by Benny Morris
550. Entry for 26 November 1922, USS Overton diary, USNA RG 84, Turkey (Constantinople), Vol.
463.
551.
USS
Barry, “Samsoun Diary,” entry for 24 November 1922, USNA RG 84, Turkey (Constantinople), Vol. 462.
552. Crutcher to Jaquith, 16 March 1923, USNA RG 84, Turkey (Constantinople), Vol. 484; and USS
Bulmer to Bristol, 7 January 1923, USNA RG 84, Turkey (Constantinople), Vol. 484.
Notes to Pages 463–465
553.
USS
Bulmer to Bristol, 7 January 1923, USNA RG 84, Turkey (Constantinople), Vol. 484.
554. Entry for 15 February 1923, CO USS Sturtevant, “Station Diary Trebizond,” to Bristol, USNA RG 84, Turkey (Constantinople), Vol. 483.
555. Crutcher to managing director NER, 1 May 1923, and M. Tsamados, Greek Legation, Washington DC, to Allen Dulles, State Department, 14 May 1923, both in USNA RG 84, Turkey (Constantinople), Vol. 484.
556.
CO
USS
Bainbridge to Bristol, diary entry for 25 March 1923, USNA RG 84, Turkey (Constantinople), Vol. 483, for threats by mutasarrif of Mersina. But other mutesarrifs told American officers that they would not force Greeks to leave or deport them to the interior (CO USS Bainbridge, diary entry for 31 March 1923, in LC, Bristol Papers, War Diary, reporting on conversation with Hamdi Bey, the “sub-governor” at Fatsa).
557. Dolbeare to State Department, 3 January 1923, USNA RG 84, Turkey (Constantinople), Vol. 484.
558.
CO
USS
Overton to Bristol, “Diary, Mersina,” entries for 16 and 19 March 1923, USNA RG 84, Turkey (Constantinople), Vol. 483.
559.
CO
USS
McFarland to Bristol, diary entry (Trebizond) 16 March 1923, USNA RG 59, 867.00, Roll 14; CO USS Simpson to Bristol, diary entry (Ordu) 31 March 1923, USNA RG 84, Turkey (Constantinople), Vol. 483; and J. B. Rhodes, CO USS Litch field to Bristol, diary entry (Samsun) 21
March 1923, USNA RG 84, Turkey (Constantinople), Vol. 483.
560. Bristol, “Part Three, Report of Conditions for Week Ending April 1, 1923,” LC, Bristol Papers, War Diary.
561.
Knapp,
USS
Lawrence, Mersina, to USS Overton, 19 March 1923, in OC USS Overton to Bristol,
“Diary: Alexandretta,” entry for 19 March 1923, USNA RG 59, 867.00, Roll 14.
562. Crutcher to Bristol, 7 April 1923, USNA RG 84, Turkey (Constantinople), Vol. 484.
563. Bristol, “Part Three, Report of Conditions for Week Ending April 1, 1923,” LC, Bristol Papers, War Diary.
564. “Translation of Order Posted on the Gates of Armenian and Greek Churches in Mersine, March 16, 1923,” USNA RG 84, Turkey (Constantinople), Vol. 485.
565.
USS
Overton to Bristol, 22 March 1923, USNA RG 84, Turkey (Constantinople), Vol. 485.
566. Bristol, “Part Four, Report of Operations for Week Ending 25 March, 1923 . . . A General Sum-mery,” LC, Bristol Papers, War Diary.
567. Joseph Beach, NER director, Mersina, “Report of Refugee Situation, Mersine, April 8, 1923,”
USNA RG 84, Turkey (Constantinople), Vol. 485.
568. Entry for 4 April 1923, LC, Bristol Papers, War Diary.
569. Beach, “Report of Refugee Situation, Mersine, April 8, 1923,” USNA RG 84, Turkey (Constantinople), Vol. 485.
570.
CO
USS
McFarland to Bristol, “Diary— Samsoun,” entry for 22 March 1923, USNA RG 84, Turkey (Constantinople), Vol. 483.
571.
CO
USS
Goff to Bristol, “Diary— Samsoun,” entry for 23 May 1923, USNA RG 84, Turkey (Constantinople), Vol. 483.
572.
USS
Sturtevant, “Station Diary— Mersina,” 2 January 1923, USNA RG 84, Turkey (Constantinople), Vol. 463.
573.
CO
USS
Litch field to Bristol, “Diary— Samsoun,” “Summary of Refugee Situation,” 1 June 1923, USNA RG 59, 867.00, Roll 15.
574.
CO
USS
Edsall to Bristol, “Diary— Mersina,” entry for 16 April 1923, USNA RG 84, Turkey (Constantinople), Vol. 483.
575. L. L. Jordan, CO USS Barry, to Bristol, 6 January 1923, USNA RG 84, Turkey (Constantinople), Vol. 483.
Notes to Pages 465–467
576.
CO
USS
Edsall to Bristol, “Diary— Alexandretta,” entry for 18 April 1923, USNA RG 84, Turkey (Constantinople), Vol. 483.
577. Arthur Ringland, “Greek Refugee Situation in Constantinople,” 7 March 1923, USNA RG 84, Turkey (Constantinople), Vol. 484.
578. Wilfred Post to Ravndal, 4 March 1923, and enclosed memorandum (by Post), “Refugees in Constantinople,” USNA RG 84, Turkey (Constantinople), Vol. 484.
579. Jordan, CO USS Barry, to Bristol, 6 January 1923, USNA RG 84, Turkey (Constantinople), Vol.
483; and USS Barry to Bristol, 7 January 1923, USNA RG 84, Turkey (Constantinople), Vol. 484. The higher figure may have lumped together refugees and permanent residents.
580. Hekinian to managing director NER, Beirut, 28 August 1923, UKNA FO 371 / 9098.
581. “List of Refugees in Greece,” 7 / 20 December 1922, enclosed in C. H. Bentinck (Athens) to FO, 27 December 1922, UKNA FO 371 / 9091.
582. “Statistics of Refugees in Greece,” “communicated by Major R. de L. Barton, June 5th, 1923,”
UKNA FO 371 / 9096.
583. Unsigned, “Report on the Condition of the Asia Minor Refugees in Certain Greek Islands,” undated, attached to Bentinck (Athens) to Curzon, 2 December 1922, UKNA FO 371 / 7961.
584. Rendel, “Memorandum on the Pres ent Situation as Regards Refugees in Greece,” 17 November 1922, UKNA FO 371 / 7959; and Rendel, “Memorandum,” 28 November 1922, UKNA FO
371 / 7960.
585. F.O. Lindley to Curzon, 7 October 1922, and E. H. Mitchell to Lindley, 2 October 1922, both in UKNA FO 371 / 7955.
586.
Dobkin,
Smyrna 1922, 214.
587. E. H. Mitchell to Lindley, 2 October 1922, attached to Lindley to Curzon, 7 October 1922, UKNA FO 371/7955.
588. “Summary of Intelligence No. 5, October 30th,” attached to directorate of All British Appeal for the Relief of the Famine in Rus sia and Distress in the Near East, to Rendel, 30 October 1922, UKNA FO
371 / 7957.
589. Entry for 1 February 1923, CO USS Goff, diary, USNA RG 84, Turkey (Constantinople), Vol.
483.
590. CO, US naval detachment in Turkish waters, “War Diary— Greece,” 22 May 1923, USNA RG
84, Turkey (Constantinople), Vol. 483.
591. Ruth Parmelee to Peet, 23 October 1922, USNA RG 84, Turkey (Constantinople), Vol. 465.
592. C. Claflin Davis to Allen Dulles, 3 March 1921, USNA RG 84, Turkey (Constantinople), Vol.
444.
593. Parmelee to Peet, 23 October 1922, USNA RG 84, Turkey (Constantinople), Vol. 465.
594. Crutcher to assistant managing director, NER, 14 August 1923, USNA RG 84, Turkey (Constantinople), Vol. 484.
595. “Part Three, Report of Operations for Week Ending 19 August 1923,” entry for 11 August 1923, LC, Bristol Papers, War Diary.
596.
CO
USS
Simpson to Bristol, “Diary— Samsoun,” entry for 22 August 1923, USNA RG 84, Turkey (Constantinople), Vol. 483.
597. C. C. Thurber, assistant managing director, NER, Constantinople, to Bristol, 24 August 1923, USNA RG 84, Turkey (Constantinople), Vol. 485.
598. D. C. Hibbard, Michael Melas, and William Rapp, “Second Annual Report of the Athens American Relief Committee on Refugee Conditions in Greece and the Greek Islands,” 13 November 1923, USNA RG 84, Turkey (Constantinople), Vol. 484. For an overview of the refugee
s’ absorption, Pentzopoulos, Balkan Exchange, 75–219.
Notes to Pages 467–471
599. N. S. Roberts to Department of Overseas Trade, 30 January 1923, UKNA FO 371 / 9113.
600.
Rendel,
Sword and the Olive, 54.
601. Quoted in Pentzopoulos, Balkan Exchange, 58 and footnote 24.
602. Entry for 30 March 1923, LC, Bristol Papers, War Diary.
603.
Smith,
Ionian Vision, 32–33.
604. Entry for 6 October 1919, LC, Bristol Papers, War Diary; and Venizelos to Lloyd George, 27
October 1919, q. in Smith, Ionian Vision, 115.
605. Treaty of Sevres, article 143.
606. Toynbee to the editor, 30 April 1921 (a draft letter), Bodl. MS Toynbee Papers 50.
607. Peet to Barton, 20 September 1922, Houghton ABC 16.9.3, Vol. 52.
608. “Draft Minutes of the Eighth Meeting [of Lausanne’s Territorial and Military Commission], December 1, 1922 . . . ,” Curzon’s opening statement, UKNA FO 371 / 7967.
609. Rendel, “Memorandum on the Proposed Exchange of Greek and Turkish Minorities,” 30 November 1922, UKNA FO 371 / 7954.
610. Lindley to FO, 21 February 1922, UKNA FO 371 / 7856. Greece and Bulgaria had signed their population exchange agreement, the “Convention between Greece and Bulgaria,” at Neuilly- sur- Seine on November 27, 1919 (see Annex 1 to Rendel, “Memorandum on the Proposed Exchange of Greek and Turkish Minorities,” 30 November 1922, UKNA FO 371 / 7954).
611. Untitled memorandum of conversation by Eyre Crowe, FO, 12 October 1922, UKNA FO
371 / 7904.
612. Lindley to Curzon, 23 November 1922, UKNA FO 371 / 7965.
613. Rendel, “Memorandum on the Proposed Exchange of Greek and Turkish Minorities,” 30 November 1922, UKNA FO 371 / 7954. The number for Asia Minor seems inflated.
614. “Minutes of Conference Held in the British Embassy on Sunday, October 15, 1922 at 12 Noon, to Discuss . . . ,” attached to Rumbold to Curzon, 17 October 1922, UKNA FO 371 / 7906.
615. “Minutes of Conference held at the British Embassy on Sunday, October 15, 1922, at 12 Noon, to Discuss . . . ,” attached to Rumbold to Curzon, 17 October 1922, UKNA FO 371 / 7906.
616. Rumbold to FO, 1 November 1922, UKNA FO 371 / 7957.
617. Lindley (Athens) to FO, 3 November 1922, UKNA FO 371 / 7957.
618. “Enclosure in No. 1, Report by Dr. Nansen,” UKNA FO 371 / 7954.
619. Rendel, “Memorandum on the Proposed Exchange of Greek and Turkish Minorities,” 30 November 1922, UKNA FO 371 / 7954.
620. “Extracts from Notes of Mrs. Frederick Hasluck,” in Bentinck to Curzon, 19 January 1923, UKNA FO 371 / 9092.
621. E. C. Hole, acting UK consul general, Salonica, to Bentinck, 24 February 1923, UKNA FO
371 / 9093.
622. J. McG. Dawkins, Canea, Crete, to Bentinck, 2 March 1923, UKNA FO 371 / 9089.
623. Bentinck to Curzon, 22 January 1923, UKNA FO 371 / 9092.
624. Bentinck to Curzon, 31 January 1923, UKNA FO 371 / 9092.
625. “Draft Minutes of the Twenty- Third Meeting, January 27, 1923 [of the Territorial and Military Commission] . . ,” UKNA FO 371 / 9063.
626. Curzon (Lausanne) to FO, 11 December 1922, UKNA FO 371 / 7966.
627.
Clark,
Twice a Stranger, 88.
628. Text of “Convention . . . ,” UKNA FO 371 / 9173.
629. Caffery, American Legation, Athens, to Bristol, 18 February 1923, USNA RG 84, Turkey (Constantinople), Vol. 486.
630. Rumbold to Curzon, 8 March 1923, UKNA FO 371 / 9093.
Notes to Pages 471–475
631. “No. 594,” untitled, unsigned memorandum attached to Bentinck to FO, 1 March 1923, and FO
to Rumbold, 6 March 1923, both in UKNA FO 371 / 9092.
632. “Part Three, Reports of Operations for Week Ending 4 March 1923,” LC, Bristol Papers, War Diary.
633. Bentinck to FO, 10 March 1923, UKNA FO 371 / 9092.
634. Entry for 7 July 1923, Bristol War Diary, USNA RG 59, 867.00, Roll 15.
635. Bentinck to Curzon, 10 October 1923, UKNA FO 371 / 9172.
636. NER, “The Near East Relief and the Exchange of Population,” 15 November 1923, USNA RG
84, Turkey (Constantinople), Vol. 486; and Crutcher to Jaquith, 7 November 1923, USNA RG 84, Turkey (Constantinople), Vol. 486.
637.
USS
Simpson, “Simpson Diary— Samsoun,” entry for 5 November 1923, USNA RG 59, 867.00, Roll 16.
638. Q. in Clark, Twice a Stranger, 160.
639. Ruchdy, “Protest,” undated but with covering letter Ismet to secretary general, 8 November 1923, UKNA FO 371 / 9172.
640. Rendel, minute, 12 November 1923, UKNA FO 371 / 9176.
641. Edmonds to Lindsay, 27 February 1924, and Edmonds to Henderson, 29 August 1924, both in UKNA FO 371 / 10184; and “Migrations of the Greeks and Turks,” Manchester Guardian, 25 March 1924.
642. Henderson to Curzon, 18 September 1923, UKNA FO 371 / 9132.
643. Bentinck to Ramsay MacDonald, 30 (?) July 1924, UKNA FO 371 / 10223.
644. L. Patterson, Constantinople, to “Major,” 11 November 1923, UKNA FO 371 / 9174.
645. T. H. Robbins, USS Scorpion, “Patrol Activities,” 8 October 1923, USNA RG 84, Turkey (Constantinople), Vol. 480; and Henderson to Curzon, 9 October 1923, UKNA FO 371 / 9174.
646. J. F. R. Vaughan- Russell to Foreign Secretary, 20 February 1924, and Rendel minute, 10
March 1924, UKNA FO 371 / 10195.
647. Vaughn- Russell, UK consulate Aleppo, to SecState, FO, 24 March 1924, UKNA FO 371 / 10195.
The “conditions,” some dating back to dhimmi days, were published in a Damascus newspaper, Al Taqqa-ddum, on 22 March 1924.
648. R. C. Lindsay to MacDonald, 2 April 1924, and Lindsay to MacDonald, 16 April 1924, both in UKNA FO 371 / 10195.
649. Hough, Aleppo, to MacDonald, 2 June 1924, and Dobbs, Baghdad, to Colonial Secretary, 29
April 1924, both in UKNA FO 371 / 10195.
650. Vaughan- Russell to MacDonald, 4 March 1924, UKNA FO 371 / 10195.
651. Unsigned but NER, “Field Secretary’s Report to Committee ad interim on Anatolian Trip September 1924,” undated, Houghton ABC 16.9.2, Vol. 1.
652. R. D. T. Davies to R. E. Wood, commercial secretary, UK High Commission, Constantinople, 23 September 1924, UKNA FO 371 / 10229.
653. Henderson to MacDonald, 10 September 1924, UKNA FO 371 / 10184.
654. “Turkish ‘round-up’ of Greeks,” The Times, 20 October 1924.
655. R. C. Lindsay, Constantinople, to MacDonald, 28 October 1924, UKNA FO 371 / 10185.
656. “Enclosure in No. 1,” attached to Lindsay to Austin Chamberlain, 24 December 1924, UKNA FO 371 / 10185.
657. Rendel, “Atrocities in Asia Minor Etc. Protests Received by His Majesty’s Government, and Action Taken,” 28 December 1921, UKNA FO 371 / 7875.
658. Rumbold to Curzon, 3 January 1921, UKNA FO 371 / 6561; Hadji Osmanoghlou Ahmed, etc. to US High Commissioner, Constantinople, undated but received in September 1919, USNA RG
84, Turkey (Constantinople), Vol. 419; and James Morgan, Smyrna, to British High Commission, 31
Notes to Pages 475–477
October 1919, and James Morgan, Smyrna, to British High Commission, 26 March 1920, both in UKNA FO 371 / 5133, dealing with the murder of a Turk, one Houloussi Effendi, “by eight men in Greek uniform.” The letters indicate that such killings were rare. Similarly a Turkish complaint, listing Greek offenses against Turks in and around Smyrna (National Defense Committee, Smyrna, “Report from Smyrna dated January 17th 1920,” USNA RG 84, Turkey (Constantinople), Vol. 415), speaks almost exclusively of minor crimes.
659. Horton to Bristol, 23 January 1920, USNA RG 59, 867.00, Roll 8.
660. Commodore M. Fitzmaurice to C- in- C, Mediterranean, 22 April 1920, UKNA FO 371 / 5133.
661.
&
nbsp; Toynbee,
Western Question, 281–282.
662. For example, a bombing of the railway near Odemish resulted in Greek reprisals against nearby Sarikli and Yeni Keui; hundreds of Turks were imprisoned and, in Sarikli, only one house remained standing (General F. Milne, C- in- C Army of the Black Sea, to UK High Commissioner, Constantinople, 13
April 1920, and attached “Extracts from vari ous reports received from Advanced HQ, Smyrna, during the Months of February and March 1920 . . . ,” UKNA FO 371 / 5133).
663. Governor’s Office, Bursa Vilayet, “Report of the Trou bles at Orkhan- Ghazi and the Surrounding Vicinity,” 27 October 1920, USNA RG 84, Turkey (Constantinople), Vol. 418.
664. Servet Bey, mayor of Panderma, etc. to US High Commissioner, Constantinople, 16 November 1920, USNA RG 84, Turkey (Constantinople), Vol. 415.
665. H. Earle Russell, consul- in- charge, Smyrna, to SecState, 20 August 1920, USNA RG 84, Turkey (Constantinople), Vol. 418.
666. Unsigned, “Summary of a Confidential Report on Recent Events at Pergamos, Soma and District,” 28 October 1922, UKNA FO 371 / 7950.
