by Benny Morris
[Grescovich] Revealed,” January 1922, attached to Prentiss to Bristol, 11 January 1923, LC, Bristol Papers 38.
429. A. S. Merrill, USS Litch field, Smyrna, Diary, entry for 15 September 1922, USNA RG 84, Turkey (Constantinople), Vol. 466.
430. Entry for 17 October 1922, Bristol War Diary, USNA RG 59, 867.00, Roll 19.
431. Entry for 11 December 1922, Bristol War Diary, USNA RG 59, 867.00, Roll 13.
432. Hepburn to Bristol, 25 September 1922, USNA RG 84, Turkey (Constantinople), Vol. 466.
433. Unsigned, “Report from Anatolia,” undated, but attached to DMI, WO, to Eyre Crowe, 30 October 1922, UKNA FO 371 / 7907.
434.
Hartunian,
Neither to Laugh nor to Weep, 196.
435.
Dobkin,
Smyrna 1922, 155.
436. Mills to Lamson, 20 September 1922, Houghton ABC 16.9.2, Vol. 3.
437. Post, “The Tragedy of Smyrna,” 2 October 1922, UKNA FO 371 / 9108.
438. US High Commission, “Who Burned Smyrna?— Service Report,” 29 September 1922, USNA RG 84, Turkey (Constantinople), Vol. 466.
439. “Memorandum by Mr. Hole on Events in Smyrna,” 18 September 1922, USNA RG 84, Turkey (Constantinople), Vol. 466.
440. Rumbold to FO, 17 September 1922, UKNA FO 371 / 7888; Rumbold to Curzon, 18 September 1922, UKNA FO 371 / 7950 (“It is prob ably [the Turks’] intention that the future Smyrna should be a purely Turkish town . . .”); and Horton, Blight of Asia, 144–154.
441. Post, “The Tragedy of Smyrna,” 2 October 1922, UKNA FO 371 / 9108.
442.
Dobkin,
Smyrna 1922, 156, 230–233. In December 1924 the American Tobacco Com pany brought suit against the Guardian Assurance Com pany at the High Court of Justice in London. The insurance com pany refused to pay, claiming that the fire was a result of “warlike operations” (Dobkin, Smyrna 1922, 230–233).
443.
Dobkin,
Smyrna 1922, 157.
444. Davis to Bristol, 6 November 1922, USNA RG 84, Turkey (Constantinople), Vol. 466.
445. Peet to Barton, 20 September 1922, Houghton ABC 16.9.3, Vol. 52.
446. Lindley to FO, 29 September 1922, UKNA FO 371 / 7896. For the expulsion of “Greek and Armenian men, women and children” from Kırkağaç, northeast of Smyrna, see unsigned, “Summary of a
Notes to Pages 448–451
Confidential Report on Recent Events at Pergamos, Soma and District,” 28 October 1922, attached to Henderson to Oliphant, 4 November 1922, UKNA FO 371 / 7950.
447. Greek Legation, London, to Curzon, 10 October 1922, UKNA FO 371 / 7955.
448. Rendel, “Notes on Turkish Atrocities from February to September 1922,” 10 October 1922, UKNA FO 371 / 7955.
449. Nansen to high commissioners in Constantinople, 10 October 1922, UKNA FO 371 / 7956.
450. “Minutes of a Conference held in the British Embassy on Thursday, October 12, 1922, to Discuss the Refugee Prob lem in Greece and Asia Minor with Dr. Nansen,” UKNA FO 371 / 7956.
451. Post, “The Tragedy of Smyrna,” 2 October 1922, UKNA FO 371 / 9108.
452. Jaquith to Bristol, 11 October 1922, USNA RG 84, Turkey (Constantinople), Vol. 466. See also Knauss, USS Simpson, Diary, entry for 18 September 1922, USNA RG 84, Turkey (Constantinople), Vol. 463.
453.
Knauss,
USS
Simpson, Diary, entry for 18 September 1922, USNA RG 84, Turkey (Constantinople), Vol. 463.
454. Bristol, “Report of Operations for Week Ending 17 September 1922,” LC, Bristol Papers, War Diary.
455. Joseph Beach to State Department, 2 December 1922, USNA RG 84, Turkey (Constantinople), Vol. 464; and Beach, Henry Murphy, Lillian Sewny, and Katharine Fletcher, “Report of Conditions in Anatolia Submitted by Members of the Cesarea Unit, NER, to the US High Commission, Constantinople,” 4
December 1922, USNA RG 59, 867.4016, Roll 48.
456. “Part Three, Report of Operations for Week Ending 8 October 1922,” LC, Bristol Papers, War Diary.
457. State Dept., Division of Near Eastern Affairs, to Dulles, 16 October 1922, USNA RG 59, 867.4016, Roll 48.
458. Greek Legation, London, to Curzon, 27 October 1922, UKNA FO 371 / 7957.
459. Bristol to Eugenia S. Bumgardner, 7 December 1922, LC, Bristol Papers 38.
460. Hadkinson to Rumbold, 20 September 1922, UKNA FO 371 / 7950.
461. Yantis, “Report of the Smyrna Fire,” undated but from October– November 1922, USNA RG 84, Turkey (Constantinople), Vol. 466.
462.
Dobkin,
Smyrna 1922, unnumbered footnote on page 201 and page 265 footnote 201, implies that more than 100,000 Christians died in Smyrna and environs, and states that this was Horton’s estimate. But it wasn’t. Horton, Blight of Asia, 173, merely cited estimates by the Reuter news agency and an article in the London Daily Chronicle.
463. Hlamides, “Smyrna Holocaust,” 223–224.
464. Bristol, “Memorandum,” 21 September 1921, USNA RG 84, Turkey (Constantinople), Vol. 466.
465. “Account of Meeting of an Allied Mixed Committee on Refugee Prob lems [27 May 1922],” undated but attached to Rumbold to Balfour, 6 June 1922, UKNA FO 371 / 7866; and Rumbold to FO, 9
September 1922, UKNA FO 371 / 7886.
466. Barnes, “Evacuation of Christian Population of Western Anatolia,” Smyrna, 12 October 1922, USNA RG 84, Turkey (Constantinople), Vol. 464.
467. Davis, chairman, Disaster Relief Committee, Constantinople Chapter, American Red Cross, to Bristol, 6 November 1922, USNA RG 84, Turkey (Constantinople), Vol. 466. Davis was in Smyrna from 9 to 22 September.
468. A. S. Merrill, Smyrna, Diary, entry for 11 September 1922, USNA RG 84, Turkey (Constantinople), Vol. 466. See also Emily McCallum (Piraeus) to Kate Samson (Boston), 30 September 1922, Houghton ABC 16.9.2, Vol. 3.
469. Nureddin, “Proclamation,” 23 September 1922, UKNA FO 371 / 7898.
470. Barnes, “Evacuation of Christian Population of Western Anatolia,” Smyrna, 12 October 1922, USNA RG 84, Turkey (Constantinople), Vol. 464.
Notes to Pages 451–455
471. Hepburn to Bristol, 25 September 1922, USNA RG 84, Turkey (Constantinople), Vol. 466.
472. Entry for 22 September 1922, LC, Bristol Papers, War Diary.
473. Powell, CO USS Edsall, “Situation at Smyrna,” 19 September 1922, USNA RG 84, Turkey (Constantinople), Vol. 462; and Rendel, “Assistance Given by His Majesty’s Government in Evacuating and Relieving Refugees from Asia Minor,” 13 October 1922, UKNA FO 371 / 7955.
474.
Powell,
USS
Edsall, to Bristol, 9 October 1922, USNA RG 84, Turkey (Constantinople), Vol. 462.
475.
Powell,
USS
Edsall, Diary— Smyrna, entry for 24 September 1922, USNA RG 59, 867.00, Roll 12.
476. Captain H. C. Buckle, OC HMS Curacoa, to Rear Admiral Wilmot Nicholson, 2 October 1922, UKNA FO 371 / 7958.
477. Fairwold (?) to Bristol, 29 October 1922, USNA RG 84, Turkey (Constantinople), Vol. 466.
478.
Powell,
USS
Edsall, Diary, entry for 15 October 1922, USNA RG 84, Turkey, (Constantinople), Vol. 462.
479. Barnes, “Evacuation of Christian Population of Western Anatolia,” Smyrna, 12 October 1922, USNA RG 84, Turkey (Constantinople), Vol. 464.
480.
Powell,
USS
Edsall, Diary, 1 October 1922, USNA RG 84, Turkey (Constantinople), Vol. 462.
481. McCormick to Bristol, 22 October 1922, USNA RG 84, Turkey (Constantinople), Vol. 464; and USS King to Bristol, “Report on Alaya and Adalia, Asia Minor,” 5 November 1922, USNA RG 84, Turkey (Constantinople), Vol. 462. See also Powell, USS Edsall, 9 October 1922, USNA RG 84, Turkey (Constantinople), Vol. 462; and Barnes, “Evacuation of Christian Population of Western Anatolia,” 12 October 1922, USNA RG 84, Turkey (Constantinople),
Vol. 464.
482.
Clark,
Twice a Stranger, 24.
483.
Üngör, “Turkey for the Turks,” 295.
484. E. A. Walleson (?), USS Lawrence, to Powell, 10 October 1922, USNA RG 84, Turkey (Constantinople), Vol. 462.
485.
Clark,
Twice a Stranger, 25. See also “Extracts from a [YMCA team] report on the Conditions of Refugees in the Greek Islands,” attached to F. O. Lindley to Curzon, 10 November 1922, UKNA FO
371 / 7960.
486.
Howard,
Partition of Turkey, 272–273.
487. Bristol to US Legation, Athens, 28 October 1922, USNA RG 84, Turkey (Constantinople), Vol.
465; and Bristol to SecState, 23 October 1922, USNA RG 84, Turkey (Constantinople), Vol. 465.
488. Frederic R. Dolbeare, acting US High Commissioner, 29 November 1922, USNA RG 84, Turkey (Constantinople), Vol. 465.
489.
Hemingway,
Toronto Daily Star, 22 October 1922, q. in Clark, Twice a Stranger, 48.
490. Charles Wilson, Sofia, to Foreign Minister, 1 April 1923, USNA RG 84, Turkey (Constantinople), Vol. 479.
491. Rumbold to FO, 12 November 1922, UKNA FO 371 / 7911.
492.
CO
USS
Simpson, Beirut, Diary, entry for 11 December 1922, USNA RG 59, 867.00, Roll 13.
493.
Powell
USS
Edsall, Diary, entry for 18 October 1922, USNA RG 84, Turkey (Constantinople), Vol. 462.
494. Urquhart to Rumbold, 13 October 1922, UKNA FO 371 / 7949.
495. Nicholson to C- in- C, Mediterranean Station, 19 October 1922, UKNA FO 371 / 7950.
496. Rumbold to Curzon, 12 September 1922, UKNA FO 371 / 7889.
497. Bristol to SecState, 17 October 1922, USNA RG 84, Turkey (Constantinople), Vol. 459.
498. Bristol to Eugenia Bumgardner, 7 December 1922, LC, Bristol Papers 38.
499. Curzon to ?, 22 September 1922, UKNA FO 371 / 7892.
500. “The Situation in the Near East . . . Conclusions of Cabinet on 23rd September, 1922,” UKNA FO 371 / 7893.
Notes to Pages 455–459
501. Harington to WO, 24 September 1922, UKNA FO 371 / 7895; and Harington to WO, 26 and 27 September 1922, UKNA FO 371 / 7896.
502.
Gilbert,
Rumbold, 262.
503. “Draft Minutes of a Conference of Ministers Held at 10, Downing Street. . . . 27th September, 1922 . . . ,” UKNA FO 371 / 7896; “Draft Conclusions of a Conference of Ministers held at 10, Downing Street . . . on 28th September, 1922 . . . ,” UKNA FO 371 / 7896; and “Draft Minutes of a Conference of Ministers held at Lord Curzon’s House, No. 1 Carlton House Terrace, London . . . 29th September, 1922 . . . ,” UKNA FO 371 / 7898.
504. Harington to WO, 28 September 1922, UKNA FO 371 / 7896; and Harington to WO, 30 September 1922, UKNA FO 371 / 7899.
505. Barton to “Friends,” 16 October 1922, Houghton ABC 16.9.2, Vol. 5.
506. Rendel, “Situation in Constantinople and Safety of Christian Minorities,” 13 November 1922, with attached “Extracts from Recent tele grams . . . ,” UKNA FO 371 / 7958.
507. Gates to Staub, 2 November 1922, Houghton ABC 16.9.2, Vol. 5.
508. James Morgan (Aleppo) to Curzon, 13 December 1922, UKNA FO 371 / 7875.
509. Executive Officer, USS Overton, to Bristol, “Diary, Samsoun,” entries for 1 and 4 November 1922, USNA RG 84, Turkey (Constantinople), Vol. 463.
510. Entry for 13 November 1922, LC, Bristol Papers, War Diary.
511. Bristol, “Memorandum,” 16 November 1922, LC, Bristol Papers 38.
512. Henderson to FO, 1 December 1922, UKNA FO 371 / 7960.
513. Nevile Henderson to FO, 4 December 1922, UKNA FO 371 / 7960. Henderson was Rumbold’s deputy.
514. Entry for 16 November 1922, LC, Bristol Papers, War Diary.
515. Bristol to SecState, 19 November 1922, USNA RG 59, 867.4016, Roll 47.
516. Entry for 4 November 1922, LC, Bristol Papers, War Diary.
517. Entry for 4 November 1922, LC, Bristol Papers, War Diary, giving text of Aide Memoire to Turkish Government.
518. Rumbold to FO, 5 November 1922, UKNA FO 371 / 7957. Rendel minuted that it was “hard to believe” that there are “over 1 million Christians left in Anatolia. . . . If there really were a million left, then the pre- war estimates were wrong” (6 November 1922).
519. Jackson to SecState, 28 November 1922, USNA RG 59, 867.4016, Roll 48.
520. Morgan (Aleppo) to Curzon, 13 December 1922, UKNA FO 371 / 7875.
521. Fowle to Vickrey, 14 November 1922, USNA RG 59, 867.4016, Roll 47.
522. Bristol, “Report on Operations for Week Ending 3 December 1922,” part 3, LC, Bristol Papers, War Diary.
523. Jackson to SecState, 25 November 1922, USNA RG 59, 867.4016, Roll 47; and Morgan (Aleppo) to Curzon, 22 November 1922, UKNA FO 371 / 7875.
524. Jackson to SecState, 18 November 1922, USNA RG 59, 867.4016, Roll 47.
525.
USS
Overton, Diary, entry for 23 November 1922, USNA RG 59, 867.00, Roll 13.
526.
USS
Overton, Diary, Samsoun, entries for 3 and 4 November 1922, USNA RG 84, Turkey (Constantinople), Vol. 463.
527.
USS
Overton, Diary, entries for 27, 28, and 30 November 1922, USNA RG 84, Turkey (Constantinople), Vol. 463.
528. Jackson to SecState, 9 December 1922, USNA RG 59, 867.4016, Roll 48; and texts, translations of articles into En glish appended to Jackson to SecState, 28 November 1922, USNA RG 59, 867.4016, Roll 48.
529. Jackson to SecState, 26 November 1922, USNA RG 59, 867.4016, Roll 47.
Notes to Pages 459–462
530.
USS
Overton, Diary, entry for 1 November 1922, USNA RG 84, Turkey (Constantinople), Vol.
463.
531. Hofmann, “Cumulative Genocide,” 83 and 100.
532. Rendel, “Memorandum Regarding Pontic Refugees,” 26 February 1923, UKNA FO 371 / 9092.
533. Quoted in NER, “Report of the Near East Relief for the Year Ending December 31, 1922” (Washington DC, 1923), 15.
534.
USS
Barry, “Samsoun Diary,” entry for 25 November 1922, USNA RG 84, Turkey (Constantinople), Vol. 462.
535.
CO
USS
Simpson to Bristol, “Diary Samsoun,” entry for 1 April 1923, USNA RG 84, Turkey (Constantinople), Vol. 483.
536. C. F. Grant, Samsun Unit, NER, to managing director, NER, 15 March 1923, USNA RG 84, Turkey (Constantinople), Vol. 484.
537.
CO
USS
Hatfield to Bristol, “Diary— Mersina,” entry for 16 May 1923, USNA RG 84, Turkey (Constantinople), Vol. 483.
538. Jackson to SecState, 4 December 1922, USNA RG 59, 867.4016, Roll 48; and Jackson to SecState, 11 December 1922, USNA RG 59, 867.4016, Roll 48. Jackson feared the Turks intended to conquer Mosul and Aleppo and dreaded another “Smyrna.”
539. US Government official, “Report on the Condition of the Asia Minor Refugees in Certain Greek Islands,” undated but attached to Bentinck (Athens) to Curzon, 2 December 1922, UKNA FO 371 / 7961.
540. Crutcher to managing director, NER, Constantinople, 13 April 1923, USNA RG 84, Turkey (Constantinople), Vol. 484.
541. C. W. Fowle, NER director for Syria and Palestine, “Memoranda [sic] Gurumza Massacre,” 4
June 1923, attached to Knabenshue to Bristol, 11 June 1923, USNA RG 84, Turkey (Constantinople), Vol. 484; CO USS Bulmer to Bristol, “Station Diary,” 7 May 1923, USNA RG 84, Turkey (Constantinople), Vol. 483; and Satow to Foreign Secretary, 24 May 1923, UKNA FO 371 / 9110.
542.
USS
McCormick, Diary, entry for 3 December 1922, USNA RG 59, 867.00, Roll 13.
543. Entry for 18 January
1923, CO USS Overton, Diary, USNA RG 84, Turkey (Constantinople), Vol. 483.
544. Lt. Sigler, USS McFarland, “Sanitary Report on Mersina,” 8 February 1923, USNA RG 84, Turkey (Constantinople), Vol. 483.
545. Ahmed, president of Mersina municipality, to NER Mersina, 10 February 1923, in CO USS Barry to Bristol, 19 February 1923, USNA RG 59, 867.00, Roll 14.
546.
CO
USS
Lawrence to Bristol, “Diary— Mersina and Alexandretta,” entry for 15 March 1923, USNA RG 84, Turkey (Constantinople), Vol. 483; and CO USS Bulmer to Bristol, “Station Diary—
Mersina,” entries for 5 and 6 March 1923, USNA RG 84, Turkey (Constantinople), Vol. 483.
547. Entry for 6 April 1923, R. K. Awtrey, CO USS Hatfield, “Station Diary— Mersina and Alexandretta,” USNA RG 59, 867.00, Roll 14.
548. Joseph Beach, NER director, Mersina, “Report of Refugee Situation, Mersina, April 8, 1923,”
USNA RG 84, Turkey (Constantinople), Vol. 485.
549.
CO
USS
Lawrence to Bristol, “Diary— Samsun,” entry for 20 April 1923, USNA RG 84, Turkey (Constantinople), Vol. 483.
