by Benny Morris
370.
Mufti s of Yozgat, Marash, etc., “Nationalist Fetva,” undated, in “Weekly Report No. 71 for Week Ending 2nd June 1920,” General Staff Intelligence, Army of the Black Sea, 2 June 1920, UKNA FO
371 / 5168.
371. Ravndal to SecState, 31 May 1921, enclosing unsigned, “A Senoussi Chief in Anatolia,” undated, USNA RG 84, Turkey (Constantinople), Vol. 439. Sinoussi would continue inciting against the Entente forces through 1921–1922. See also A.F.L, Beirut, to War Office, Paris, 23 April 1922, SHD, N7, 4165; and A.F.L, Beirut, 19 May 1922, to War Office, Paris.
372. Pinkney Tuck to Bristol, 29 July 1920, USNA RG 84, Turkey (Constantinople), Vol. 420.
373. Horton to Bristol, 4 August 1922, USNA RG 84, Turkey (Constantinople), Vol. 459. Horton was speaking of Greek rule. It is worth noting that other American diplomats held contrary views: “The Turk is not a religious fanatic; he is not intolerant of other religions . . .” (Robert Imbrie, Ankara, 11 July 1922, USNA RG 84, Turkey (Constantinople), Vol. 459). Ironically Imbrie was murdered two years later by Muslim fanatics in Teheran.
374. Curzon, “The Turkish Situation and the American Government,” 6 March 1920, UKNA FO
371 / 5216.
375. Bristol to William Dodd, 2 March 1920, USNA RG 84, Turkey (Constantinople), Vol. 419. Bristol was severely criticized, at least in private, by most missionaries and some of his subordinates over his attitude toward the ethnic groups in Turkey (see Chambers to Lord Bryce, undated but from 1920, Bodl.
MS Lord Bryce Papers 206; and Jackson to Bristol, 1 May 1920, USNA RG 84, Turkey (Constantinople), Vol. 421).
376. Bristol to SecState, 21 February 1920, USNA RG 59, 867.00, Roll 8.
377. Engert (Aleppo) to SecState, 10 March 1920, USNA RG 59, 867.00, Roll 8.
Notes to Pages 344–346
378. Engert (Aleppo) to SecState, 28 February 1920, USNA RG 59, 867.00, Roll 8.
379. Jackson to Bristol, 31 March 1920, USNA RG 84, Turkey (Constantinople), Vol. 421.
380. Dodd to Bristol, 10 March 1920, USNA RG 84, Turkey (Constantinople), Vol. 415; and message from Mersina, 23 March 1920, in Armenian Patriarchate news bulletin, c. March 1920, USNA RG
59, 860J.01 / 520–860J.4016 / 49, Roll 4. See also “Story of Terfunda Sahagian,” attached to de Robek to Curzon, 22 March 1920, UKNA FO 371 / 5045.
381. Dodd to Barton, 25 March / 2 April 1920, Houghton ABC 16.9.1, Vol. 1.
382. Dodd to Bristol, 9 April 1920, USNA RG 84, Turkey (Constantinople), Vol. 418.
383. Renseignements (Semaine du 4 au 10 Mai 1920), Armée Française du Levant, UKNA FO
371 / 5048.
384. Bristol had it right: “The French should either send a large force . . . or get out” (Bristol to Engert, 20 March 1920, LC, Bristol Papers 32).
385. De Robek to Curzon, 22 March 1920, and attachments, UKNA FO 371 / 5045.
386. Jackson to Bristol, 23 March and 12 May 1920, both in USNA RG 84, Turkey (Constantinople), Vol. 418.
387. Dr Lorin Shepard (Aintab) to Jackson, 2 February 1920, USNA RG 84, Turkey (Constantinople), Vol. 418; and British Military intelligence, “Note on the Situation in Northern Syria and Cilicia,” undated, attached to Bell to DMI, 23 February 1920, UKNA FO 371 / 5044. Shepard, “Statement Concerning Conditions in Aintab,” 18 April 1920, attached to Goldsmith to DMI, 8 June 1920, UKNA FO 371 / 5052.
388. Lambert to Nicol, 11 March 1920, Houghton ABC 16.9.1, Vol. 1; Jackson to Bristol, 23
March 1920, USNA RG 84, Turkey (Constantinople), Vol. 418; and Shepard to Jackson, 11 February 1920, USNA RG 84, Turkey (Constantinople), Vol. 418.
389. Jackson to Bristol, 4 February 1920, USNA RG 84, Turkey (Constantinople), Vol. 419.
390. Report about Antep, 12 February 1920, BOA, DH. EUM. AYŞ, 32 16. See also Special Bureau (Kalem- i mahsus) to Maraş governor, 15 March 1920, BOA, DH. ŞFR, 108 / 74.
391. Jackson to Bristol, 23 March 1920, USNA RG 84, Turkey (Constantinople), Vol. 418.
392. Knabenshue to Bristol, 26 March 1920, USNA RG 59, 867.00, Roll 8.
393. Jackson to Bristol, 31 March 1920, USNA RG 84, Turkey (Constantinople), Vol. 418.
394. Elizabeth Harris (superintendent of the Boys’ Orphanage, Aintab), untitled memorandum, 22
April 1920, Houghton ABC 16.9.1, Vol. 1; John Boyd, NER director Aintab, to Jackson, 21 April 1920, USNA RG 84, Turkey (Constantinople), Vol. 419; Shepard, “Statement . . . ,” 18 April 1920, UKNA FO
371 / 5052; and Bristol to SecState, 12 April 1920, quoting Knabenshue to Bristol the same day, USNA RG 59, 867.00, Roll 8. Harris suggests that the Turks had planned to begin the massacre only the following day and that the shot in the marketplace had been an inadvertent trigger. Hence the mass of armed Turks initially responded lackadaisically; hence the paucity of Armenian casualties that day.
395. Shepard, “Statement . . . ,” 18 April 1920, UKNA FO 371 / 5052; and M. W. Frearson, British director of girls’ orphanage (Aintab), to British High Commissioner, undated, attached to de Robeck to Curzon, 14 June 1920, UKNA FO 371 / 5051.
396. Shepard, “Statement . . . ,” 18 April 1920, UKNA FO 271 / 5052.
397. Jackson to Bristol, 9 April 1920, USNA RG 84, Turkey (Constantinople), Vol. 418. Jackson was fed information by Muslim and Jewish travelers from Antep.
398. Nazaretian to Kurkjian, 11 May 1920, USNA RG 59, 867.00, Roll 9.
399. “Condensed Diary of L. A. Shepard April 15–27, 1920,” in UKNA FO 371 / 5052; and Boyd to Jackson, 21 April 1920, USNA RG 84, Turkey (Constantinople), Vol. 419.
400. Harris, untitled memorandum, 22 April 1920, Houghton ABC 16.9.1, Vol. 1; Shepard, “Statement . . . ,” 18 April 1920, UKNA FO 371 / 5052; and “Condensed Diary of L. A. Shepard, April 15–27, 1920,” UKNA FO 371 / 5052.
Notes to Pages 346–349
401. Shepard, “Statement . . . ,” 18 April 1920, UKNA FO 371 / 5052.
402. “[Shepard] Condensed Diary . . . ,” UKNA FO 371 / 5052.
403. Dodd to Peet, 14 April 1920, USNA RG 84, Turkey (Constantinople), Vol. 419.
404. A. C. Wratislaw, UK consul general, Beirut, to Foreign Secretary, 7 May 1920, UKNA FO
371 / 5048.
405. Salaheddin, OC 2nd Battalion, 176th Regiment, to Bristol (?), 1 May 1920, USNA RG 59, 860J.01 / 520–860J.4016 / 49, Roll 4.
406. Merrill, “Statement Regarding Interview with General Gouraud and His Secretary,” 13 May 1920, USNA RG 59, 867.00, Roll 9.
407. Wratislaw to Foreign Secretary, 7 May 1920, UKNA FO 371 / 5048.
408. “Translation of a copy of a letter from Col. Brémond of the French Army of the Orient to the French consul at Larnaca. The document was secured by Dr. Dodd at Adana and sent to Constantinople,”
13 June 1920, Houghton ABC 16.9.3, Vol. 50. About transferring orphans to Cyprus, see Gouraud to French government, 11 May 1920, SHD, N7, 4165.
409. Derby to FO, 24 April 1920; and FO to Aneurin Williams, 28 April 1920, both in UKNA FO
371 / 5047; and Grahame, Paris, to FO, 3 June 1920, UKNA FO 371 / 5049.
410. “Extract of Armenian Patriarch’s Letter dated 7th May, Paris, 1920,” UKNA FO 371 / 5049.
411.
Zeidner,
Tricolor over the Taurus, 247.
412. Bristol to Lambert, 17 June 1920, quoting an Armenian Patriarchate report, USNA RG 84, Turkey (Constantinople), Vol. 421. See also Atatürk, Speech Delivered by Ghazi Mustapha Kemal, 390–391.
413. Wratislaw to Foreign Secretary, 7 May 1920, UKNA FO 371 / 5048.
414. Jackson to Bristol, 19 May 1920, USNA RG 84, Turkey (Constantinople), Vol. 421.
415. Wratislaw (UK Beirut consulate) to FO, 1 May 1920, UKNA FO 371 / 5047.
416. Hassan, mufti of Urfa, to US high commissioner, 12 February 1920, USNA RG 84, Turkey (Constantinople), Vol. 419.
417. Ali Riza to French high commissioner, 19 April 1920, USNA RG 84, Turkey (Constantinople), Vol. 419; and Garnet Woodward, “The Siege of Ourfa, 8th February 1920, to 10th April 1920,
” 24
April 1920, attached to Jackson to Bristol, 26 April 1920, USNA RG 84, Turkey (Constantinople), Vol. 419.
418. “Excerpts from the Diary of Mrs. Richard (Beatrice) Mansfield Concerning the Siege of Ourfa, February 6th to April 16th, [19]20,” attached to Jackson to Bristol, 8 May 1920, USNA RG 84, Turkey (Constantinople), Vol. 419.
419. Ali Riza to French high commissioner, 19 April 1920, USNA RG 84, Turkey (Constantinople), Vol. 419.
420. Charles Weeden, trea surer, NER Urfa, to Jackson, 12 April 1920, USNA RG 84, Turkey (Constantinople), Vol. 419.
421. Garnet Woodward, “The Evacuation of Ourfa, April 10 1920,” attached to British consulate general (Beirut) to Foreign Secretary, 27 April 1920, UKNA FO 371 / 5047.
422. Mary Caroline Holmes to Jackson, 25 June 1920, USNA RG 84, Turkey (Constantinople), Vol.
421.
423. Charles Weeden Jr., NER Urfa, to Jackson, 12 April 1920, USNA RG 59, 867.00, Roll 9.
424. Woodward, “The Evacuation . . . ,” UKNA FO 371 / 5047.
425. Mary Caroline Holmes (Urfa) to Jackson, 12 April 1920, USNA RG 59, 867.00, Roll 9.
426. Ali Riza to French high commissioner, 19 April 1920, USNA RG 84, Turkey (Constantinople), Vol. 419.
427. Garnet Woodward, “The Siege of Ourfa, 8th February 1920, to 10th April 1920,” 24 April 1920, attached to Jackson to Bristol, 26 April 1920, USNA RG 84, Turkey (Constantinople), Vol. 419.
Notes to Pages 349–351
428. Holmes to Jackson, 12 April 1920, USNA RG 59, 867.00, Roll 9; Jackson to Bristol, 22
April 1920, USNA RG 59, 867.00, Roll 9; and Ali Riza to French HC, 19 April 1920, USNA RG 84, Turkey (Constantinople), Vol. 419. The French Army reported 150 survivors, “Syrie d’Asie” daily report, 28 April 1920, SHD, GR N7, 4165.
429. Holmes to Jackson, 25 June 1920, USNA RG 84, Turkey (Constantinople), Vol. 421.
430. A.F.L. in Beirut to War Ministry, 18 May 1922, SHD, GR N7, 4164.
431. “L’evacuation d’Ourfa,” memorandum of the Bureau de presse et d’information Armenien, Paris, 28 April 1920, Bodl. MS Lord Bryce Papers 210.
432. Armenian Patriarchate, report from Aleppo, 30 June 1920, USNA RG 59, 860J.01 / 520–
860J.4016 / 49, Roll 4.
433. Shepard, “Outline of Events at and Around Aintab, April to August 1920,” undated but from September 1920, USNA RG 84, Turkey (Constantinople), Vol. 418.
434. “Note du Chef de Forces Nationalistes Turques à la population Armenienne d’Aintabe,” 28
April 1920, UKNA FO 371 / 5048.
435. Jackson to Bristol, 27 May 1920, USNA RG 84, Turkey (Constantinople), Vol. 421; and “Official French Communication Under Date of May 25, 1920,” appended to de Robeck to Curzon, 1 July 1920, UKNA FO 371 / 5053. See also French army report to ?, “Turquie d’Asie,” 28 May 1920, SHD, GR N7, 4165. The numbers appear to be exaggerated.
436. Shepard, “Outline of Events at and Around Aintab, April to August 1920,” undated but from September 1920, USNA RG 84, Turkey (Constantinople), Vol. 418.
437.
Zeidner,
Tricolor over the Taurus, 215. See also admiral in Beirut to Navy Ministry, Paris, 26
May 1920, SHD, GR N7, 4165.
438. Dodd (Adana) to Managing Director NER, C’ple, 24 May 1920, USNA RG 84, Turkey (Constantinople), Vol. 410.
439. Mustafa Kemal, “Copy of an Agreement Signed by the French and the Kemalists,” 28 / 29
May 1920, Houghton ABC 16.9.3, Vol. 52; and “Erivan,” a note attached to de Robeck to FO, 1 July 1920, UKNA FO 371 / 5053.
440. Grahame (Paris) to Curzon, 4 June 1920, UKNA FO 371 / 5049.
441. Captain G. M. Crick, “Report on My Recent Visit to Beirut, Haifa, Acre and Jaffa,” 6 June 1920, UKNA FO 371 / 5278.
442. Dodd to Bristol, 5 June 1920, USNA RG 84, Turkey (Constantinople), Vol. 418.
443. Wallace (Paris) to SecState (DC), 29 June 1920, USNA RG 59, 867.00, Roll 9.
444. Faisal to Allenby and / or Curzon, 5 June 1920, UKNA FO 371 / 5035.
445. Unsigned, “Report of Adana Station for the Month of June 1920,” undated, Houghton ABC
16.9.1, Vol. 1; and de Robeck to FO, 16 June 1920, UKNA FO 371 / 5050. See also “Renseignements, Semaine du 1 au 7 Juin 1920,” UKNA FO 371 / 5052.
446. Wallace (Paris) to SecState, 23 June 1920, USNA RG 59, 867.00, Roll 9.
447. Wratslaw (Beirut) to FO, 25 June 1920, and high commissioner, Cyprus, to FO, 23 June 1920, both in UKNA FO 371 / 5051. See also Commander of Military Forces, Constantinople, to Navy Ministry, Paris, 21 June 1920, SHD, GR N7, 4165.
448. Chambers to British High Commission, 15 September 1920, UKNA FO 371 / 5210.
449. Jackson to Knabenshue, 7 June 1920, USNA RG 84, Turkey (Constantinople), Vol. 419.
450. De Robek to Curzon, encl. 2 (Armenian Patriarchate Report), 28 July 1920, UKNA FO 371 / 5054.
451. Jackson to Bristol, 14 June 1920, USNA RG 84, Turkey (Constantinople), Vol. 418.
452. “Minutes of the 42nd Meeting of the A.G.S. and Armenian and Greek Representatives,” 14
July 1920, UKNA FO 371 / 5214.
Notes to Pages 351–354
453. Shepard, “Outline of Events at and Around Aintab April to August 1920,” undated but early September 1920, USNA RG 84, Turkey (Constantinople), Vol. 418. See also de Robek to Curzon, encl. 2
(Armenian Patriarchate Report), 28 July 1920, UKNA FO 371 / 5054.
454. “Minutes of the 42nd Meeting of the A.G.S. and Armenian and Greek Representatives,” 14
July 1920, UKNA FO 371 / 5214.
455.
Zeidner,
Tricolor over the Taurus, 250.
456. Armenian Patriarchate, report from Adana from 18 July 1920, attached to Bristol to SecState, 23
October 1920, USNA RG 59, 860J.4016 / 50–860J.4016P81 / 99.
457. Lieutenant de V. Rolland to Navy Ministry, 25 September 1920, SHD GR N7, 4165.
458. Lieutenant de V. Rolland to Navy Ministry, 25 September 1920, SHD GR N7, 4165.
459. Olin Lee, YMCA, to F. D. Steger, 14 August 1920, USNA RG 84, Turkey (Constantinople), Vol.
419.
460. Armenian Patriarchate, report from Mersin, 21 September 1920, attached to Bristol to SecState, 6 November 1920, USNA RG 59, 860J.00–860J.01, Roll 1.
461. Armenian Patriarchate, report from Aleppo, 18 September 1920, attached to de Robeck to Curzon, 25 October 1920, UKNA FO 371 / 5210.
462. Chambers to British High Commission, 15 September 1920, UKNA FO 371 / 5210.
463. Unsigned, from Mersin, “Letter Descriptive of Situation in Adana on September 24, 1920,” attached to de Robeck to Curzon, 18 October 1920, UKNA FO 371 / 5210; and De Robeck to FO, 13
October 1920, UKNA FO 371 / 5040.
464. Chambers to Peet, 5 November 1921, USNA RG 59, 860J.4016 / 50–860J.4016P81 / 99, Roll 5.
465. Armenian Patriarchate, report from Mersin, 27 September 1920, attached to Bristol to SecState, 6 November 1920, USNA RG 59, 860J.00–860J.01, Roll 1.
466. Unsigned, “Letter Descriptive of Situation in Adana on September 24, 1920,” UKNA FO
371 / 5210; and American Committee for Armenian In de pen dence to State Department, 4 November 1920, USNA RG 59, 860J.00–860J.01 / 179, Roll 1.
467. Armenian Patriarchate report from Mersin, 21 September 1920, attached to Bristol to SecState, 6 November 1920, USNA RG 59, 860J.00–860J.01, Roll 1.
468. Armenian Patriarchate, report from Mersin, 27 September 1920, attached to Bristol to SecState, 6 November 1920, USNA RG 59, 860J.00–860J.01, Roll 1.
469. D. G. Osborne, FO, to Aneurin Williams, 10 December 1920, UKNA FO 371 / 5211, conveying the gist of a report by Gouraud.
470. Boyd, “General Statement Concerning Conditions in Aintab, June 15th to October 19, 1920,”
USNA RG 84, Turkey (Constantinople), Vol. 418; and Willson to Bristol, 20 October 1920, USNA RG
84, Turkey (Constantinople), Vol. 418.
&
nbsp; 471. Boyd to Miss Maubry, 6 September 1920, USNA RG 84, Turkey (Constantinople), Vol. 418.
472. Trea surer, NER Aleppo, to Nicol, 5 August 1920, USNA RG 84, Turkey (Constantinople), Vol.
418; and Boyd to Miss Maubry, 6 September 1920, USNA RG 84, Turkey (Constantinople), Vol. 418.
473. Boyd, “General Statement Concerning Conditions in Aintab, June 15th to October 19, 1920,”
undated but attached to Willson to Bristol, 21 October 1920, USNA RG 84, Turkey (Constantinople), Vol. 418.
474. Aneurin Williams, British Armenia Committee, “Cilicia,” 8 June 1920, UKNA FO 371 / 5049.
475. Merrill, “Statement Regarding Interview with General Gouraud and His Secretary,” 13 May 1920, USNA RG 59, 867.00, Roll 9.
