by Benny Morris
601. J. C. Cunningham, OC USS Williamson, to Bristol, “Visit of USS Williamson to Mersina Area,”
diary entries for 23 November and 1 December 1921, USNA RG 84, Turkey (Constantinople), Vol. 464.
602. Eyre Crowe to Bell, 2 December 1921, UKNA FO 371 / 6559.
603. Jackson to Bristol, 16 November 1921, USNA RG 84, Turkey (Constantinople), Vol. 444; and
“Minutes of 78th [?] Meeting of the A.G.S. and Armenian and Greek Representatives,” 21 December 1921, UKNA FO 371 / 7933. By then, caravans had arrived in Aleppo from Antep, Mersin, Urfa, and Diyarbekir (Gouraud to War Ministry, 29 November 1921, SHD, GR N7, 4165). See also Satow, Beirut, to Foreign Secretary, 25 November 1921, UKNA FO 371 / 6560.
604. Greek Legation, London, to Curzon, 3 December 1921, UKNA FO 371 / 6559; and James Morgan, UK consul, Aleppo, to Foreign Secretary, 3 December 1921, UKNA FO 371 / 6561.
605. Woodsmall, “Report on a Trip to Adana, December 1921,” undated, USNA RG 84, Turkey (Constantinople), Vol. 461.
606. Mayfield, CO USS Childs, diary, entries for 11 (?) and 13–14 December 1921, USNA RG 84, Turkey (Constantinople), Vol. 464. Bristol suspected that, while pretending to accept his advice, the NER
executives were secretly encouraging their field workers to expatriate the orphans (entry for 5 June 1922, Bristol War Diary, USNA RG 59, 867.00, Roll 11).
607. Assistant director NER, Aleppo, L. Hekinian, to managing Director, NER Beirut, 26 June 1923, UKNA FO N371 / 9098.
608. Consul Charles Allen to Bristol, 6 February 1922, USNA RG 59, 867.4016, Roll 46.
609. John Merrill, “Latest Aintab News,” April 1923, Houghton ABC 16.9.6.1, Reel 674.
610. “Extracts from letter from the Rev. S. S. Manoogian,” 27 April 1922, UKNA FO 371 / 7874.
611. Woodsmall, “Report of a Trip to Adana, December 1921,” undated, USNA RG 84, Turkey (Constantinople), Vol. 461.
612. Entry for 3 January 1922, LC, Bristol Papers, War Diary.
613. Rumbold to Curzon, 12 August 1922, UKNA FO 371 / 7874.
614. John Merrill, “The Latest News from Aintab,” 18 March 1922, Houghton ABC 16.9.6.1, A467, Reel 674; and R. E. Wilson, Mersina, to Ravndal, 2 January 1921 [sic, should be 1922], USNA RG 59, 867.00, Roll 10.
615. Rumbold to Balfour, 27 June 1922, enclosing text of “Le Loi des Biens Abandonnés,” 20
April 1922; and minute by Rendel, 7 July 1922, both in UKNA FO 371 / 7948.
616. “Extract from letter, Adana, dated February 8th, 1922,” UKNA FO 371 / 7874; and James Morgan, Aleppo, to Curzon, 22 March 1922, UKNA FO 371 / 7874.
617. Phillips, acting US HC, to SecState, 19 October 1922, USNA RG 84, Turkey (Constantinople), Vol. 464.
Notes to Pages 368–371
618. Maynard B. Barnes, Smyrna, “Evacuation of Christian Population of Western Anatolia,” 12 October 1922, USNA RG 84, Turkey (Constantinople), Vol. 464.
619. A.F.L., Beirut, to War Ministry, 29 November 1922, SHD, GR N7, 4165.
620. FO to A. Geddes (Washington), 9 November 1922, UKNA FO 371 / 7957.
621. Bristol to SecState, 19 November 1922, USNA RG 84, Turkey (Constantinople), Vol. 464.
622. Child, Grew to SecState, 23 November 1922, USNA RG 59, 867.4016, Roll 48.
623. L. Hekimian (or Hekinian), Aleppo, 8 November 1922, UKNA FO 371 / 9098.
624. H. B. McFee, Managing Director NER, Beirut, to Jaquith, 23 October 1922, USNA RG 84, Turkey (Constantinople), Vol. 465.
625. Entry for 25 October 1922, diary of Commanding Officer (USS Overton?), to Bristol, USNA RG
84, Turkey (Constantinople), Vol. 462.
626. Morgan (Aleppo) to Curzon, 15 November 1922, UKNA FO 371 / 7875.
627. US high commission, “Memorandum,” 3 November 1922, USNA RG 84, Turkey (Constantinople), Vol. 464; and Bristol to SecState, 7 November 1922, USNA RG 84, Turkey (Constantinople), Vol.
464.
628. Smart (Aleppo) to Curzon, 17 January 1923, UKNA FO 371 / 9129.
629. Lorrin Shepard, Aintab, to “Ernest,” 6 December 1922, Houghton ABC 16.9.2, Vol. 5.
630. Dr. Caroline Hamilton, Aintab, to Miss Lamson, 6 December 1922, Houghton ABC 16.9.2, Vol. 2.
631. Shepard to Ernest, 6 December 1922, Houghton ABC 16.9.2, Vol. 5.
632. John Merrill, “Latest Aintab News, January 1923. What has Happened at Aintab. Complete Evacuation of the City by the Armenians,” Houghton ABC 16.9.1, A467, Reel 674. See also Jackson to Bristol, “Expelling of Christians by Turks,” 28 November 1922, USNA RG 84, Turkey (Constantinople), Vol. 459.
633. Kieser, “Introduction,” in Kieser, ed., Turkey beyond Nationalism, ix.
634. “Enclosure No. 1 with Despatch No. 404,” August 1922, USNA RG 84, Turkey (Constantinople), Vol. 461; and Jackson to Bristol, ? November 1922, USNA RG 84, Turkey (Constantinople), Vol. 464.
635. Shepard to Ernest, 6 December 1922, Houghton ABC 16.9.2, Vol. 5; and Merrill, “Latest Aintab News, January 1923. What has Happened at Aintab. Complete Evacuation of the City by the Armenians,”
Houghton ABC 16.9.1, A467, Reel 674.
636. Hekinian, “Refugee Situation,” 11 December 1923, attached to Vaughn- Russell to Foreign Secretary, 14 December 1923, UKNA FO 371 / 10195.
637. Jackson, “Emigration of Christians from Turkish Territory,” 11 December 1922, USNA RG 84, Turkey (Constantinople), Vol. 459, and attached affidavits by Sarkissian, Yeghoyian, and Arakelian.
638. Hekinian, Aleppo, to NER managing director, Beirut, 28 August 1923, UKNA FO 371 / 9098.
639. Hekinian, “Refugee Situation,” undated but attached to Smart, Aleppo, to Foreign Secretary, 29
January 1924, UKNA FO 371 / 10159.
640. Jackson, “Expelling of Christians by Turks,” 28 November 1922, USNA RG 84, Turkey (Constantinople), Vol. 459.
641. Ravndal to Bristol, 3 May 1923, USNA RG 84, Turkey (Constantinople), Vol. 484. The 100,000
figure for Anatolia seems excessive, unless it includes “Islamized” Armenians.
642. Barton to SecState, 18 (?) September 1923, quoting report by the American missionary Rev. J. C.
Martin, USNA RG 59, 860J.4016P81 / 600–860J.48 / 199, Roll 7.
643. A.F.L. in Beirut to War Ministry, 7 February 1923, SHD, GR N7, 4165.
644. Paul Buhrman, “Po liti cal and Economic Conditions, Aleppo District,” 19 November 1923, USNA RG 84, Turkey (Constantinople), Vol. 479.
645. Buhrman to SecState, 10 May 1924, USNA RG 59, 867.4016, Roll 48.
Notes to Pages 371–375
646. Dobbs to Colonial Secretary, 29 April 1924, and Hough (Aleppo) to MacDonald, 2 June 1924, both in UKNA FO 371 / 101095. Russell to Foreign Secretary, 20 February 1924, UKNA FO 371 / 10195.
“So much for the minority provisions of the Treaty of Lausanne,” minuted George Rendel, 10 March 1924.
647. Buhrman to SecState, 23 February 1924, USNA RG 59, 867.4016, Roll 48.
648. C. B. Wylie, Standard Oil, “Report on Inspection Trip through Anatolia,” 6 August 1924, attached to Scotten to Secstate, 15 August 1924, USNA RG 59, 867.00, Roll 17.
649. Buhrman, US consul, Aleppo, to SecState, 13 February 1924, and Buhrman to SecState, 11
March 1924, both in USNA RG 59, 867.4016, Roll 48.
650. Buhrman to SecState, 11 March 1924, USNA RG 59, 867.4016, Roll 48.
651. Internal report, 9 March 1924, BOA, HR. IM, 239 34. See also 11 March 1924, BOA, HR. IM, 239 37.
652. Buhrman to SecState, 24 March 1924, USNA RG 59, 867.4016, Roll 48.
653. John Randolph, “Economic and Po liti cal Information re Turkey: The Mosul Question, etc.,” 12
March 1924, USNA RG 59, 867.00, Roll 15.
654. Buhrman to SecState, 11 April 1924, USNA RG 59, 867.4016, Roll 48.
655. Russell to Foreign Secretary, 24 March 1924, UKNA FO 371 / 10195.
656.
Times (London), 5 April 1924, and Rendel minute, 7 April 1924, UKNA FO 371 / 10195. It is pos si ble that the Interior Ministry order pertained not
to Anatolian residents but to Armenians living abroad not being allowed to enter this area, but Rendel pointed out that “remaining Christians” within the forbidden zone “are being vigorously expelled from many [of its] districts.”
657. George Seldes, “Chaldeans Outraged and Massacred by Turks,” datelined 18 October, Mosul, Los Angeles Times, 25 October 1925. Seldes interviewed escapees, priests, and British officials.
658. John Randolph, US consul, Baghdad, to SecState, 14 April 1926, and Randolph, “Alleged Turkish Persecution of Minorities Continues in Azakh Village North of Iraq Frontier,” 15 March 1927, both in USNA RG 59, 867.4016, Roll 48.
659.
De
Waal,
Great Catastrophe, 100.
660. Thomsen, “The Assyrians / Syriacs of Turkey,” 3. See also Karimova and Deverell, “Minorities in Turkey,” 12.
661. Gaunt, “Ottoman Treatment of the Assyrians,” 245.
662. Assyrian- Chaldean del e ga tion, Paris, “The Assyrian- Chaldean Question before the Peace Conference,” undated but from 1919, USNA RG 84, Turkey (Constantinople), Vol. 404.
663. Po liti cal officer, UK administration Baghdad, to ?, 26 December 1918, UKNA FO 371 / 3386.
664. Curzon, “Memorandum,” 13 November 1919, UKNA FO 371.
665.
Kevorkian,
Armenian Genocide, 94, cites a report indicating that 1,272 Syriac Christians were murdered during the Adana massacres.
666.
Gaunt,
Massacres, 92.
667. Captain G. S. Reed, “Mesopotamia: Assyrian Refugees in Baqubah,” 1 July 1919, UKNA FO
371 / 4192.
668.
Gaunt,
Massacres, 90–92.
669. E. W. McDowell to Allen Dulles, 14 August 1923, and attached untitled memorandum, 14 August 1923, by McDowell, an American missionary, USNA RG 84, Turkey (Constantinople), Vol. 479. Gaunt says the Assyrian tribal “declaration of war” against the Ottomans was issued in May 1915, months after the Turks started butchering them (Gaunt, Massacres, 123).
670.
Kaiser,
Extermination of Armenians, 125–126; and Gaunt, Massacres, 127.
671.
Gaunt,
Massacres, 123.
672. E. T. Allen, “Outline of Events in the District of Urumia, and the Syrian Connection Therewith, Since the Beginning of the War,” undated, U.S. Official Rec ords, 603; W. A. Shedd to J. L. Caldwell, US
Notes to Pages 375–378
minister, Teheran “[Report from Persia],” 23 June 1915, U.S. Official Rec ords, 479; and Gaunt, Massacres, 123.
673.
Gaunt,
Massacres, 137–138.
674.
Gaunt,
Massacres, 128.
675. Gaunt, “Ottoman Treatment of the Assyrians,” 247–249; and Gaunt, Massacres, 125.
676.
Suny,
They Can Live in the Desert, 234.
677.
Gaunt,
Massacres, 131.
678. Quoted in Gaunt, Massacres, 133–134.
679.
Gaunt,
Massacres, 136–137.
680.
Gaunt,
Massacres, 140.
681. “Refugees from the Hakkiari District: Series of Extracts from Letters by Members of the American Mission Board at Urmia,” and “Refugees from Hakkiari: Letter, Dated 26th September / 9th October, 1915, from a Relative of Mar Shimun, the Patriarch,” Bryce and Toynbee, eds., Treatment of Armenians, 172–173 and 175–176; and Gaunt, Massacres, 145.
682. Hofmann, “Cumulative Genocide,” 49.
683.
Kevorkian,
Armenian Genocide, 379–380.
684.
Kevorkian,
Armenian Genocide, 376.
685. Gaunt, “Ottoman Treatment of the Assyrians,” 246.
686.
Kevorkian,
Armenian Genocide, 371–374; and Kaiser, Extermination of Armenians, 324.
687. Gaunt, “Ottoman Treatment of the Assyrians,” 256–257.
688.
Kevorkian,
Armenian Genocide, 340.
689.
Morgenthau,
Ambassador Morgenthau’s Story, 307.
690.
Kevorkian,
Armenian Genocide, 379–380.
691. Shedd to Caldwell, 23 June 1915 “[Report from Persia],” U.S. Official Rec ords, 479; and Gaunt, Massacres, 62–64.
692. “Urmia Statement by the Rev. William A. Shedd, D.D. . . .” Bryce and Toynbee, eds., Treatment of Armenians, 102.
693. “First Exodus from Urmia, January 1915: Report Dated 1st March 1915, from the Reverend Robert M. Labaree, of the American Mission Station at Tabriz; to the Hon. F. Willoughby Smith U.S.
Consul at Tiflis; Communicated by the Board of Foreign Missions of the Presbyterian Church in the U.S.A.,” Bryce and Toynbee, eds., Treatment of Armenians, 108–109.
694. Shedd to Caldwell, 23 June 1915, “[Report from Persia],” U.S. Official Rec ords, 478.
695. “Urmia: Narrative of Dr. Jacob Sargis Recorded in a Despatch Dated Petrograd, 12th February, 1916,” Bryce and Toynbee, eds., Treatment of Armenians, 160.
696. Shedd to Caldwell, 23 June 1915, “[Report from Persia],” U.S. Official Rec ords, 482; Kevorkian, Armenian Genocide, 227; and Gaunt, Massacres, 81–84.
697. Khosroeva, “Assyrian Genocide,” 271.
698. Gaunt, “Ottoman Treatment of the Assyrians,” 253. Gaunt, Massacres, 104–105.
699. “Azerbaijan behind the Rus sian Front: Extracts from a Series of Letters by the Rev. Robert M.
Labaree . . . Letter Dated Tabriz, 12th March, 1915 (to Mr. Labaree’s Mother),” Bryce and Toynbee, eds., Treatment of Armenians, 110. Khosroeva, “Assyrian Genocide,” 271, says the massacre at Gulpashan took place in January 1915.
700. Entry for 20 January 1915, “Urmia during the Turko- Kurdish Occupation: Diary of a Missionary edited by Miss Mary Schauffler Platt,” Bryce and Toynbee, eds., Treatment of Armenians, 119–120.
701. Both quoted in Gaunt, Massacres, 107; see also 110–111.
702. Scheubner- Richter to Bethmann Hollweg, 4 December 1916, German Foreign Office, 694; and Gaunt, Massacres, 109–110.
Notes to Pages 378–383
703. For a description of the work of these missions and conditions in Urmia town during January-May 1915, see Gaunt, Massacres, 112–117.
704. “Urmia: Statement by the Rev. William A. Shedd . . . ,” Bryce and Toynbee, eds., Treatment of Armenians, 103–104; Gaunt, Massacres, 115–116; and Shedd to Caldwell, 23 June 1915, “[Report from Persia],” U.S. Official Rec ords, 479–481.
705.
Kevorkian,
Armenian Genocide, 389–390, 394.
706. E. T. Allen, “Outline of Events in the District of Urumia, and the Syrian Connection Therewith, Since the Beginning of the War,” undated (but prob ably from April– June 1917), U.S. Official Rec ords, 605.
707. Allen, “Outline of Events . . . ,” undated, U.S. Official Rec ords, 607–609; and Kevorkian, Armenian Genocide, 707–708.
708. J. M. Yonan and Pera Mirza, Assyrian Refugee Committee, “The Assyrian People and their Relations with the Allies in the Pres ent War,” undated but attached to Cox to Balfour, 30 December 1918, UKNA FO 371 / 4177; and Reed, “Mesopotamia: Assyrian Refugees at Baqubah,” 1 July 1919, UKNA FO 371 / 4192.
709. McDowell, memorandum, 14 August 1923, USNA RG 84, Turkey (Constantinople), Vol. 479.
710.
Atatürk, Speech Delivered by Ghazi Mustapha Kemal, 689.
711. McDowell, memorandum, 14 August 1923, USNA RG 84, Turkey (Constantinople), Vol. 479.
9. Turks and Greeks, 1919–1924
Epigraph: Pallavicini to Austrian Foreign Ministry, 31 November 1915, quoting Abdullah Noury Bey, former secretary general of the Special Organ ization and, from fall 1915, director of the Sub- Directorate of Dep
ortees, Aleppo, in Kevorkian, Armenian Genocide, 627.
1. “Minutes of the 68th [?] Meeting of the Armenian- Greek Section and Armenian and Greek Representatives,” 29 March 1922, UKNA FO 371 / 7933.
2. White, president of Anatolia College, Merzifon, to Warren D. Robbins, US State Department, 18
November 1921, USNA RG 59, 867.4016, Roll 46.
3. See minutes by Toynbee (“AJT”), 6 December 1918, and “ACK (?),” 4 December 1918, on a Pontic Greek memorandum from November 1918, UKNA FO 371 / 3419. Chrysanthos, archbishop of Trabzon; Constantine- Jason G. Constantinides, president of the Pan- Pontic Congress; and Socrates Oeconomos, president of the National League of the Euxine Pontus at Paris, to Lloyd George, 10
March 1920, UKNA FO 371 / 5192, gives the figure of 850,000 Greeks in the Pontus from a total population of 1.7 million in the empire. However, included in the figure for the Pontus are a quarter of a million Pontic Greeks exiled in southern Rus sia and Caucasia who, according to these men, wished to return.
