelle Vasquz-Soltero, and Anna Margolina, “GHK Peptide as a Natural Modulator of Multiple Cellular Pathways in Skin Regeneration,” BioMed Research International 2015 (April 2015): 648108, http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2015/648108.

  CHAPTER 13: DON’T LOOK LIKE AN ALIEN: AVOIDING BALDNESS, GRAYS, AND WRINKLES

  1.Nicole Verzijl et al., “Effect of Collagen Turnover on the Accumulation of Advanced Glycation End Products,” Journal of Biological Chemistry 275 (December 15, 2000): 39027–31, http://doi.org/10.1074/jbc.M006700200.

  2.Ruta Ganceviciene et al., “Skin Anti-Aging Strategies,” Dermatoendocrinology 4, no. 3 (2012): 308–19, http://doi.org/10.4161/derm.22804.

  3.Ketavan Jariashvili et al., “UV Damage of Collagen: Insights from Model Collagen Peptides,” Biopolymers 97, no. 3 (March 2012): 189–98, http://doi.org/10.1002/bip.21725; A. Knuutinen et al., “Smoking Affects Collagen Synthesis and Extracellular Matrix Turnover in Human Skin,” British Journal of Dermatology 146, no. 4 (April 2002): 588–94, https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-2133.2002.04694.x.

  4.Ehrhardt Proksch et al., “Oral Intake of Specific Bioactive Collagen Peptides Reduces Skin Wrinkles and Increases Dermal Matrix Synthesis,” Skin Pharmacology and Physiology 27, no. 3 (2014): 113–19, https://doi.org/10.1159/000355523; Ehrhardt Proksch et al., “Oral Supplementation of Specific Collagen Peptides Has Beneficial Effects on Human Skin Physiology: A Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled Study,” Skin Pharmacology and Physiology 27, no. 1 (2014): 47–55, https://doi.org/10.1159/000351376.

  5.Kristine L. Clark et al., “24-Week Study on the Use of Collagen Hydrolysate as a Dietary Supplement in Athletes with Activity-Related Joint Pain,” Current Medical Research and Opinion 24, no. 5 (May 2008): 1485
–96, https://doi.org/10.1185/030079908X291967.

  6.Olivier Bruyère et al., “Effect of Collagen Hydrolysate in Articular Pain: A 6-Month Randomized, Double-Blind, Placebo Controlled Study,” Complementary Therapies in Medicine 20, no. 3 (June 2012): 124–30, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ctim.2011.12.007.

  7.Daniel König et al., “Specific Collagen Peptides Improve Bone Mineral Density and Bone Markers in Postmenopausal Women—A Randomized Controlled Study,” Nutrients 10, no. 1 (January 2018): E97, https://doi.org/10.3390/nu10010097.

  8.Martin F. Graham et al., “Collagen Synthesis by Human Intestinal Smooth Muscle Cells in Culture,” Gastroenterology 92, no. 2 (February 1987): 400–05, https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/3792777.

  9.Kenji Nagahama et al., “Orally Administered L-Arginine and Glycine Are Highly Effective Against Acid Reflux Esophagitis in Rats,” Medical Science Monitor 18, no. 1 (2012): BR9–15, https://doi.org/10.12659/MSM.882190.

  10.James English, “Gastric Balance: Heartburn Not Always Caused by Excess Acid,” Nutrition Review, November 25, 2018, https://nutritionreview.org/2018/11/gastric-balance-heartburn-caused-excess-acid/.

  11.Morton I. Grossman, Joseph B. Kirsner, and Ian E. Gillespie, “Basal and Histalog-Stimulated Gastric Secretion in Control Subjects and in Patients with Peptic Ulcer or Gastric Cancer,” Gastroenterology 45 (July 1963): 15–26, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0016-5085(19)34918-2.

  12.Stephen D. Krasinski et al., “Fundic Atrophic Gastritis in an Elderly Population. Effect on Hemoglobin and Several Serum Nutritional Indicators,” Journal of the American Geriatric Society 34, no. 11 (November 1986): 800–06, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1532-5415.1986.tb03985.x.

  13.Wataru Yamadera et al., “Glycine Ingestion Improves Subjective Sleep Quality in Human Volunteers, Correlating with Polysomnographic Changes,” Sleep and Biological Rhythms 5, no. 2 (April 2007): 126–31, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1479-8425.2007.00262.x.

  14.Edward D. Harris Jr. and Peter A. McCroskery, “The Influence of Temperature and Fibril Stability on Degradation of Cartilage Collagen by Rheumatoid Synovial Collagenase,” New England Journal of Medicine 290 (January 1974): 1–6, https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJM197401032900101; Harris and McCroskery, “Influence.”

  15.Anna Lubkowska, Barbara Dołęgowska, and Zbigniew Szyguła, “Whole-Body Cryostimulation—Potential Beneficial Treatment for Improving Antioxidant Capacity in Healthy Men—Significance of the Number of Sessions,” PLoS One 7, no. 10 (October 15, 2012): e46352, https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0046352.

  16.Imran Majid, “Microneedling Therapy in Atrophic Facial Scars: An Objective Assessment,” Journal of Cutaneous and Aesthetic Surgery 2, no. 1 (2009): 26–30, https://doi.org/10.4103/0974-2077.53096.

  17.Simran Chawla, “Split Face Comparative Study of Microneedling with PRP Versus Microneedling with Vitamin C in Treating Atrophic Post Acne Scars,” Journal of Cutaneous and Aesthetic Surgery 7, no. 4 (2014): 209–12, https://doi.org/10.4103/0974-2077.150742.

  18.Seung-Hye Hong et al., “Alternative Biotransformation of Retinal to Retinoic Acid or Retinol by an Aldehyde Dehydrogenase from Bacillus cereus,” Applied and Environmental Microbiology 82, no. 13 (June 13, 2016), https://doi.org/10.1128/AEM.00848-16.

  19.Rong Kong et al., “A Comparative Study of the Effects of Retinol and Retinoic Acid on Histological, Molecular, and Clinical Properties of Human Skin,” Journal of Cosmetic Dermatology 15, no. 1 (March 2016): 49–57, https://doi.org/10.1111/jocd.12193.

  20.Pierpaolo Mastroiacovo et al., “High Vitamin A Intake in Early Pregnancy and Major Malformations: A Multicenter Prospective Controlled Study,” Teratology 59, no. 1 (January 1999): 7–11, https://doi.org/10.1002/(SICI)1096-9926(199901)59:1<7::AID-TERA4>3.0.CO;2-6.

  21.Ratan K. Chaudhuri and Krzysztof Bojanowski, “Bakuchiol: A Retinol-Like Functional Compound Revealed by Gene Expression Profiling and Clinically Proven to Have Anti-Aging Effects,” International Journal of Cosmetic Science 36, no. 3 (June 2014): 221–30, https://doi.org/10.1111/ics.12117.

  22.Zheng-Mei Xiong et al., “Anti-Aging Potentials of Methylene Blue for Human Skin Longevity,” Scientific Reports 7 (2017): 2475, https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-017-02419-3.

  23.John W. Haycock et al., “α-Melanocyte-Stimulating Hormone Inhibits NF-κB Activation in Human Melanocytes and Melanoma Cells,” Journal of Investigative Dermatology 113, no. 4 (October 1999): 560–66, https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1523-1747.1999.00739.x.

  24.Arturo Solis Herrera and Paola E. Solis Arias, “Einstein Cosmological Constant, the Cell, and the Intrinsic Property of Melanin to Split and Re-Form the Water Molecule,” MOJ Cell Science & Report 1, no. 2 (August 27, 2014): 46–51, https://doi.org/10.15406/mojcsr.2014.01.00011.

  25.Federation of American Societies for Experimental Biology, “Why Hair Turns Gray Is No Longer a Gray Area: Our Hair Bleaches Itself as We Grow Older,” ScienceDaily, February 24, 2009, www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2009/02/090223131123.htm.

  26.Edith Lubos, Joseph Loscalzo, and Diane E. Handy, “Glutathione Peroxidase-1 in Health and Disease: From Molecular Mechanisms to Therapeutic Opportunities,” Antioxidants & Redox Signaling 15, no. 7 (October 2011): 1957–97, https://doi.org/10.1089/ars.2010.3586.

  27.Ajay Pal et al., “Ashwagandha Root Extract Inhibits Acetylcholine Esterase, Protein Modification and Ameliorates H2O2-Induced Oxidative Stress in Rat Lymphocytes,” Pharmacognosy Journal 9, no. 3 (May–June 2017): 302–09, https://doi.org/10.5530/pj.2017.3.52/.

  28.Lakshmi-Chandra Mishra, Betsy B. Singh, and Simon Dagenais, “Scientific Basis for the Therapeutic Use of Withania somnifera (Ashwagandha): A Review,” Alternative Medicine Review 5, no. 4 (2000): 334–46, http://altmedrev.com/archive/publications/5/4/334.pdf.

  29.Melissa L. Harris et al., “A Direct Link Between MITF, Innate Immunity, and Hair Graying,” PLoS Biology 16, no. 5 (May 3, 2018): e2003648, https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pbio.2003648.

  30.Thomas Rhodes et al., “Prevalence of Male Pattern Hair Loss in 18–49 Year Old Men,” Dermatologic Surgery 24, no. 12 (December 1998): 13330–32, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1524-4725.1998.tb00009.x.

  31.Paulo Müller Ramos and Hélio Amante Miot, “Female Pattern Hair Loss: A Clinical and Pathophysiological Review,” Brazilian Annals of Dermatology (Anais Brasileiros de Dermatologia) 90, no. 4 (July–August 2015): 529–43, https://doi.org/10.1590/abd1806-4841.20153370.

  32.Peter Dockrill, “‘Unprecedented’ DNA Discovery Reverses Wrinkles and Hair Loss in Mice,” Science Alert, July 28, 2018, https://www.sciencealert.com/unprecedented-dna-discovery-actually-reverses-wrinkles-and-hair-loss-mitochondria-mutation-mtdna/amp.

  33.Michael P. Zimber et al., “Hair Regrowth Following a Wnt- and Follistatin Containing Treatment: Safety and Efficacy in a First-in-Man Phase 1 Clinical Trial,” Journal of Drugs in Dermatology 20, no. 11 (November 2011): 1308–12, https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/m/pubmed/22052313/.

  34.Zhuo-ming Li, Suo-wen Xu, and Pei-qing Liu, “Salvia miltiorrhizaBurge (Danshen): A Golden Herbal Medicine in Cardiovascular Therapeutics,” Acta Pharmacologica Sinica 39, no. 5 (May 2018): 802–24, https://doi.org/10.1038/aps.2017.193.

  35.Martin I. Surks and Laura Boucai, “Age- and Race-Based Serum Thyrotropin Reference Limits,” Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism 95, no. 2 (February 1, 2010): 496–502, https://doi.org/10.1210/jc.2009–1845.

  36.Surks and Boucai, “Age- and Race-Based Serum.”

  37.Susan Jobling et al., “A Variety of Environmentally Persistent Chemicals, Including Some Phthalate Plasticizers, Are Weakly Estrogenic,” Environmental Health Perspectives 103, no. 6 (June 1995): 582–87, https://doi.org/10.1289/ehp.95103582.

  CHAPTER 14: HACK YOUR LONGEVITY LIKE A RUSSIAN

  1.Gabriel Sosne, Ping Qiu, and Michelle Kurpakus-Wheater, “Thymosin Beta 4: A Novel Corneal Wound Healing and Anti-Inflammatory Agent,” Clinical Ophthalmology 1, no. 3 (2007): 201–07, https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2701135/.

  2.Chuanyu Wei et al., “Thymosin Beta 4 Protects Mice from Monocrotaline
-Induced Pulmonary Hypertension and Right Ventricular Hypertrophy,” PLoS One 9, no. 11 (November 20, 2014): e110598, https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0110598.

  3.Vladimir Kh. Khavinson and Vyacheslav G. Morozov, “Peptides of Pineal Gland and Thymus Prolong Human Life,” Neuroendocrinology Letters 24, no. 3 (June–August 2003): 233–40, https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/14523363.

  4.Chung-Hsun Chang et al., “The Promoting Effect of Pentadecapeptide BPC 157 on Tendon Healing Involves Tendon Outgrowth, Cell Survival, and Cell Migration,” Journal of Applied Physiology 110, no. 3 (March 2011): 774–80, https://doi.org/10.1152/japplphysiol.00945.2010.

  5.Božidar Šebečić et al., “Osteogenic Effect of a Gastric Pentadecapeptide, BPC-157, on the Healing of Segmental Bone Defect in Rabbits: A Comparison with Bone Marrow and Autologous Cortical Bone Implantation,” Bone 24, no. 3 (1999): 195–202, https://doi.org/10.1016/S8756-3282(98)00180-X.

  6.Predrag Sikirić et al., “Toxicity by NSAIDs. Counteraction by Stable Gastric Pentadecapeptide BPC 157,” Current Pharmaceutical Design 19, no. 1 (2013): 76–83, https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22950504.

  7.Tihomir Vuksic et al., “Stable Gastric Pentadecapeptide BPC 157 in Trials for Inflammatory Bowel Disease (PL-10, PLD-116, PL 14736, Pliva, Croatia) Heals Ileoileal Anastomosis in the Rat,” Surgery Today 37, no. 9 (2007): 768–77, https://doi.org/10.1007/s10787-006-1531-7.

  8.Ramesh Narayanan et al., “Selective Androgen Receptor Modulators in Preclinical and Clinical Development,” Nuclear Receptor Signaling 6 (2008): e010, https://doi.org/10.1621/nrs.06010.

  9.Vihang A. Narkar et al., “AMPK and PPARdelta Agonists Are Exercise Mimetics,” Cell 134, no. 3 (August 2008): 405–15, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cell.2008.06.051.

  10.Weiwei Fan et al., “Road to Exercise Mimetics: Targeting Nuclear Receptors in Skeletal Muscle,” Journal of Molecular Endocrinology 51, no. 3 (2013): T87–T100, https://doi.org/10.1530/JME-13–0258.