Autumn 1919
MOSCOW: ‘speaks to a conference of working women’ to ‘unproductive work’: speech to a conference of non-party working women, 23 September 1919, CW XXX, 40–46. ‘two once fell out’: Bertram D. Wolfe, ‘Lenin and Inessa Armand’, Slavic Review, 22/1, 1963, 96–114, 108–110. ‘Inessa is a frequent visitor’ to ‘sits in his kitchen’: Krupskaya, Reminiscences, 539. • ISTANBUL: ‘Kemal’s influence continuing to spread’: De Robeck to Curzon sent 30 September 1919 and received the following day, DBFP First Series, Vol. 4, 785–786. • FIUME: ‘La prima adunata fascista’, Il Popolo d’Italia, 6 October 1919, OO XIV, 43–45. • VIENNA: Jones, Freud, Vol. 3, 14–19. • AMERICA: for Wilson’s voyage across America see Cooper, Breaking the Heart, 158–198. For a personal account see Edith Wilson, My Memoir, 275–288. All the speeches are in the Woodrow Wilson Papers, alongside other material, allowing the President’s American progress to be followed day by day. Most descriptions here are drawn from those texts. ‘moving picture men’: ‘President Starts his Long Tour’, Washington Herald, 4 September 1919. ‘terms of the treaty are severe’ to ‘only country in the world’: address to the Columbus Chamber of Commerce, 4 September 1919, WW LXIII, 7–18. ‘lifelong reckoning’: address in Convention Hall in Kansas City, 6 September 1919, ibid., 66–76. ‘single whispering gallery?’ to ‘blissful peace’: address in the Des Moines Coliseum, 6 September 1919, ibid., 76–88. ‘farmers and ranchers who have come’: diary of Dr Grayson, 8 September 1919, ibid., 95. ‘Henry Ford’: Cooper, Breaking the Heart, 164. ‘disciples of Lenin’ to ‘chaos and disorder’: address in the Billings Auditorium, 11 September 1919, WW LXIII, 175. ‘Trotsky are on their way’: in Hagedorn, 152. ‘American people could really understand’: Cooper, Breaking the Heart, 170. ‘handkerchief in lavender’: Edith Wilson, 282. ‘inexpressible weariness’: Wyoming State Tribune, 25 September 1919, WW LXIII, 487. ‘cabbages and apples’: diary of Dr Grayson, 25 September 1919, ibid., 488–489. ‘mists of this great question’: address in the City Auditorium in Pueblo, Colorado, 25 September 1919, ibid., 513. ‘feel like I am going to pieces’: diary of Dr Grayson, 26 September 1919, ibid., 513–521. ‘Nothing to be alarmed about’: to Jessie Woodrow Wilson Sayre, 26 September 1919, ibid., 521. • OMAHA: Hagedorn, 376–378. For the violence in Arkansas see Grif Stockley, Blood in their Eyes: The Elaine Race Massacres of 1919, 2001. • NEW YORK: ‘white man has outraged American civilization’ to ‘opportunity presents itself’: editorial letter, 1 October 1919, MG II, 41–44. ‘kickback’: Grant, 205. ‘latest in a long line’: ibid., 206–207. ‘Du Bois warns his uncle’: ibid., 204. • MOSCOW: ‘Winston plays with the idea’: Henry Wilson’s diary, 16 October 1919, WSC IX, 921. ‘Cheka officials sift’: Pipes, Russia under the Bolshevik Regime, 121–122. ‘stops going on his walks’: Krupskaya, Reminiscences, 528. ‘White general declares’: Pipes, Russia under the Bolshevik Regime, 123. ‘retires to the sofa’: Trotsky, 427. ‘let us try’: ibid., 424. ‘metal wagons’: Pipes, Russia under the Bolshevik Regime, 124. ‘stone labyrinth’ to ‘cultural treasures’: ‘Petrograd Will Defend Itself from Within as Well’, En Route, 16 October 1919, TMW II, 540–542. • MANCHESTER: ‘Life is hard’: Sigmund to Sam, 27 October 1919, JRL, Freud Collection, GB133 SSF 1/1/4. ‘pathetic stumps’: this wording is from Stefan Zweig, quoted in Gay, Freud, 380. ‘rabble is the worst?’: ibid., 387. ‘sterner’: Sam to Sigmund, 4 November 1919, JRL, Freud Collection, GB133 SSF 1/2/2. ‘countermanding the project’: the cable Edward sends back to his uncle dated 9 October 1919 is in LOC, Sigmund Freud Collection, Family Papers, 1851–1978, mss39990, box 1. • PRANGINS: for the sale of Habsburg jewellery, see annexe to ‘Mémoire présenté au nom de S.M. L’Impératrice et Reine Zita’, NA, FO 893/20/10. • WASHINGTON DC: for an account of Woodrow’s confinement see Cooper, Wilson, 534–542; and Edith Wilson, 289–293. On prohibition see Thomas M. Coffey, The Long Thirst: Prohibition in America, 1920–1933, 1975; and Daniel Okrent, Last Call: The Rise and Fall of Prohibition, 2010. ‘invading army’: Ackerman, J. Edgar, 100. ‘doctor is evasive’: Cooper, Wilson, 540. ‘Thanksgiving proclamation’: memorandum by Robert Lansing, 5 November 1919, WW XLIII, 619. • MUNICH: ‘are we dogs?’: police notes of a meeting 22 November 1919, in Weber, Becoming Hitler, 136–137. ‘Instead of the understanding’: Deuerlein, Eintritt, 206. ‘compares his technique’: Fishman, 249. ‘bring three friends’: police report dated 13 November 1919, in Deuerlein, Eintritt, 207. ‘three hundred in the audience’: police report dated 26 November 1919, in Deuerlein, Eintritt, 208. • LONDON: for a full account of the meeting see ‘Joint Eclipse Meeting of the Royal Society and the Royal Astronomical Society’, The Observatory, November 1919, 545, 389–398. For the testing of the results see Kennefick. For the need to seek further proofs see Jeffrey Crelinsten, Einstein’s Jury: The Race to Test Relativity, 2006. For the media response, see Einstein’s biographies. For the German media response, see Lewis Elton, ‘Einstein, General Relativity, and the German Press, 1919–1920’, Isis, 77/1, 1986, 95–103. For controversy see Milena Wazeck, Einstein’s Opponents: The Public Controversy about the Theory of Relativity in the 1920s, 2014 (trans. Geoffrey S. Koby). ‘Revolution in Science’: The Times, 7 November 1919. ‘gargantuan headline’: New York Times, 10 November 1919. ‘scientist from Yorkshire’: from Robert W. Lawson, 28 November 1919, CPAE IX, 256–257. ‘ringing telephones’: to Adrian D. Fokker, 1 December 1919, CPAE IX, 264–265. ‘hardly breathe’: to Max Born, 8 December 1919, CPAE IX, 280–281. ‘state of unrest’: ‘Jazz in Scientific World’, New York Times, 16 November 1919. • ACROSS THE UNITED STATES: details of the raids from Ackerman, J. Edgar, 113–123, unless otherwise stated. ‘back to Russia’: ibid., 117. ‘communist meeting in Yonkers’: ‘Patriotic Song Ends Soviet Talk’, New York Tribune, 10 November 1919. ‘Russian Plot Nipped’: Wausau Daily Record, 8 November 1919. ‘cartoon of Uncle Sam’: ‘There Seems to be a Comeback’, Brooklyn Daily Eagle, 10 November 1919. • IRELAND: ‘In County Clare’: BMH Witness Statement 1547, Michael Murphy, 11–12. • MILAN: ‘Neither a victory, nor a defeat’: ‘L’Affermazione fascista’, Il Popolo d’Italia, 18 November 1919, OO XIV, 136–137. ‘mock funeral march’: Giorgio Pini and Duilio Susmel, Mussolini: l’uomo e l’opera, Vol. 2, 1954, 45–48. ‘Mussolini takes stock’: Bosworth, 114–115; and A. Rossi, The Rise of Italian Fascism, 1938 (trans. Peter and Dorothy Wait), 39–42. • LONDON: ‘chances of saving the situation’: Churchill to Lloyd George, Bonar Law and Curzon, 3 December 1919, WSC IX, 970. ‘refugees freeze’: Engelstein, 439–440. ‘Can’t you understand?’: Trotsky, 433. • WASHINGTON DC: Cooper, Wilson, 549. • AMERONGEN: ‘twelve thousand mark’: diary of Elisabeth Bentinck, 15 November 1919, Ilsemann, Vol. 1, 124. ‘glass of port’ to ‘children’s playhouse’: diary of Elisabeth Bentinck, 1 and 2 December 1919, ibid., 127. ‘Aged and Melancholy’: Dearborn Independent, 15 November 1919. ‘dark musings’: Kaiser’s doctor in Röhl, Into the Abyss, 1201. ‘died in his arms’: diary of Elisabeth Bentinck, 12 December 1919, Ilsemann, Vol. 1, 129. ‘explains to a bewildered guest’ to ‘Russia against England!’: diary of Wolfgang Krauel, 24 October 1919, in Röhl, Into the Abyss, 1232. ‘positive disgust’: ibid., 1202. ‘blames the Jews’ to ‘exterminated from German soil!’: letter to General Mackensen, 2 December 1919, in Cecil, 302. ‘poisonous mushroom’: diary of Wolfgang Krauel, 24 October 1919, in Röhl, Into the Abyss, 1233. ‘they cannot do’: diary of Elisabeth Bentinck, 31 December 1919, Ilsemann, Vol. 1, 132. ‘unmitigated relief’: Marks, ‘My Name is Ozymandias’, 149. • SAGUA LA GRANDE: ‘adventurous’ to ‘behaving splendidly’: Captain Joshua Cockburn to Garvey, 2 December 1919, MG II, 157–159. ‘Eternal has happened’ to ‘steel their souls’: editorial letter by Garvey, 3 December 1919, MG II, 159–161. • MODLIN: ‘what I intended’: to Jeanne de Gaulle, 18 November 1919, CDG I, 472. • MOSCOW: ‘banking on the world revolution’ to ‘may say without exaggeration’: report to the All-Russian Congress of Soviets, 5 December 1919, CW XXX, 205–252, 208. ‘fizzling out�
�� to ‘thrust upon us’: ibid., 222. ‘just try it’: ibid., 219. ‘sphere of peaceful construction’: ibid., 225. ‘if you want free sale’: ibid., 226. ‘Either the lice’: ibid., 228. • KIRŞEHİR: ‘Will no one arise’: Mango, 262. • MUNICH: ‘black trousers, white shirt’: Weber, Becoming Hitler, 137. ‘possible without might?’ to ‘soaked in blood’: party meeting 10 December 1919, SA, 96–99. • VIENNA: ‘seem not to be aware’: Sigmund to Sam, 17 December 1919, JRL, Freud Collection, GB133 SSF 1/1/7. ‘blames strike conditions’ to ‘America would listen’: Edward Bernays to Freud, 18 December 1919, LOC, Sigmund Freud Collection, Family Papers, 1851–1978, mss39990, box 1. ‘person of public notoriety’: Freud to Edward Bernays, 4 January 1920, LOC, Sigmund Freud Collection, Family Papers, 1851–1978, mss39990, box 1. ‘finished sowing’: to Abraham, 15 December 1919, this translation from Jones, Freud, Vol. 2, 447; the whole letter in English can be found at FR/AB, 411–412. • NEW YORK: see Ackerman, J. Edgar, 155–163. ‘beginning of the end’: ‘Goldman Proud to be First Political Agitator Deported by the United States’, New York Tribune, 22 December 1919. ‘we’re coming back’: ‘Soviet Ark to Russia’, Los Angeles Times, 22 December 1919. ‘share out clothing’: Emma Goldman, Living My Life, 1932, Vol. 2, 721. ‘latest recipient’: Homberger, 201. ‘too many foreign words’: ‘Stop Spoiling the Russian Language’, December 1919, CW XXX, 298.
Winter 1920
Fitzgerald’s famous quotation can be found in context in F. Scott Fitzgerald, This Side of Paradise, 1920, 304. The quotation from Alexandra Kollontai appeared first in an article entitled ‘Communism and the Family’ in the magazine Kommunistka in 1920, reproduced in Selected Writings of Alexandra Kollontai, translated from the Russian by Alix Holt, 1977, 250–260.
PARIS: ‘better if I’d died’: from Dr Grayson’s diary, in Cooper, Wilson, 552. ‘blind and deaf Don Quixote’: John Maynard Keynes, The Economic Consequences of the Peace, 1920, 41. • HAMBURG: ‘had been worried about her’ to ‘undisguised brutality’: to Pfister, 27 January 1920, FR/PF, 74–75. ‘death-drive’: for a description of the idea see Gay, Freud, 394–396. • AMERICA: for a description of the raids and the chaos which ensued see Ackerman, J. Edgar, 180–196. ‘Los Angeles’: ‘Federal Police Nip Communists’, Los Angeles Daily Times, 3 January 1920. ‘Greatest Raid in History’: Ogden Standard, 3 January 1920. ‘play music and learn English’: Ackerman, J. Edgar, 202. ‘danger in the dragnet methods’: Chicago Daily News, 6 January 1920, ibid., 205. • MUNICH: ‘We fight against the Jew’: meeting in the Kindl Keller, 7 January 1920, SA, 101. ‘Every drop of our sweat’: meeting in the Gasthaus Zum Deutschen Reich, 16 January 1920, SA, 105. • SUNDERLAND: ‘ever a more awful spectacle’ to ‘this is Utopia!’: speech in Sunderland, 3 January 1920, in Winston S. Churchill: His Complete Speeches, 1897–1963, Vol. 3, 1914–1922, 1974 (ed. Robert Rhodes James), 2917–2927. ‘Trotsky’s train is derailed’: Deutscher, Prophet Armed, 496. ‘shoved through the ice’: Engelstein, 442. • UNITED STATES OF AMERICA: for descriptions of the first night of prohibition see Coffey, 3–9. ‘unceremoniously dumped’: Grant, 228. • BERLIN: ‘lady calls on a British military officer’ to ‘Winston Churchill’: ‘Notes on an Interview with Enver Pasha’, 6 January 1920, NA, WO 32/5620. ‘subsequent meeting’ to ‘influence and power’: ‘Notes on a second Interview with Enver Pasha’, 15 January 1920, NA, WO 32/5620. • MOSCOW: ‘time to produce a dictionary’: to Lunacharky, 18 January 1920, CW XXXV, 434. ‘rather unhappy family’: for one account see Katy Turton, Family Networks and the Russian Revolutionary Movement, 1870–1940, 2018. ‘Varya impresses her friends’: Fischer, Lenin, 487. ‘what books to remove’: Betram D. Wolfe, ‘Krupskaya Purges the People’s Libraries’, Survey, 72, 1969, 141–155. ‘answer should come to me’: to Skylanksy, 16 February 1920, TP II, 44–45. • NEW YORK: ‘trifle tacky’: Jeffrey Meyers, Scott Fitzgerald: A Biography, 1994, 67. • MOSCOW: ‘write me what is the matter’ to ‘from me’: Fischer, Lenin, 433–434; and Sebestyen, 453. ‘evading my questions’: R. C. Elwood, Inessa Armand: Revolutionary and Feminist, 1992, 257. • BERLIN: ‘like a pagan idol’: to Heinrich Zangger, 3 January 1920, CPAE IX, 338–340. ‘Great Man of World History’: Berliner Illustrierte Zeitung, 14 December 1919. ‘Prague philosopher’: Frank, 211. ‘tells the Archbishop’: Isaacson, 279. ‘if the aliens’: calendar entry for 31 January 1921, CPAE XII, 430. ‘Mayakovsky’: Bengt Jangfeldt, Mayakovsky: A Biography, 2014 (trans. Harry D. Watson), 253. ‘Bolsheviks are not so unappealing’: to Hedvig and Max Born, 27 January 1920, CPAE IX, 386–388. ‘old-fashioned assimilationists’: for the relationship between Fritz Haber and Albert Einstein see Fritz Stern, Einstein’s German World, 2000. For the life of Fritz Haber see Charlotte Haber, Mein Leben mit Fritz Haber, 1970; and Margit Szöllösi-Janze, Fritz Haber, 1868–1934: Eine Biographie, 1998. ‘first German edition of The Protocols’: Cohn, 133–135. • PETROGRAD: ‘one hundred and two small diamonds’: Homberger, 204. ‘personal endorsement’: JRP, MS Am 1091, Series II, 556. • THURLES: ‘four hand grenades’: ‘Four Hours’ Terror in Thurles’, Guardian, 22 January 1920. ‘new vocabulary of violence’: for the development of the conflict see Townshend, 113–119; Walsh, 87–103; and Tim Pat Coogan, Michael Collins, 1990, 120–156. ‘chafe under his presidential pomposity’: Coogan, De Valera, 156–175. • PARIS: for Tzara’s arrival in Paris to ‘too important’: Polizzotti, 122–123. ‘cooing at the baby’: Germaine Everling, ‘C’était hier: Dada…’, Les œuvres libres, June 1955, 137–138. ‘audience that turns up’ to ‘Back to Zurich!’: Polizzotti, 124–125; and Michel Sanouillet, Dada in Paris, 2009 (trans. Anne Sanouillet), 103–105. • FIUME: for a general account see Woodhouse, 315–352; and Hughes-Hallett, 483–568; for more detail see Macdonald and Ledeen. ‘Irish nationalists and Béla Kun’s Hungarian Bolsheviks’: Mark Phelan, ‘“Prophet of the Oppressed Nations”: Gabriele D’Annunzio and the Irish Republic, 1919–1921’, History Ireland, 21/5, 2013, 44–48; and Ledeen, 177–186. ‘oppressed peoples of the world’: Woodhouse, 347. ‘special steamer’: Macdonald, 157. ‘Guido Keller’: Hughes-Hallett, 529–531. ‘table cloth with a large ink stain’: Macdonald, 160. • VIENNA: ‘all my good bringing up’: Anna to Sam, 9 February 1920, JRL, Freud Collection, GB133 SSF 1/3/1. ‘soft Shetland cloth’: postcard from Sigmund to Sam, 22 February 1920, JRL, Freud Collection, GB133 SSF 1/1/11. • MUNICH: for an account of the meeting see Weber, Becoming Hitler, 150–155. The police report of the meeting at the Hofbräuhaus, 24 February 1920, SA, 109–111, with the shout ‘get out’ at 110. For the full twenty-five points of the party programme see Wolfgang Treue (ed.), Deutsche Parteiprogramme 1861–1954/ Quellensammlung zur Kulturgeschichte, Vol. 3, 1954, 143–146. ‘newspapers barely report’: Weber, Becoming Hitler, 155. ‘Secret Jewish Document’: ‘Ein jüdisches Geheimdokument’, Völkischer Beobachter, 25 February 1920. • PARIS: see Polizzotti, 134–137. ‘inconsistent farce’: ‘Le Dadaisme n’est qu’une farce inconsistante’, Action française, 14 February 1920. ‘André Gide’: Gide in the Nouvelle Revue Française, in Sanouillet, 143. • THE HAGUE: ‘Dutch persuade the Kaiser’: Marks, ‘My Name is Ozymandias’, 133. ‘Wilhelm explains’: diary entry 10 March 1920, Ilsemann, Vol. 1, 147–148. • NEW YORK: ‘warm-up speaker’: Professor William H. Ferris, report of a UNIA event, dated 6 March 1920, MG II, 231–233. Garvey’s own speech is at 233–238, with the remarks on the UNIA’s financial situation over the previous nine months on 236. For a first-hand account of the problems of the Yarmouth on these early trips see Hugh Mulzac, A Star to Steer By, 1963, 78–80. • TORONTO: ‘presents a book by D’Annunzio’: Baker, 580. ‘shekels’: to William D. Horne, 25 March 1920, LEH I, 227. ‘first signed article for the Star’: most of these articles are collected in Ernest Hemingway, Dateline Toronto: The Complete Toronto Star Dispatches, 1920–1924, 1985 (ed. William White). ‘slackers who dodged the draft’: ‘Popular in Peace–Slacker in War’, Toronto Star Weekly, 13 March 1920, reproduced in White, 10–11. • ST. LOUIS: there are different versions of Josephine B
aker’s cupid episode in St. Louis–one with Josephine suspended, one simply with her dancing. All include the element of initial embarrassment made up for by the alacrity of her switch into performance. See Baker and Bouillon, 13–17, for Margaret Baker’s recollection. A somewhat different version is contained in Haney, placing the Cupid episode a little later, 27–31. • BERLIN: for the meeting itself, ‘Interviews with Field-Marshal von Ludendorff and General Hoffman’, 4 March 1920, NA, CAB 24/100/31. ‘Huns are very impudent’: H. A. L. Fisher to Lloyd George, 13 March 1920, Gilbert, World in Torment, 182. • DUBLIN: see Coogan, Michael Collins, 120–144, with ‘a question of our nerves’ at 134. • MOSCOW: for Lenin’s hunting see Fischer, Lenin, 380–383. ‘Leon is convinced’: Trotsky, 497. ‘pins and needles’: Service, A Political Life, Vol. 3, 259. ‘locksmith from Moscow’: Dmitri Ulyanov, Ocherki raznykh let: Vospominaniya, perepiska, stat’i, 1984, 137–138. ‘Why on earth didn’t you fire?’: Krupskaya, Memories, Vol. 1, 33. • ÅBO: Homberger, 204–207.
Spring 1920
MONTREUX: for the history of the Kapp Putsch see Johannes Erger, Der Kapp-Lüttwitz-Putsch: Ein Beitrag zur deutschen Innenpolitik 1919/20, 1967. ‘Kessler is in a bookshop’: diary entry 13 March 1920, Kessler, Tagebuch, Vol. 7, 290–291. ‘quick-thinking civil servant’: Arnold Brecht, Aus nächster Nähe: Lebenserinnerungen 1884–1927, 1966, 302–307. ‘Wilhelm calls for champagne’: diary entry 15 March 1920, Ilsemann, Vol. 1, 149. • PRANGINS: for Charles’s growing doubts about Horthy see Brook-Shepherd, Last Habsburg, 253–256. For the sale of Habsburg jewellery, see annexe to ‘Mémoire présenté au nom de S.M. L’Impératrice et Reine Zita’, NA, FO 893/20/10. • AMERONGEN: ‘revolution instead of the opera’: Grose, 69. • CORK: ‘prepare for death’: Coogan, Michael Collins, 123. ‘I’ll be out’: BMH, Witness Statement 1547, Michael Murphy, 18–19. • BERLIN: see Erger for the progress and failure of the Kapp Putsch. For Hitler’s Berlin excursion see Weber, Becoming Hitler, 159–162. ‘anti-Semitic propaganda Kapp once supported’: Michael Kellogg, The Russian Roots of Nazism: White Émigrés and the Making of National Socialism, 1917–1945, 2005, 90. • ISTANBUL: ‘if I wanted I could give’: Mango, 273. ‘forcible occupation of Istanbul’: Mansel, 392–393. ‘seaside town in Italy’: for the San Remo conference see Fromkin, 403–404. • MOSCOW: ‘strikes across the country’: Vladimir Brovkin, Behind the Front Lines of the Civil War: Political Parties and Social Movements in Russia, 1919–1922, 1994, 287–299. ‘carried out by a dictator’: speech on economic development, 31 March 1920, CW XXX, 439–490, 476. ‘appointed, rerouted and dispatched’: Brovkin, 273. • WASHINGTON DC: Cooper, Wilson, 558–560. • ACROSS GERMANY: ‘strike must continue’: 19 March 1920, Arbeiterklasse siegt über Kapp und Lüttwitz, Vol. 1, 1971 (eds. Erwin Könneman, Brigitte Berthold and Gerhard Schulze), 202. ‘dictatorship of the proletariat’: 20 March 1920, ibid., 764. • PARIS: Polizzotti, 129–130. • MUNICH: ‘turns up wearing gaiters’: Friedrich Percyval Reck-Malleczeven, Diary of a Man in Despair, 2000 (trans. Paul Rubens; original German 1947), 35. • SEBASTOPOL: ‘God has not given’: Pyotr Wrangel, 140. ‘cannot refuse to drink’: ibid., 146. ‘I’m struggling’: Pyotr to Olga Wrangel, 1 April 1920, HIA, Vrangel Family Papers, Box 1, Folder 13. ‘If only God helped me’: Pyotr to Olga Wrangel, 8 April 1920, ibid. • COLÓN: for an account of the voyage see Mulzac, 79–83. ‘cartoon in the Negro World’: Negro World, 13 March 1920, reproduced in MG II, 260. ‘wanted a place in the sun’: report of UNIA Meeting, 13 March 1920, MG II, 241–259, 254. ‘no power on earth’: report of UNIA meeting, 29 April 1920, MG II, 299–303, 302. • WASHINGTON DC: ‘looks meaningfully at the door’: David F. Houston, Eight Years with Wilson’s Cabinet, 1913–1920, 1926, Vol. 2, 69–70. ‘This is an experiment’ to ‘see red’: from the diary of Josephus Daniels, 14 April 1920, WW LXV, 186–187. • MOSCOW: for Lenin’s birthday see Nina Tumarkin, Lenin Lives!: The Lenin Cult in Soviet Russia, 1997, 95–104. ‘proposes a newspaper campaign’: note from Lenin to Chicherin, 6 April 1920, Lenin, Unknown Lenin, 79–80. ‘beating Lenin to the punch’: telegram to Stalin, 14 February 1920, in Lenin, Unknown Lenin, 78; see also Adam Zamoyski, Warsaw 1920: Lenin’s Failed Conquest of Europe, 2008, 1–13. ‘drastic measures’: to Lenin, Stalin and others, 26 April 1920, TP II, 148–151. • DOORN: ‘Busts, paintings and etchings’: Gutsche, 45. ‘four hundred and seventy imperially felled logs’: ibid., 42. • WASHINGTON: ‘three hundred and sixty suspected radicals’ and ‘Everybody is laughing’: Ackerman, J. Edgar, 283. ‘only three handguns’: ibid., 291. • PETROGRAD: for an account of the spectacle see Emma Goldman, My Disillusionment in Russia, 1923, 74–78. ‘sheerest fabrication’: speech to departing Red Army soldiers, 5 May 1920, CW XXXV 127–128. • VIENNA: ‘prevents all evening entertainment’: W. E. Yates, Theatre in Vienna: A Critical History, 1996, 203. ‘must sound rather bad’: Anna to Sam, 7 March 1920, JRL, Freud Collection, GB133 SSF 1/3/2. ‘give up tennis’: Anna to Sam, 20 April 1920, JRL, Freud Collection, GB133 SSF 1/3/3. • MUNICH: for Hitler’s development as a speaker, see Reginald H. Phelps, ‘Hitler als Parteiredner im Jahre 1920’, Vierteljahrshefte für Zeitgeschichte, 11/3, 1963, 274–330. ‘mass murder of the intelligentsia’: speech at the Hofbrähaus, 27 April 1920, SA, 127–129, 127. ‘talk in Stuttgart’: 7 May 1920, SA, 130. ‘subjugation of India’: for example, speeches on 11 and 16 June 1920, SA, 142–148. ‘sun will shine through once more’: speech in Hofbräuhaus, 17 April 1920, SA, 122–125, 124. ‘need a dictator’: speech at the Hofbrähaus, 27 April 1920, SA, 127–129, 127. ‘excerpts of the Protocols’: for example, Völkischer Beobachter, 22 and 27 April 1920. ‘grasp at the very root’: speech at the Hofbräuhaus, 6 April 1920, SA, 119–120. • LONDON: ‘English version of the Protocols’: Cohn, 152. ‘note of prophecy’: ‘The Jewish Peril, a Disturbing Pamphlet’, Times, 8 May 1920. • BERLIN: ‘tortured by bed bugs’: Frank, 199. • DEARBORN: for Henry Ford’s anti-Semitism see Neil Baldwin, Henry Ford and the Jews: The Mass Production of Hate, 2003. ‘winter will not freeze it’: ‘Mr Ford’s Page’, Dearborn Independent, 7 February 1920. ‘house painter in Oklahoma’: ‘The Reminiscences of Mr. Fred L. Black’, HFA, Owen W. Bombard Interview Series, Accession 65, 8. ‘primed for conspiracy theories’: for one take on the psychology and impact of conspiracy theories (including Henry Ford and the Protocols) see David Aaronovitch, The Role of the Conspiracy Theory in Shaping Modern History, 2009. ‘not making as much money’: Baldwin, 96–97. ‘Persecution is not a new experience’: this, and following, taken from ‘The International Jew: The World’s Foremost Problem’, Dearborn Independent, 22 May 1920. ‘case of The Protocols’: ‘Does a Jewish World Program Exist?’, Dearborn Independent, 10 July 1920. ‘articles shall continue’: Baldwin, 120. ‘supersensitivity’: ‘The Jewish Question–Fact or Fancy?’, Dearborn Independent, 12 June 1920. ‘enormity of the injury’: for this episode, see Baldwin, 132–133. • PETROGRAD: for an account of the delegation’s time in Russia, apart from the accounts written by the participants, see Stephen White, ‘British Labour in Soviet Russia, 1920’, English Historical Review, 109/432, 1994, 621–640. ‘their oldest clothes’: Ethel Snowden, Through Bolshevik Russia, 1920, 21. ‘peering behind an iron curtain’: Snowden, 132. • ÅBO: Homberger, 204–207. • PARIS: ‘not a Dadaist’: Polizzotti, 145.
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