by Benny Morris
genocide, 5–6, 115–21, 492–96. See also
192–94; E. Riggs on, 190; massacre in, 79–84.
Conversions to Islam; Jihad, invocations of;
See also Mamuret- ül- Aziz, deportations from
Muslims
Hartunian, Abraham, 117, 294, 446
Ismail Bey (col o nel), 57, 59
Hasan Pasha, 86
Ismail Bey, Süleyman (Turkish officer), 305
Hassanbeyli, French evacuation of, 351
Ismet Bey (envoy to Turkestan), 289
Hatzianestis, George, 284
İsmet Pasha (general), 371–72
Hauger, G., 348
Istanbul, population of, 373
Haydar Bey, 205–6, 207, 208, 376
Izmir. See Smyrna
Hayri, Mustafa, 148
Izmit: deportations from, 217–19, 401–3, 414;
Heathcote- Smith, C. E., 393, 394
Greek atrocities in, 477–78, 480; massacres in,
Heck, Lewis, 302
219, 402–3
Heizer, Oscar, 183–84, 186
İznik, massacre in, 403
Hemingway, Ernest, 453
İzzet Pasha, Ahmet, 8, 319
Henderson, Nevile, 290
Hepburn, Arthur Japy, 438, 439–40, 442, 444,
Jäckh, Ernst, 130
446, 451
Jackson, Jesse B.: on Aleppo, 166; on anti- Christian
Herbert, Michael, 105, 106–7, 124
propaganda, 459; on Armenian re sis tance, 210;
Herian, Rupen, 313
on brigandage near Antep, 345; deportations
Hilmi, Ibrahim, 152
and, 169–70, 231, 238, 405, 415–16; deportees
Hilmi Bey (Erzurum), 201
and, 188, 195, 233–34, 235, 236; on emigration,
Hilmi Pasha (commissioner of inquiry, Yozgat),
362, 370; on extermination of Armenians, 361;
51–52
on Maraş Armenians, 340–41; on massacres,
Hitler, Adolf, 245, 246, 499
242; on persecutions of Christians, 457; on
Hofmann, Tessa, 487
returnees, 306; on Urfa, 207–8, 209
Hohler, Thomas, 302
Jacobsen, Maria, 192
Hole, E. C., 435, 447, 483
Jaquith, Harold, 425, 426–28, 438, 460
Holocaust, 245–46, 499–505
Jebejian, Sarkis, 356
Holstein, Walter, 201
Jeppe, Karen, 316
Horton, George: on boycott, 153; on deporta-
Jewett, Milo A., 52–55, 54–54
tions, 151, 153, 154; on Greek occupation,
Jihad, invocations of: at Erzurum Congress,
430; on return of deportees, 393, 397; on
275–76; by Hayri, 148; by Kemal, 299–300,
Smyrna, 438, 441, 442, 449; on Stergiadis,
342–43; by Ottoman authorities, 5, 495
433
Jillson, Jeannie, 428
Hosford, Donald, 413, 427
Johansson, Alma, 195, 258
Hovannisian, Richard, 491
Johnson, Frank, 337
Index
Kâhya, Hassan, 357
190; in Eğin, 108–9; massacres by, 185–86,
Kâmil Pasha, Mahmud, 159, 176, 179–80
374, 375; rapes and abductions by, 122;
Karageuzian, Setrag, 319
re sis tance by, 417; in Sason, 54–55, 56–57, 64;
Karakol, 272
in Van, 103, 104; as witnesses to massacres,
Kavak Gorge, massacre at, 408
63–64
Kayseri: deportations from, 224–26; massacre in,
Kwiatkowski, Ernst von, 183, 185
96; refugees from Smyrna in, 448–49
Kâzim Pasha, 445
Labor batallions, 157–58, 159–60, 247, 250, 358,
Kellerian, Kourkin, 178–79
387, 404, 448
Kelsey, Francis, 324
Lake Gölcük, massacres by, 1–3
Kemah Gorge, massacres at, 178, 179, 179
Lamb, Harry, 482
Kemal, Mustafa (Ataturk): on anti- Armenian
Lambert, R. A., 340
campaign, 329; on Armenian Genocide, 4;
League of Nations, 314
armistice signed by, 350; Assyrians and, 380;
Legion Armenienne, 321–23, 334
Christian communities and, 403–4, 496;
Leonardopoulos, Georgios, 483
complaints about French by, 327; condemna-
Lepsius, Johannes, 132, 178
tion to death of, 283; CUP and, 273, 274; on
Leslie, Elvesta, 208
deportations, 405; de Robeck on, 299; on
Leslie, Francis H., 205, 207
evacuations, 368, 369; French occupation and,
Lichtheim, Richard, 222
35–337, 333, 334–35, 337; German
Lilidas, Cosmos, 423
ultranationalists and, 499; as hero of Gallipoli,
Liman von Sanders, Otto, 156, 157–58, 213, 215,
273; as inspector general, 273–74; invocations
388, 391
of jihad by, 299–300, 342–43; Islam and, 5,
Lindley, Francis, 469
493; lands desired for Turkey by, 278;
Lloyd George, David, 267–68, 284, 285, 287,
massacres and, 329; on massing of Greeks,
291, 318, 323, 429
382, 383, 384; on minorities issue, 280; on
Longworth, Henry Z., 52, 71, 73, 74, 75, 76–77,
missionaries, 576n318; mobilization drive by,
114, 133
342; organ ization by, 272; Picot and, 328;
Lutfi Pasha, 95
Rumbold on, 278–79, 300; in Smyrna, 437,
Lyman, James, 340, 341
438–39; on Treaty of Lausanne, 292; on
Wilson, 288. See also Nationalists
Macallum, F. W., 128, 129
Kemal, Yusuf (Youssouf ), 358–59, 413, 415
Macedonia, Muslims in, 470
Kemal Bey, 319
MacLachlan, Alexander, 440
Kemalists. See Nationalists
Malamatinis, Mrs. John, 154
Keregian, Armenag, 356
Malatya, deportation from, 368
Kerr, Stanley, 313
Maljian, Pascal, 339
Kevorkian, Raymond, 169, 180, 182, 229, 312,
Mallet, Louis du Pan, 153
377, 486, 497
Maloyan, Ignatius, 201
Khalil Bey, 374, 376
Mama Hatun, massacre at, 178–79, 180
Kilis: emigration from, 364; migration from Antep
Mamuret- ül- Aziz, deportations from, 190–98.
to, 350; return of deportees to, 327
See also Harput
Knapp, George, 411
Maps: of deportations, 174; of Franco- Turkish
Knapp, J. Herbert, 411, 422–23
war, 297; of Greco- Turkish war, 384; of
Knauss, H. E., 436–37, 438, 448
massacres, 53, 140, 174, 216; of Syrian desert,
Konya: American hospital in, 218, 220;
240; of Turkey, 18
deportations from, 222–24
Maraş: consequences of battle and massacre in,
Künzler, Jakob, 206
341–45; deportations from, 167, 169–70, 341,
Kurds: Armenian in de pen dence movement and,
358, 361; expulsions from, 292; French
40, 41, 42–43; attacks by, 91, 112–14; as
occupation of, 332–38; French withdrawal
blamed for massacres, 63; Christians and, 35,
from, 338–41; massacres in, 77–79, 335–37,
36–37, 38–39, 45, 46, 65; CUP and, 296;
341; Muslim fanat i cism in, 46; return of
deportations of, 621n13; deserters among,
Armenians to, 340–41
> Index
Mardin: Assyrians in, 377; deportations from,
proportion of population, 292; in rural
201; expulsions from, 473–74; persecutions in,
communities, 33–39; sectarianism and, 41–42.
372
See also Brigand bands, Muslim; Muhacirs;
Mardovan, Der Hohanes, 59
Softas
Marsden, J. K., 189
Mustafa Pasha (military court judge), 52
Maxwell, Arthur, 443
Mustafa Pasha, Nemrud Kurd, 320–21
Mazhar Bey, Hasan, 221
Mustapha Pasha (commandant at Harput), 110
McCarthy, Justin, 382, 487–88
McGregor, P. J. C., 116
Nadamlenzki, Arthur, 216, 217
Mehmet VI Vahdettin, 277, 286
Nail Bey, 181, 183, 185
Meinertzhagen, Richard, 323
Nansen, Fridtjof, 448, 468–70
Merrill, A. S., 438, 445
Nationalism, Armenian and Greek: after WWI,
Merrill, John, 168, 171
268; parties as proxies of Eu ro pean powers,
Mersin, refugees in, 362, 365, 461–62, 463,
49; paths toward, 25–33; Pontic movement,
464, 474
381–84; as rationale for genocide, 489; as
Merzifon, massacres in, 96, 411–13
response to oppression, 48–49; rise of, 20;
Migration: after WWI and War of In de pen dence,
urban communities and, 21–24
296; of Christians to Rus sia, 36, 39; following
Nationalism, Turkish, 137–38, 493–94, 497
massacres, 127–30, 196; of Muslims to
Nationalists: allegations of Armenian atrocities by,
Ottoman Empire, 33–34, 34, 142, 143,
330–32, 338; arrest and exile of, 320; Britain
149–50; of Ottiman Greeks, 148–55; to Syria,
and, 277–79, 283, 285–86, 290, 401–2, 455;
370–71
Bursa takeover by, 277; Christian minorities
Military: as exempt from deportations, 223, 250;
and, 271, 272, 280–81, 289–90; denunciation
Ottoman Armenians in, 157–60. See also Greek
of Ward- Yowell allegations by, 426–27;
army; Labor batallions
Erzurum Congress of, 274–76; evacuations
Millerand, Alexandre, 347
and, 368–69; expulsions to Greece and, 456;
Millet system, 22, 30
France and, 279–80, 283–84, 288–89, 290,
Mills, Caris, 313
328, 358–59, 361; French garrisons besieged
Mills, Minnie, 439, 446
by, 324; Greece and, 284; Greeks and, 399;
Missionaries. See Christian missionaries
guerrilla campaign of, 267–69, 328, 329, 332,
Morgenthau, Henry, 155; on Armenians, 247; on
333–35, 337–38, 344; Mustafa Pasha
CUP and Christians, 495–96; deportations
denouncement of, 320–21; in Neutral Zone,
and, 154, 217–18, 231, 237, 389; on massacre
455; organ izations of, 272; policy of, 406; as
of labor battalions, 160; Near East Relief and,
religious in character, 274; as resurrection of
306; Refugee Settlement Commission and,
CUP, 273; Rus sia and, 283, 289; Sivas
472; on threat to destroy Smyrna, 442; on Van
Congress of, 276; Sultanate and, 286; treaty to
countryside, 162; on wealthy buying survival,
end WWI and, 283. See also Kemal, Mustafa
203
(Ataturk)
Mosul, deportees in, 238
National Pact of 1920, 274, 276–77
Mudanya Armistice, 286, 455
Nazif Pasha, 87, 88, 89
Mugerditchian, Thomas, 199
Nâzim Bey, Selanikli Mehmet, 7–8, 176, 191, 224,
Muhacirs, 149–50, 154, 166, 168, 169,
560n2
172–73, 388
Near East Relief (NER): deportations and, 306–7,
Munif Bey, Ali, 228
313, 355, 367, 368, 417–18; insurance claim
Murdoch, Bessie Bannerman, 422–23
filed by, 445; orphans and, 424, 459;
Musadağ, re sis tance in, 209–11, 210
population exchange and, 472; restrictions on
Muslims: Christian communities and, 3, 19–20,
operations of, 425; Samsun refugees and, 462;
109, 110–11, 257; Christian women married
temporary shelters of, 421
to, 255, 256–57, 259–60, 499–500; clerics, in
Nestorians. See Assyrians (Syriacs, Chaldeans,
assaults on Armenians, 68, 69; in Crete, 483; in
Nestorians)
Macedonia, 470; migration of, to Ottoman
Nicolson, Harold, 496
Empire, 33–34, 34, 142, 143, 149–50; as
Nihad (Nihat) Pasha, 272, 295
Index
Nimet, Şakir, 329
Police and gendarmes, 45, 68, 398–99
Nubar, Boghos, 347
Po liti cal fear, role of, in massacres of 1894–1896,
Nureddin Pasha, 406, 407, 410, 437, 438, 439
114–15
Nuri Bey, Mehmet, 190
Population- exchange agreement between Greece
Nusret Bey, 320, 321
and Turkey, 467–72, 474
Post, Wilfred: on Bursa and Konya, 220; on
Orphans: in Aleppo, 234–36, 235; in Anatolia,
deportations from Konya, 224; on proclama-
317; care for and integration of, 260; in
tion of holy war, 148; on refugees in
Constantinople, 317; emigration of, 130;
Constantinople, 465; on Smyrna, 437, 438,
eviction of, from orphanages, 428; expulsions
439, 442, 443, 447
and, 459; in Harput, 84; missionaries and, 103;
Powell, Halsey, 438, 451–52
Near East Relief and, 424, 459; recovery of,
Prentiss, Mark, 441
316; reeducation of, 255; relocation of, 362,
Price, Philip, 165
363, 368; Talât on, 260–61; in Van, 104
Priests, torture and killing of, 59, 64, 117, 118,
Osman Aga, 390, 401, 404, 405, 409, 412,
200, 201, 417, 437
413, 416
Prisoners of war, Greek, mistreatment of,
Osman Pasha, 51
428–29
Ottoman Bank Affair, 104–5
Prisons, 45–46, 101, 126
Ottoman Empire: allies of, 10; constitution of, 15;
Protestants in Ottoman Empire, 29–30, 40
division of, after WWI, 281–83; entry into
WWI by, 155–56; Muslim immigrants to,
Querette (general), 333, 334, 338, 339
33–34, 34; open atmosphere in, 27; purging of
archives of, 6–9, 11; rebellion against, 40–41;
Racial explanations of Turkish be hav ior, 496
religious communities of, 23; Rus sian invasion
Radolin, Hugo von, 70
of, 15, 16–17, 18; surrender of, 265. See also
Rahmi Bey (vali of Smyrna), 213, 429, 441
And specific cities; And specific provinces;
Rahmi Pasha (general), 63
Turkey
Rail network in deportations, 213–14, 218,
223, 228
Pallavicini, Johann von, 183, 388
Raouf Pasha, 128
Palmer, C. E. S., 219, 221–22
Rapes: of Assyrians, 372, 378–79; in convoys,
Palu, massacre in, 92
426; in Deir Zor camp, 242; of deportees, 169,
Paris Peace Conference, 287, 373, 393, 455
257; in Diyarbekir, 92; of evacuees,
370; of
Peet, William, 323–24, 438, 447, 468
Greeks, 386, 389, 390; in Harput, 81, 83; in
Pellé, Maurice, 457, 469
Maraş, 336; massacres of 1894–1896 and,
Perpetrators: arrests and prosecutions of, 11,
122–25; perpetration of, 498–99; in Sason, 59,
317–21, 483, 505; list of, 498, 501–2; of
60; in Smyrna, 437, 438, 441, 444; in Yozgat,
massacres of 1894–1896, 66, 67; sexual abuse
50, 52
and, 498–99
Rās al- ’Ayn (Rasulayn) camp, 237–38, 239
Perring, John Shays, 304–5, 307, 311, 394
Rationales for genocidal program: against
Perry, James, 337
Armenians, 171, 204, 489; of 1894–1896,
Phanariotes, Ottoman Greeks as, 21–22
112–21; against Greeks, 490; nationalism as,
Phelps, Theda, 421
489; overview of, 493–99; plunder as, 414–15,
Picot, François Georges, 279, 328. See also
497, 504; revenge as, 498
Sykes- Picot agreement of 1916
Rauf Bey, 124, 265, 275
Piepape, Philipin de, 322
Rawlinson, Alfred, 275
Pirinççioğlu, Feyzi Bey, 199, 201, 239
Raynolds, Mattie, 163, 164
Plunder: of cemeteries, 116, 190, 302, 365, 367,
Recovery of Christian women and children,
454; of churches, 117–18; as rationale for
311–17
deportations, 414–15, 497, 504; in Smyrna,
Reed, Cass Arthur, 307
436–37, 439
Refet Pasha, 456
Poincaré, Raymond, 455
Reforms: CUP and, 145–46; fear of, 114–15;
Polad (Polat) Pasha, 338
Tanzimat, 22, 27, 30, 37, 38
Index
Refugees: in Adana province, 362; aid for, 466; in
Rus sia: Balkan Wars and, 142; Christian
Aleppo vilayet, 366–67; in Alexandretta, 462,
migration to, 36, 39; Christian militias backed
463, 464–65; children as, 418; class and
by, 160–61; eastern Anatolia offensive by, 389;
degree of suffering of, 461, 464; in Constanti-
Enver offensive against, 156–57; German
nople, 463–64, 465; on docks, 462; Greece
invasion of, 245; invasion of Ottoman Empire
and, 365, 463–64, 465–67, 470, 472; in
by, 15, 16–17, 18; Nationalists and, 283, 289;
Kayseri, 448–49; in Mersin, 362, 365, 461–62,
Ottoman border with, 155–56; as threat to
463, 464, 474; Muslim, in Ottoman Empire,
Ottomans, 148, 489; Trabzon capture by, 186;
142, 143, 149–50; in Salonica, 466, 472; in
treaty of friendship with, 283; troops from, in
Samsun, 457–58, 462, 463, 464; in Smyrna,
Van, 163, 164; Urmia province and, 374, 378,
472; in Syria, 196; in Van town, 103. See also
