The Penguin History of Modern Russia
Page 77
R. Service, ‘The Industrial Workers’, in R. Service (ed.), Society and Politics in the Russian Revolution
R. Service, ‘Joseph Stalin: The Making of a Stalinist’, in J. Channon (ed.), Politics, Society and Stalinism in the USSR (London, 1998)
R. Service, Lenin: A Biography (London, 2000)
R. Service, Lenin: A Political Life, vol. 1: The Strengths of Contradictions (London, 1985); vol. 2: Worlds in Collision (London, 1991); vol. 3: The Iron Ring (London, 1995)
R. Service, ‘The Road to the Twentieth Party Congress’, Soviet Studies, no. 2 (1981)
R. Service, Russia: Experiment with a People: From 1991 to the Present (London, 2002)
R. Service (ed.), Society and Politics in the Russian Revolution (London, 1992)
R. Service, Spies and Commissars: Bolshevik Russia and the West (London, 2011)
R. Service, Stalin: A Biography (London, 2004)
R. Service, Trotsky: A Biography (London, 2009)
H. Seton-Watson, The Russian Empire, 1801–1917 (Oxford, 1967)
T. Shanin, The Awkward Class. Political Sociology of Peasantry in a Developing Society: Russia, 1910–1925 (Oxford, 1972)
D. Shearer, ‘Crime and Social Disorder in Stalin’s Russia: A Reassessment of the Great Retreat and the Origins of Mass Repression’, Cahiers du Monde Russe, no. 1/2 (1998)
D. Shearer, Industry, State and Society in Stalin’s Russia, 1926–1934 (Ithaca, NY, 1996)
D. Shearer, Policing Stalin’s Socialism: Repression and Social Order in the Soviet Union, 1924–1953 (Yale, 2009)
D. Shearer, ‘Social Disorder, Mass Repression, and the NKVD During the 1930s’, Cahiers du Monde Russe, no. 3/4 (2001)
J. Sherr, Hard Diplomacy and Soft Coercion: Russia’s Influence Abroad (London, 2013)
A. V. Shestakov, Ocherki po sel’skomu khozyaistvu i krest’yanskomu dvizheniyu v gody voiny i pered Oktyabrëm 1917g. (Leningrad, 1927)
V. Shevzov, Russian Orthodoxy on the Eve of Revolution (Oxford, 2003)
S. A. Shinkarchuk, Obshchestvennoe mnenie v Sovetskoi Rossii v 30-gody (St Petersburg, 1995)
A. L. Sidorov, Istoricheskie predposylki Velikoi oktyabr’skoi sotsialisticheskoi revolyutsii (Moscow, 1970)
L. H. Siegelbaum, Cars for Comrades: The Life of the Soviet Automobile (Ithaca, NY, 2008)
L. H. Siegelbaum, Soviet State and Society between Revolutions, 1917–1929 (Cambridge, 1992)
L. Siegelbaum, Stakhanovism and the Politics of Productivity in the USSR, 1935–1941 (Cambridge, 1988)
H. G. Skilling and F. Griffiths (eds), Interest Groups in Soviet Politics (London, 1971)
Y. Slezkine, Arctic Mirrors: Russia and the Small Peoples of the North (Ithaca, NY, 1994)
Y. Slezkine, The Jewish Century (Princeton, NJ, 2004)
J. D. Smele, Civil War in Siberia: The Anti-Bolshevik Government of Admiral Kolchak, 1918–1920 (Cambridge, 1996)
A. Smith, ‘Foreign Trade’ in M. McCauley (ed.), The Soviet Union under Gorbachev
A. Smith, Russia and the World Economy. Problems of Integration (London, 1995)
J. Smith, The Bolsheviks and the National Question, 1917–23 (London, 1999)
J. Smith, Red Nations: The Nationalities Experience in and after the USSR (Cambridge, 2003)
M. B. Smith, ‘Individual Forms of Ownership in the Urban Housing Fund of the USSR, 1944–64’, Slavonic and East European Review, no. 2 (2008)
S. A. Smith, Red Petrograd. Revolution in the Factories, 1917–1918 (Cambridge, 1983)
S. A. Smith, ‘Workers’ Control: February-October 1917’ in The Blackwell Encyclopedia of the Russian Revolution (ed. H. Shukman: Oxford, 1988)
A. K. Sokolov, Lektsii po Sovetskoi Istorii, 1917–1940 (Moscow, 1995)
T. Snyder, Bloodlands: Europe between Hitler and Stalin (New York, 2011)
A. Soldatov and I. Borogan, The New Nobility: The Restoration of Russia’s Security State and the Enduring Legacy of the KGB (New York, 2010)
S. Solnick, Stealing the State: Control and Collapse in Soviet Institutions (Cambridge, MA, 1998)
P. H. Solomon, Soviet Criminologists and Criminal Policy (New York, 1978)
S. Solomon (ed.), Pluralism in the Soviet Union: Essays in Honour of H. Gordon Skilling (London, 1983)
Sotsial’noe polozhenie i uroven’ zhizni naseleniya Rossii. Offitsial’noe izdanie (Moscow, 2000)
B. Souvarine, Stalin (London, 1940)
M. Spencer, ‘Signals from Stalin: The Telegraph Agency of the Soviet Union in the Midst of the Soviet-Finnish War, 1939–1940’, Slovo, no.1 (2013)
I. V. Stalin, Kratkaya biografiya (2nd edn: Moscow, 1947)
B. A. Starkov, Dela i lyudi stalinskogo vremeni (St. Petersburg, 1995)
B. A. Starkov (ed), Rossiiskaya povsednevnost’ 1921–1941 gg: novye podkhody (St Petersburg, 1995)
M. Steinberg, ‘The Language of Popular Revolution’ in M. Steinberg, Voices of Revolution, 1917 (London 2001)
A. Stepan, ‘Russian Federalism in Comparative Perspective’, Post-Soviet Affairs, no. 2 (2000)
R. Stites, Revolutionary Dreams. Utopian Vision and Experimental Life in the Russian Revolution (New York, 1989)
R. Stites, Russian Popular Culture: Entertainment and Society Since 1900 (Cambridge, 1992)
N. Stone, The Eastern Front (London, 1975)
K. Stoner-Weiss, Local Heroes: The Political Economy of Russian Regional Governance (Princeton, NJ, 1997)
K. Stoner-Weiss, Resisting the State: Reform and Retrenchment in Post-Soviet Russia (Cambridge, 2006)
R. G. Suny, The Baku Commune, Class and Nationality in the Russian Revolution, 1917–1918 (Princeton, NJ, 1972)
R. G. Suny (ed.), The Cambridge History of Russia (Cambridge, 2007)
R. G. Suny, The Making of the Georgian Nation (2nd edn: Bloomington, IN, 1994)
A. C. Sutton, Western Technology and Soviet Economic Development, 1917–1945 (Stanford, CA, 1968)
A. C. Sutton, Western Technology and Soviet Economic Development, 1930–1945 (Stanford, CA, 1973)
G. Swain, Russia’s Civil War (Stroud, 2000)
T. Swietochowski, Russian Azerbaijan, 1905–1920. The Shaping of a National Identity in a Muslim Community (Cambridge, 1985)
K. Sword, Deportation and Exile. Poles in the Soviet Union, 1939–1948 (London, 1994)
Y. Taniuchi, ‘Decision-Making on the Urals-Siberian Method’ in J. Cooper et al. (eds), Soviet History, 1917–1953
W. Taubman, Khrushchev: The Man and His Era (London, 2003)
R. Taylor, The Politics of the Soviet Cinema, 1917–1929 (Cambridge, 1979)
D. Thorniley, The Rise and Fall of the Soviet Rural Communist Party, 1927–1939 (London, 1988)
N. S. Timasheff, The Great Retreat. The Growth and Decline of Communism in Russia (New York, 1946)
V. A. Tishkov, ‘Assembleya natsii ili soyuznyi parlament?’, Sovetskaya etnografiya, no. 3 (1990)
W. J. Tompson, Khrushchev: A Political Life (London, 1995)
R. C. Tucker, Stalin in Power, The Revolution from Above, 1928–1941 (London, 1990)
A. F. Upton, The Finnish Revolution, 1917–1918 (Minneapolis, MN, 1980)
M. Urban, The Rebirth of Politics in Russia (New York, 1997)
R. O. G. Urch, The Rabbit King of Siberia (London, 1939)
B. A. Viktorov, ‘Geroi iz 37-go’, Komsomol’skaya Pravda (21 August 1988)
L. Viola, Peasant Rebels under Stalin: Collectivization and the Culture of Peasant Resistance (New York, 1996)
D. A. Volkogonov, Lenin: politicheskii portret, vols 1–2 (Moscow, 1994)
D. A. Volkogonov, Stalin: Trimf i tragediya, vols 1–2 (Moscow, 1989)
O. Volobuev and S. Kuleshov, Ochishchenie. Istoriya i perestroika. Publitsisticheskie zametki (Moscow, 1989)
P. V. Volobuev, Ekonomicheskaya politika Vremennogo pravitel’stva (Moscow, 1962)
M. Voslensky, Nomenklatura: The Anatomy of the Soviet Ruling Class (London, 1984)
R. A. Wade, The Russian Search for Peace, February–O
ctober 1917 (Stanford, CA, 1969)
K. Wädekin, ‘Agriculture’ in M. McCauley (ed.), The Soviet Union under Gorbachev
P. Waldron, Between Two Revolutions: Stolypin and the Politics of Renewal in Russia (London, 1997)
P. Waldron, Governing Tsarist Russia (London, 2007)
P. Waldron, ‘States of Emergency: Autocracy and Extraordinary Legislation, 1881–1917’, Revolutionary Russia, no. 1 (1995)
M. Walker, The Cold War (London, 1994)
R. Walker, ‘Marxism-Leninism as Discourse: The Politics of the Empty Signifier and the Double Bind’, British Journal of Political Science, no. 2 (1989)
C. Ward, Russia’s Cotton Workers and the New Economic Policy. Shop-Floor Culture and State Policy, 1921–1929 (Cambridge, 1990)
S. and B. Webb, Soviet Communism: A New Civilisation? (London, 1935)
A. Weiner, ‘Déjà Vu All Over Again: Prague Spring, Rumanian Summer and Soviet Autumn on the Soviet Western Frontier’, Contemporary European History, no. 2 (2006)
A. Weiner, ‘The Empires Pay a Visit: Gulag Returnees, East European Rebellions and Soviet Frontier Politics’, Journal of Modern History (June 2006)
A. Weiner, Making Sense of War: The Second World War and the Fate of the Bolshevik Revolution (New Haven, CT, 2002)
M. Weitzman, ‘Industrial Production’ in A. Bergson and H. S. Levine (eds), The Soviet Economy: Towards the Year 2000
O. A. Westad, The Global Cold War: Armed Interventions and the Making of Our Times (Cambridge, 2005)
S. G. Wheatcroft, ‘The Balance of Grain Production and Utilisation in Russia before and during the Revolution’ (unpublished research paper, University of Birmingham, 1982)
S. G. Wheatcroft, ‘More Light on the Scale of Repression and Excess Mortality in the Soviet Union in the 1930s’, Soviet Studies, no. 2 (1990)
S. G. Wheatcroft and R. W. Davies, ‘Agriculture’ in R. W. Davies et al. (eds), The Economic Transformation of the Soviet Union
S. G. Wheatcroft and R. W. Davies, ‘Population’ in R. W. Davies et al. (eds), The Economic Transformation of the Soviet Union
S. G. Wheatcroft, R. W. Davies and J. Cooper, ‘Soviet Industrialisation Reconsidered: Some Preliminary Considerations about Economic Developments between 1926 and 1941’, Economic History Review, no. 2 (1986)
A. White, Democratisation in Russia under Gorbachev, 1985–1991: The Birth of a Voluntary Sector (London, 1999)
H. White, ‘The Provisional Government and the Problem of Power in the Provinces, March to October 1917’ (Oxford conference paper, January 1982)
H. White, ‘The Urban Middle Class’ in R. Service (ed.), Society and Politics in the Russian Revolution
S. White, After Gorbachev (Cambridge, 1993)
S. White, Britain and the Bolshevik Revolution, A Study in the Politics of Diplomacy, 1920–1924 (London, 1979)
S. White, Political Culture and Soviet Politics (London, 1979)
S. White, R. Rose and I. McAllister, How Russia Votes (London, 1997)
S. Whitefield, ‘Culture, Experience and State Identity: A Survey-Based Analysis of Russians, 1995–2003’ in S. Whitefield (ed.), Political Culture and Post-Communism
S. Whitefield, Industrial Power and the Soviet State (Oxford, 1993)
S. Whitefield, ‘Political Cleavages and Post-Communist Politics’, Annual Review of Political Science, no. 5 (2002)
S. Whitefield (ed.), Political Culture and Post-Communism (London, 2005)
S. Whitefield, ‘Social Responses to Reform in Russia’ in D. Lane (ed.), Russia in Transition (London, 1995)
A. Wilson, Virtual Politics: Faking Democracy in the Post-Soviet World (London, 2005)
R. Wortman, Scenarios of Power: Myth and Ceremony in Russian Monarchy, vol. 2, From Alexander II to the Abdication of Nicholas II (Princeton, NJ, 2000)
A. H. Wildman, The End of The Russian Imperial Army, vol. 1: The Old Army and the Soldiers’ Revolt, March–April 1917 (Princeton, NJ, 1980)
A. Wilson, Virtual Politics: Faking Democracy in the Post-Communist World (Yale, 2005)
W. C. Wohlforth (ed.), Cold War Endgame: Oral History, Analysis, Debates (University Park, PN, 2003)
M. Wyman, Public Opinion in Post-Communist Russia (London, 1997)
V. E. Yesipov, ‘Povsednevnost’ ekonomiki i Rossii’ in B. A. Starkov (ed.), Rosssiiskaya povsednevnost’ 1921–1944 gg.: novye podkhody
E. Zaleski, Stalinist Planning for Economic Growth, 1933–1952 (London, 1980)
V. N. Zemskov, ‘Prinuditel’nye migratsii iz Pribaltiki v 1940–1950 gg’, Otechestvennye arkhivy, no. 1 (1993)
E. Yu. Zubkova, Obshchestvo i reformy, 1945–1964 (Moscow, 1993)
Acknowledgements
These are unusual times to be studying Russia even by Russian standards. Archives have been opened and contacts with Russian writers are no longer difficult. Important documentary collections have been published. The need exists for the newer items of information to be incorporated in a general description and analysis.
In picking up this task, I have been very fortunate to have assistance from the following scholars who read preliminary drafts: Francesco Benvenuti, Archie Brown, Bob Davies, Peter Duncan, Israel Getzler, Geoffrey Hosking, László Péter, Silvio Pons, Martyn Rady, Arfon Rees and Karen Schönwälder. Their comments have led to a very large number of improvements, and each of them kindly helped further by replying to my follow-up queries. Also to be thanked are members of the press study group at SSEES and others in London who have alerted me to interesting materials in Russian newspapers and journals: John Channon, Norman Davies, Peter Duncan, Julian Graffy, Jane Henderson, Geoffrey Hosking, Lindsey Hughes, John Klier, Maria Lenn, John Morrison, Rudolf Muhs, Judith Shapiro and Faith Wigzell.
Nor should I omit to acknowledge the value of discussions over several years with the historians Gennadi Bordyugov, Vladimir Buldakov, Oleg Khlevnyuk, Vladimir Kozlov and Andrei Sakharov. Quite apart from their professional expertise, each of them have shared insights and intuitions about Russian history foreclosed to any foreigner.
While writing some of the chapters, I had access to the Russian Centre for the Conservation and Study of Documents of Recent History (RTsKhIDNI), to the State Archive of the Russian Federation (GARF) and to the Special Archive (OA). In the first two of these three archives I found useful materials in conditions that reflected the recent political changes which have occurred in Russia, and I shall always remember the occasion in September 1991 when Bob Davies and I walked into the Russian Centre for the Conservation and Study of Documents of Recent History as it was being ‘unsealed’ after the abortive August 1991 coup. Equally, I shall not quickly forget the experience shared two years later with Rudolf Muhs in the Special Archive, an institution which gave us material to read in the morning whose existence it denied in the afternoon. But in general the libraries and archives in Moscow have been as helpful as the SSEES Library in London – and this is saying a lot because John Screen, Lesley Pitman and Ursula Phillips could not have done more to facilitate the research on the book.
My greatest debt is to my wife Adele Biagi, who examined the early drafts and nudged me away from the temptation to take too particularist a viewpoint on Russia. It has also been a pleasure to talk about Russian history with our daughters and sons – Emma, Owain, Hugo and Francesca – as they have been growing up. They read some of the chapters, and their suggestions led to several useful revisions. Russia is a source of changing but perennial fascination – and it is a fascination which I hope this book will do its bit to spread.
January 1997
It is five years since this book appeared and much has changed in Russian politics, economy and society. The second edition takes the account into the twenty-first century. Most chapters have undergone minor revision and some recent works have been added to the bibliography. Chapter 27 has been entirely re-written. The introduction has been overhauled to sharpen the focus on historiographical debate – and here I was helped by comments from Adele Biagi, Archie Brow
n, Bob Davies, Richard Evans and David Priestland. The main lines of argument in the first edition have been repaired but not replaced.
November 2002
The events of the past few years have shaken the kaleidoscope of Russian affairs. In bringing the story and the analysis up to date I have kept the book’s basic line of analysis and have been fortunate in being able to talk this over with Archie Brown, Paul Chaisty and Alex Pravda in the Russian and Eurasian Studies Centre at St Antony’s College in Oxford, with Katya Andreyev at Christ Church, Oxford, with Nick Stargardt at Magdalen College, Oxford and with Robert Conquest, Paul Gregory, Amir Weiner, Norman Naimark and Yuri Slezkine while I was working on research projects at the Hoover Institution in Stanford University. I am indebted to the detailed advice given by Archie Brown about the introduction and by Paul Chaisty and Hugo Service about the chapters on the past two decades. Above all, my wife Adele Biagi has given inestimable assistance by going through the entire book yet again and suggesting ways of improving on the previous edition: I am grateful to her for her patience and insight.
February 2009
I have adjusted the introduction and the chapters in the light of fresh contributions to the historiography. Katya Andreyev, Bob Davies, Mark Harrison, Christopher Read and Arfon Rees have discussed recent publications with me, and I am grateful to Bob Davies and Mark Harrison for expounding the current state of knowledge about the late 1930s economy. Access to many of the Russian archives is harder than it was in the early 1990s (even though the situation still remains freer than under the communist administration). The main addition to this edition is the chapter on the years from 2009, and I appreciate the advice on its draft from Roy Allison, Michael Bernstam, Paul Chaisty and Mark Harrison.
Robert Service
January 2015
THE BEGINNING
Let the conversation begin...
Follow the Penguin Twitter.com@penguinukbooks
Keep up-to-date with all our stories YouTube.com/penguinbooks
Pin ‘Penguin Books’ to your Pinterest
Like ‘Penguin Books’ on Facebook.com/penguinbooks
Listen to Penguin at SoundCloud.com/penguin-books
Find out more about the author and