The Thirty-Year Genocide
Page 96
84, Turkey (Constantinople), Vol. 405.
327. David Forbes (a licorice manufacturer) to Ravndal, 31 May 1919, USNA RG 84, Turkey (Constantinople), Vol. 405.
328.
Toynbee,
Western Question, 272. The Turks claimed 300–400 were murdered; the Greek estimate was about 50 (Inter- Allied Commission report, 11 October 1919, UKNA FO 371 / 5132).
329. Bristol, “Part Four (continued), Report of Operations for Week Ending 25 May 1919,” undated, LC, Bristol Papers, War Diary.
330. “Private and Confidential Report on the Greek Occupation of Smyrna submitted by Mr. John Langdon,” 24 June 1919, USNA RG 84, Turkey (Constantinople), Vol. 405; and Horton to American Mission, Paris, 19 July 1919, USNA RG 59, 867.00, Roll 7.
331. “Report of the Inter- Allied Commission of Enquiry into the Greek Occupation of Smyrna and Surrounding Districts,” part 1, 7 October 1919, attached to Webb to Curzon, 18 October 1919, UKNA FO 371 / 5132.
332. Forbes to Ravndal, 31 May 1919, USNA RG 84, Turkey (Constantinople), Vol. 405.
333. Ministry of Interior, Constantinople, to American High Commission, undated, containing a string of real or fabricated tele grams from local governors (Nazili, Denizli, Menteche, etc.) from June– July 1919, USNA RG 84, Turkey (Constantinople), Vol. 406.
334.
Toynbee,
Western Question, 273.
335. Horton to American Mission, Paris, 11 July 1919, USNA RG 59, 867.00, Roll 7; and Ministry of Interior, Constantinople, to American High Commission, undated, containing a string of tele grams from local governors from June– July 1919, USNA RG 84, Turkey (Constantinople), Vol. 406.
336. “Summary of the Painful Deeds Committed by the Greeks in the Vilayet of Aidin,” Military Press, Constantinople, 1919, USNA RG 84, Turkey (Constantinople), Vol. 415.
337. “Report of the Inter- Allied Commission of Enquiry into the Greek Occupation of Smyrna and Surrounding Districts,” 7 October 1919, UKNA RG 371 / 5132.
338. Hofmann, “Cumulative Genocide,” 67.
339. Admiral Bristol (US) and generals Bunoust (France), Hare (UK) and Dall’ollio (Italy), “Report of the Inter- Allied Commission of Enquiry into the Greek Occupation of Smyrna and Surrounding Districts,” 7, 11, and 13 October 1919, is to be found in full, in French, in UKNA FO 371 / 5132. Parts 2 and 3 of the report, in En glish, are in Bodl. MS Toynbee Papers 52. The commission’s non- voting Greek “observer,” Col. Mazarakis, disputed the findings (Smith, Ionian Vision, 111 footnote). Shaw’s treatment of the Commission’s findings ( From Empire to Republic, vol. 2, 521–527) is seriously marred by (a) his failure to reference its attribution of atrocities also to the Turks and (b) by his conflation of the commission’s findings with those of another committee of inquiry, two years later, relating to events only in Yalova- Guemlik.
340. Bristol, “Part Four (continued), Report of Operations for Week Ending 25 May 1919,” undated, LC, Bristol Papers, War Diary; and Bristol to Admiral Philip Andrews, 28 May 1919, LC, Bristol Papers 31.
341. Horton to SecState, 13 October 1919, USNA RG 84, Turkey (Constantinople), Vol. 406. Even Toynbee called Stergiadis “a fine fellow . . . [who] is trying to administer decently— with remarkable success” (Toynbee to Charles, 9 June 1921, Bodl. MS Toynbee Papers 51).
342.
Smith,
Ionian Vision, 100.
343. Horton to Bristol, “Po liti cal Conditions in Asia Minor,” 4 August 1922, USNA RG 84, Turkey (Constantinople), Vol. 459.
344. “Memorandum by Mr. Hole on Events in Smyrna,” 18 September 1922, USNA RG 84, Turkey (Constantinople), Vol. 466.
Notes to Pages 434–437
345. Rumbold to Curzon, 18 September 1922, USNA RG 84, Turkey (Constantinople), Vol. 466.
346. Rumbold to Curzon, 12 September 1922, UKNA FO 371 / 7889. See also unsigned, “Summary of a Confidential Report on Recent Events at Pergamos, Soma and District,” 28 October 1922, attached to Henderson to Oliphant, 4 November 1922, UKNA FO 371 / 7950.
347.
Shaw,
From Empire to Republic, vol. 2, 504, 507; and Chrysostomos to Meletios, the patriarch in Constantinople, 31 August 1922, q. in Nikolaos Hlamides, “The Smyrna Holocaust,” 199.
348. Sarah Jacob to D. A. Davis, a 10- page report in diary form, 14 September 1922, Houghton ABC
16.9.1, Vol. 1.
349.
Smith,
Ionian Vision, 302.
350.
Brock,
HMS
Iron Duke to Admiralty, 2 October 1922, UKNA FO 371 / 7906; and H. E. Knauss, CO USS Simpson, Diary, entry for 8 September 1922, USNA RG 84, Turkey (Constantinople), Vol. 463.
351.
Smith,
Ionian Vision, 301–302.
352.
Smith,
Ionian Vision, 304–305.
353. E. M. Yantis, “Report of the Smyrna Fire,” undated but from October- November 1922, USNA RG 84, Turkey (Constantinople), Vol. 466.
354. Knauss, CO, USS Simpson, Diary, entry for 9 September 1922, USNA RG 84, Turkey (Constantinople), Vol. 463.
355. Jaquith to Bristol, 11 October 1922, USNA RG 84, Turkey (Constantinople), Vol. 466.
356. W. Post, NER, “The Tragedy of Smyrna,” 2 October 1922, UKNA FO 371 / 9108.
357. A. J. Hepburn to Bristol (a 47- page report covering 8–17 September), 25 September 1922, USNA RG 84, Turkey (Constantinople), Vol. 466.
358. Chester Fairwold (?) to Bristol, 29 October 1922, USNA RG 84, Turkey (Constantinople), Vol. 466.
359. “Statement by Dr. Alexander MacLachlan, president of the International College, Paradise, Smyrna, Asia Minor, to Mason Mitchell, American Consul, Malta, Valetta,” 21 September 1922, USNA RG 84, Turkey (Constantinople), Vol. 466; and “Report by the Rev. Charles Dobson on Smyrna,” undated but from late October 1922, UKNA FO 371 / 7949. See also Hepburn to Bristol, 25 September 1922, USNA RG 84, Turkey (Constantinople), Vol. 466.
360. “Memorandum by Mr. Hole on Events in Smyrna,” 18 September 1922, USNA RG 84, Turkey (Constantinople), Vol. 466.
361. Hlamides, “Smyrna Holocaust,” 203.
362. Myrtle Nolan, “Report on Smyrna Disaster to the American High Commission, Constantinople,”
7 October 1922, USNA RG 84, Turkey (Constantinople), Vol. 466.
363. Knauss, CO USS Simpson, Diary, entry for 9 September 1922, USNA RG 84, Turkey (Constantinople), Vol. 463.
364. Post, “The Tragedy of Smyrna,” 2 October 1922, UKNA FO 371 / 9108.
365. Nolan, “Report on Smyrna Disaster to the American High Commission, Constantinople,” 7 October 1922, USNA RG 84, Turkey (Constantinople), Vol. 466.
366. Sarah Jacob to D. A. Davis, 14 September 1922, Houghton ABC 16.9.1, Vol. 1.
367. Knauss, CO USS Simpson, Diary, entry for 10 September 1922, USNA RG 84, Turkey (Constantinople), Vol. 463.
368. Post, “The Tragedy of Smyrna,” 2 October 1922, UKNA FO 371 / 9108.
369. Theodore Bartoli, “Some Truths about the Smyrna Catastrophe,” undated, attached to Bartoli to SecState, 5 December 1922, USNA RG 59, 867.4016, Roll 48.
370.
Dobkin,
Smyrna 1922, 133–134. See also Mango, Atatürk, 345.
371. “Report by Rev. Charles Dobson on Smyrna,” undated but from late October 1922, UKNA FO
371 / 7949; and Bartoli, “Some Truths about the Smyrna Catastrophe,” undated but attached to Bartoli to SecState, 5 December 1922, USNA RG 59, 867.4016, Roll 48.
Notes to Pages 437–439
372.
Mango,
Atatürk, 330; and Lt. Col. Ian Smith, untitled report, 7 April 1919, UKNA FO 371 / 4157.
373. “Memorandum by Mr. Hole on Events in Smyrna,” 18 September 1922, USNA RG 84, Turkey (Constantinople), Vol. 466.
374. Rene Puaux, “Translation of Extracts from ‘La Morte de Smyrne,’ ” undated but from November 1922, a pamphlet published in Paris, based on testimony by T. Roy Treloar, USNA RG 59,
867.4016, Roll 47; and Post, “The Tragedy of Smyrna,” 2 October 1922, UKNA FO 371 / 9108.
375. “Memorandum by Mr. Hole on Events in Smyrna,” 18 September 1922, USNA RG 84, Turkey (Constantinople), Vol. 466.
376. Hlamides, “Smyrna Holocaust,” 206.
377.
Dobkin,
Smyrna 1922, 135.
378. Theodore Bartoli, “Some Truths about the Smyrna Catastrophe,” attached to Bartoli to SecState, 5 December 1922, USNA RG 59, 867.4016. The church story may be untrue (see Lt. A. S. Merrill, USS
Litch field, Smyrna, Diary, entry for 10 September 1922, USNA RG 84, Turkey (Constantinople), Vol. 466).
379. Peet to Riggs, 20 September 1922, Houghton ABC 16.9.3, Vol. 52.
380. Knauss, CO USS Simpson, Diary, entry for 11 September 1922, USNA RG 84, Turkey (Constantinople), Vol. 463.
381. Puaux, “Translation of Extracts from ‘La Mort de Smyrne,’ ” USNA RG 59, 867.4016, Roll 47.
382. Barnes to SecState, “The Occupation of Smyrna by the Turks and the Burning of the City,” 18
September 1922, UKNA FO 371 / 7950.
383. Horton to SecState, 12 September 1922, USNA RG 84, Turkey (Constantinople), Vol. 466. Shaw, From Empire to Republic, vol. 4, 1730, devotes almost no space to the events in Smyrna between September 9 and 13, though he describes at length the concurrent Muslim cele brations in Constantinople of the Turkish victory. He sums things up as follows: “The Greeks . . . offered little opposition . . . to the Turkish occupation. . . . On the other hand, the Armenians in the city responded with force, rioting in the Armenian quarter starting on September 11, shooting and throwing bombs at Turks passing through on their way to other parts of the city. A series of fires broke out there . . . starting in the early after noon of September 13.” Not a word is provided about the slaughter or rape of Christians or about the Turkish looting. Without doubt, this is one of the most dishonest exhibitions of the historian’s craft we have come across.
384.
Hartunian,
Neither to Laugh nor to Weep, 191. Hartunian was prob ably unique in having witnessed and under gone all three stages of the Turkish destruction of the Christians—in Severek in 1895, in Maraş in 1915–1916, and in Maraş and Smyrna in 1920–1922.
385. Hepburn to Bristol, 25 September 1922, USNA RG 84, Turkey (Constantinople), Vol. 466.
386. Post, “The Tragedy of Smyrna,” 2 October 1922, UKNA FO 371 / 9108.
387. Hepburn to Bristol, 25 September 1922, USNA RG 84, Turkey (Constantinople), Vol. 466.
388. Davis to Bristol, 11 September 1922, USNA RG 84, Turkey (Constantinople), Vol. 466. Barnes recorded Nureddin as saying that “the Greeks and Armenians must leave Asia Minor” (Barnes, “Evacuation of Christian Population of Western Anatolia,” 12 October 1922, USNA RG 84, Turkey (Constantinople), Vol. 464). Another description of the meeting is in A. S. Merrill, Smyrna, Diary, entry for 11 September 1922, USNA RG 84, Turkey (Constantinople), Vol. 466.
389.
Dobkin,
Smyrna 1922, 143–144.
390. Barnes to State Department, “Evacuation of Christian Population of Western Anatolia,” 12 October 1922, USNA RG 84, Turkey (Constantinople), Vol. 464.
391. Post, “The Tragedy of Smyrna,” 2 October 1922, UKNA FO 371 / 9108; and Davis to Bristol, 6
November 1922, USNA RG 84, Turkey (Constantinople), Vol. 466. The text of Nureddin’s proclama-tions nos. 5 and 6 from, respectively, 16 and 24 September 1922, are in UKNA FO 371 / 10177.
392. Mills to Miss Lamson, 20 September 1920, Houghton ABC 16.9.2, Vol. 3.
Notes to Pages 439–443
393. Davis to Bristol, 6 November 1922, USNA RG 84, Turkey (Constantinople), Vol. 466.
394. Jaquith to Bristol, 11 October 1922, USNA RG 84, Turkey (Constantinople), Vol. 466. Jaquith was in Smyrna during 9–16 September.
395. Myrtle Nolan, “Report on Smyrna Disaster to the American High Commission, Constantinople,”
7 October 1922, USNA RG 84, Turkey (Constantinople), Vol. 466.
396. Hepburn to Bristol, 25 September 1922, USNA RG 84, Turkey (Constantinople), Vol. 466.
397. “Statement by Dr. Alexander MacLachlan . . . , president of the International College, Paradise, Smyrna, Asia Minor, to Mason Mitchell (?), American Consul, Malta,” 21 September 1922, USNA RG
84, Turkey (Constantinople), Vol. 466.
398. MacLachlan, Cass Arthur Reed, S. L. Caldwell, R. H. MacLachlan, M. B. Mills, and Rosalind Reed to Barton, Constantinople, 15 or 16 (unclear) February 1919, USNA RG 84, Turkey (Constantinople), Vol. 405.
399. “Memorandum of Mr. Hole on Events in Smyrna,” 18 September 1922, USNA RG 84, Turkey (Constantinople), Vol. 466.
400. Barnes to SecState, “The Occupation of Smyrna by the Turks and the Burning of the City,” 18
September 1922, UKNA FO 371 / 7950.
401. Yantis, “Report of the Smyrna Fire,” undated, USNA RG 84, Turkey (Constantinople), Vol. 466.
402.
Horton,
Blight of Asia, 162–164.
403. “Report by the Rev. Charles Dobson on Smyrna,” undated but from late October 1922, UKNA FO 371 / 7949.
404. Rendel, “Notes on Turkish Atrocities from February to September 1922,” 10 October 1922, UKNA FO 371 / 7955. This does not explain the initial, systematic murder of Smyrna’s Armenians.
405.
Prentiss
to
New York Times, 9 October 1922, USNA RG 84, Turkey (Constantinople), Vol. 466.
406.
Kevorkian,
Armenian Genocide, 257.
407. Vice- consul, Smyrna, to Morgenthau, 14 August 1914, and enclosed letter, unsigned, 14 August 1914, USNA RG 59, 867.00, Roll 5; and vice- consul to Morgenthau, 20 August 1914, USNA RG
59, 867.00, Roll 5. See also Hollis to Morgenthau, 13 August 1914, USNA RG 59, 867.00, Roll 6; GOC
Egypt to Secretary for War, 15 November 1914, UKNA FO 371 / 2141; C. E. Heathcote- Smith, acting UK consul- general, Smyrna, to Mallet, 20 August 1914, UKNA FO 371 / 2143; and entry for 6 October 1914, Morgenthau, United States Diplomacy on the Bosphorus, 107.
408. Mark Prentiss, “The Hitherto Untold Story of the Smyrna Fire Told by Mark O. Prentiss, American Representative of the Near East Relief,” January 1923, attached to Prentiss to Bristol, 11 January 1923, LC, Bristol Papers 38.
409. Chester Fairwold to Bristol, 29 October 1922, USNA RG 84, Turkey (Constantinople), Vol. 466.
410. Horton to State Department, 2 September 1922, USNA RG 84, Turkey (Constantinople), Vol. 829.
411. Entry for 8 September 1922, Bristol War Diary, USNA RG 59, 867.00, Roll 11.
412. Merrill to Stanav, 6 September 1922, in “Diary, Smyrna,” entry for 6 September 1922, USNA RG 84, Turkey (Constantinople), Vol. 466.
413.
Knauss,
USS
Simpson, Diary, entry for 17 September 1922, USNA RG 84, Turkey (Constantinople), Vol. 463.
414. “Memorandum by Mr. Hole on Events in Smyrna,” 18 September 1922, USNA RG 84, Turkey (Constantinople), Vol. 466.
415. Post, “The Tragedy of Smyrna,” 2 October 1922, UKNA FO 371 / 9108.
416. Hepburn to Bristol, 25 September 1922, USNA RG 84, Turkey (Constantinople), Vol. 466.
417.
Dobkin,
Smyrna 1922, 170.
418. Barnes to SecState, “The Occupation of Smyrna by the Turks and the Burning of the City,” 18
September 1922, UKNA FO 371 / 7950; and Lindley to FO, 19 September, UKNA FO 371 / 7890.
Notes to Pages 443–448
419. Post, “The Tragedy of Smyrna,” 2 October 1922, UKNA FO 371 / 9108. Post was in Smyrna from 9 September until about 15 September.
420. Brock to Admiralty, 2 October 1922, UKNA FO 371 / 7906.
421. Davis to Bristol, 6 November 1922, USNA RG 84, Turkey (Constantinople), Vol. 466.
422.
Dobkin,
Smyrna 1922, 184. On the smell, see also t
he account by Charles James Howe, a British officer on HMS Diligence, q. in Hlamides, “Smyrna Holocaust,” 211.
423. “Memorandum by Mr. Hole on Events in Smyrna,” 18 September 1922, USNA RG 84, Turkey (Constantinople), Vol. 466.
424.
Dobkin,
Smyrna 1922, 184.
425. Hepburn to Bristol, 25 September 1922, USNA RG 84, Turkey (Constantinople), Vol. 466.
426. US High Commission, Constantinople, to director, Bureau of Foreign and Domestic Commerce, Department of Commerce, Washington DC, “Monthly Report, October,” 2 November 1923, USNA RG 84, Turkey (Constantinople), Vol. 479. See also Gouraud to War Ministry, 27 November 1922, SHD, GR N7, 4165.
427. Vickrey to SecState, 29 November 1922, USNA RG 59, 867.4016, Roll 48.
428. Prentiss, “The Hitherto Untold Story of the Smyrna Fire Told by Mark O. Prentiss, American Representative of the NER, Armenians, Not Turks, Set the Fire— Evidence of Smyrna Fire Chief