by Benny Morris
379
Muhacirs
Ryan, Andrew, 295
Rendel, George, 383, 441, 456, 467, 469, 473,
481
Sabit Cemal Sağırzade, 190–91, 197–98
Reparative efforts of Allies, 270
Saint Jean de Maurienne Agreement, 429
Reşid Afik Pasha, 173–74
Şakir, Bahaettin, 7–8, 147–48, 175–76, 182, 249,
Reşid Bey, Çerkes, 172, 198, 199–200, 201, 203,
251, 560n2
204, 206, 254
Salonica, refugees in, 466, 472
Restitution of property of deportees, 297, 302–3,
Samih Bey, 223
305, 306, 307–8, 327, 396
Samsun: attacks on Greeks in, 399; deportations
Return: of Armenian deportees, 270, 275, 298,
from and massacres in, 410–11; refugees in,
300–311, 304; of Greek deportees, 300, 307,
457–58, 462, 463, 464; return of women to,
383, 393–97; massacres as inhibiting, 309
416
Revenge as rationale for genocide, 498
Sanussi, Ahmed Sharif as- , 342, 349
Richards, William Shortland, 127
Sarikamiş, Armenians in, as blamed for defeat,
Richmond, Clara, 225
156–57, 249
Rifat Bey, 305
Sason, massacre in, 54–67
Riggs, Ernest, 190, 191, 192, 195
Schellendorf, Fritz Bronsart von, 177
Riggs, Henry, 315
Scheubner- Richter, Max Erwin von, 162,
Riggs, Mary, 193
176–77, 178
Ringland, Arthur, 465
Scorched- earth tactics, 441–42, 476, 482
Riza Bey, Ali, 224, 348
Semoukhine, Stepan, 222
Robinson, Emily, 362
Serengulian, Vartkes, 146, 492
Rogan, Eugene, 137–38
Şevket Bey, Mustafa, 208
Rohner, Beatrice, 234–35, 236, 241, 260
Shadvorean, Mesak, 45–46
Rössler, Walter, 166, 167, 168, 232, 234, 239
Shasheknaya, Ismael, 379
Rumbold, Horace: on abductions, 311–12; on
Shattuck, Corinna, 86–87, 88, 89, 90, 128
Allied- Kemalist conference, 360; on Allies,
Shaw, Stanford, From Empire to Republic,
285; on armistice, 270–71; on Bonar Law, 290;
574n270, 598n173, 605n339, 607n383
deportations and, 416, 417, 419; on
Shepard, Fred Douglas, 93, 94
evacuations, 367; on expulsions, 457; on
Shipley, Hammond Smith, 62–63, 64
France and Nationalist negotiations, 283–84;
Silvan, massacre in, 92
on Greek invasion of Smyrna, 272; on Kemal,
Sis, French evacuation of, 350
278–79, 300; on Nationalists, 286, 291; on
Siuni, Papken, 104, 110
National Pact, 276–77; on population
Sivas: convoys passing through, 421–22, 425;
exchange, 469; on recovery efforts, 313; on
deportations from, 186–90
scorched- earth tactics, 476; on Smyrna, 447,
Slavery, 258, 312, 466
454; on Turkish atrocities, 427
Smith, Floyd, 200
Rural society: impoverishment of, 45–46; refugees
Smyrna (Izmir): cession of, to Greece, 282;
from, in Van town, 103; as under siege, 33–39;
deportations from, 213, 448–49; exodus of
weakening of, 24–25
Christians from, 450–55; fire in, 441–47;
Rusinian, Nahapet, 31, 32
Greek occupation of, 267–68, 271, 272, 320,
Index
391, 394, 429–34; history and population of,
Terrell, Alexander Watkins: on casualties, 132;
429; massacres in, 4–5, 436–41, 443–44; in
Jewett and, 52; on massacres, 61, 69, 71; on
nineteenth century, 21–24; refugees in, 472;
Ottoman Bank Affair, 105, 106, 107; on
Turkish reconquest of, 434, 435–41
reforms, 70
Softas, 47, 68, 69, 105, 111, 117
Tevfik Pasha, 56, 57
Spadaro, Alfred, 47
Tevfik Pasha, Ahmet, 111, 286, 319
Special Organ ization: in Ankara, 221; in
Third Army, 156, 159, 179–80
Diyarbekir, 200; massacres and, 178–79;
Thompson, Ethel, 424
origins of, 139; rec ords of, 7; restructuring of,
Thoumaian, Artin, 126
246; role of, 251; trial of officials of, 319.
Tokat: deportations from, 189; pogrom in, 96,
See also Nâzim Bey, Selanikli Mehmet; Şakir,
133–34
Bahaettin
Topalian, Eftimia, 312
State plan, genocidal program as, 1–3, 173–74,
Torosyan, Sarkis, 158
244–45, 253–55
Toynbee, Arnold, 331, 406–7, 430, 432, 468,
Stergiadis, Aristeidis, 433–34, 435, 475
475, 479, 480–81
Straits, 18, 266, 282, 285–86, 291–92
Toynbee, Rosalind, 331–32, 479–81
Suat Bey, Ali, 236, 238
Trabzon: deportations from, 181–86, 388,
Sultanate, dissolution of, 286
419–21; Greeks in, 76; massacre in, 73–77
Suny, Ronald Grigor, 147, 157
Treaty of Berlin, 18–19, 38, 39–40, 46–47
Sureyya Bey, 56
Treaty of Lausanne, 286–88, 287, 290–92, 317,
Survivors of massacres: aid for, 84; in Diyarbekir,
370, 456, 471
92; in Maraş, 78–79; plunders of churches
Treaty of Sèvres, 281–83, 286, 288, 291, 352,
reported by, 117–18; in Sason, 65–66; on train
353, 359, 468
to Anatolia, 270; in Urfa, 89
Turkey: Allied position in, 454–55; Allied troops
Sykes, Mark, 294–95, 297, 301–2, 332
in, 266–69; Britain and, 277–79, 293–300;
Sykes- Picot agreement of 1916, 321, 323, 324,
declared as indivisible whole, 276; denial of
353
guilt in, 505, 506; foreign diplomatic opinion
Syria: Armenian refugees in, 196; Christian
toward, 9; France and, 279–80, 288–89; map
communities in, 494–95; Deir Zor camp, 212,
of, 18; population- exchange agreement
236–43; French troops in, 323, 347, 358;
between Greece and, 467–72, 474; population
migration to, 370–71; Rās al- ’Ayn camp,
of, 486–88, 620n1; xenophobia in, 269, 270,
237–38. See also Aleppo vilayet
469. See also And specific cities; And specific
Syriacs. See Assyrians (Syriacs, Chaldeans,
provinces; Ottoman Empire
Nestorians)
Turkish Secret Defense Committees, 113
Tahargian, Sophia, 256
Under ground network in Aleppo, 235, 241
Tahsin Bey (Erzurum), 176, 179
Üngör, Uğur Ümit, 203–4
Tahsin Pasha (Sason), 55–56, 60, 64
United States: Armenian emigration to, 362; as
Talât, Mehmed: assassination of, 273, 560n2;
on isolationist trajectory, 287–88; tobacco
Assyrians and, 375, 376–77; Balkan Wars and,
firms of, 415, 439, 609n442
147; on Christians, 495; on conversions,
Urban minority communities, 21–24
259–60; coup led by, 138; on deportations,
Urban pogroms, 97–98
172–73, 214, 217, 228, 240; documents
Urfa: Armenian militiamen
in, 207; arrival of
destroyed by, 8; fear of international
deportees in, 205; Assyrians of, 371–72;
condemnation of, 248; on Greeks, 151;
British occupation of, 299; deportations from,
Jackson and, 238; on massacres, 172, 492; on
205–9; French occupation of and battle for,
orphans, 260–61; threat to destroy Smyrna by,
348–49; massacres in, 85–90
442; on unburied bodies, 197; Zeytun and,
Urmia province, 374–76, 377–79
167, 169
Ussher, Elizabeth, 161, 162, 164
Tarsus, French takeover of, 324–25
Tehcir (Deportation) Law, 171–72, 265
Van, Armenian rebellions in, 101–4, 160–64
Ternon, Yves, 242
Van der Zee, W. H., 151
Index
Vartabed, Hovhan, 361
expulsions and, 458; as married to Muslim
Vehib Pasha, 159, 204
men, 255, 256–57, 259–60, 499–500; as
Venizelos, Eleftherios, 268, 284, 286, 468, 469
prostitutes, 569n131; recovery of, 311–17; as
Vickery, Charles, 306
sold for sex, 257–58; in Trabzon, 419–20;
Victoria (queen), petition to, 63
Turkish, 88, 93–94. See also Rapes
Vio lence: by Anatolian Greeks, 385; anti- French
Woodward, Garnet, 349
and anti- Armenian, 324; by Armenians, 329–32,
World War I (WWI): Adana in, 227; Armistice of
489; blame for, 269–70, 276; central government
Mudros, 242, 265–71; conscription for,
control over, 107, 112–14; between locals and
157–58, 166; deportations of Greeks during,
returnees, 305, 307–8; religious character of,
386–93; Diyarbekir in, 199; jihad invoked in,
118; re sis tance to recovery of women and
495; origins of, 141–42; Ottoman entry into,
children and, 314–15. See also Anti- Armenian
155–56; Ottoman Greeks during, 385–93.
campaign of 1919; Rapes; War crimes
See also Allies; Gallipoli campaign; Paris Peace
Conference; Treaty of Sèvres
Wangenheim, Hans Freiherr von, 146, 151, 158,
Wright, G. Henry, 152
167, 175, 176
War crimes: as “crimes against humanity,” 197,
Xenophobia in Turkey, 269, 270, 469
248, 318; trials for, 11, 317–21
Ward, Mark, 419, 424–27
Yalova- Gemlik area, Greek atrocities in, 477–80,
War of In de pen dence, 267–69, 289
483
Waugh, Telford, 125, 132
Yantis, E. M., 440–41
Webb, Richard, 296, 302, 320, 393
Yarrow, Ernest, 161, 164
Werfel, Franz, Forty Days of Musa Dag, 209
Yazidis, 374
Western provinces: Ankara, 221–22; Bursa,
Yerevan, Armenian Republic at, 267, 276, 283,
219–20; Christian exodus from, 450–55;
287, 289, 308
deportations in, 212–14, 253, 391–92; Edirne,
Young Turks. See CUP (Committee of Union and
214–17; Greeks in, 268; Konya, 218, 220,
Pro gress)
222–24; massacres in, 216; overview of, 212.
Yowell, F. D., 424–25, 426–27
See also Izmit; Kayseri
Yozgat, massacre in, 50–52, 54
White, George E., 187, 412
Williams, W. H., 102, 103
Zeki, Salih, 238, 239–40, 241–43
Willson, Digby, 362
Zeki Pasha, 56, 57, 60, 102
Wilson, Marion, 340
Zeytun, 165; Armenian rebellion in, 98–101;
Wilson, Woodrow, 268, 288
battle for, 358; deportations from, 141,
Witnesses to Turkish atrocities, 63–64, 407–8
167–70; rebellions in, 165–67
Women: abductions of, 91, 92, 97, 122–25,
Zihni Bey, Zekeriya, 215, 216
177–78, 256, 312, 315, 444, 498–99; as
Zollinger, Emil, 236
Armenian rebels, 99; from Bafra, 408–9;
Zürcher, Erik, 158, 250
Document Outline
Contents
Glossary
Place Names
Introduction
I Abdülhamid II 1 Nationalist Awakenings in the Nineteenth-Century Ottoman Empire
2 The Massacres of 1894–1896
II The Young Turks 3 A More Turkish Empire
4 The Eastern River
5 The Western River, and Downstream
6 A Policy of Genocide
III Mustafa Kemal and the Nationalists 7 Historical Background, 1918–1924
8 Turks and Armenians, 1919–1924
9 Turks and Greeks, 1919–1924
Conclusion
Abbreviations
Notes
Bibliography
Acknowledgments
Illustration Credits
Index
