Summer 1920
KIEV: for a general account see Zamoyski, 48–52. ‘former commander-in-chief’: Figes, 698–699. • WASHINGTON DC: ‘unconscionable falsehoods’: Attorney General A. Mitchell Palmer on Charges Made Against Department of Justice by Louis F. Post and Others, Hearings before the Committee on Rules, House of Representatives, Sixty-sixth Congress, Second Session, 1 June 1920, 6. ‘world is on fire’: ibid., 18. ‘so-called “liberal press’’’: ibid., 34. ‘parlor Bolsheviki’: ibid., 25. ‘sly and crafty eyes’ to ‘lopsided faces’: ibid., 27. • PARIS: for Berlin Dada slogans see Sarah Ganz Blythe and Edward D. Powers, Looking at Dada, 2006, 5. • PETROGRAD: ‘great international language’: Snowden, 77. (Trotsky was subsequently upbraided by Lenin for having been seen in the imperial box with the British delegation: Trotsky, 576.) ‘girl falls to her knees’: Snowden, 21. ‘reportedly eat moss’: Smith, Russia in Revolution, 227. ‘chemist’s scales’: Deutscher, Prophet Armed, 501. ‘limon’ to ‘overcoats bought with firewood’: Steven G. Marks, ‘The Russian Experience of Money, 1914–1924’, in Murray Frame, Boris Kolonitskii, Steven G. Marks and Melissa K. Stockdale (eds.), Russian Culture in War and Revolution, 2014, 121–150, 130–133. ‘lemons hand-delivered’: M. N. Roy, Memoirs, 1964, 332. ‘economist proposes a system’: Marks, ‘Russian Experience of Money’, 136. ‘blasphemous thoughts’: Service, Trotsky, 268–269. ‘working title Hunger’: notebook, JRP, Series V/E, Item 1336. ‘use up less wool’: Snowden, 22. ‘vitally necessary operation’: Wright, 192. ‘interminable discussion’: Bertrand Russell, The Autobiography of Bertrand Russell, 1914–1944, 1968, 149. • TEREZÍN FORTRESS: Miller, 10. • MOSCOW: ‘food on allotments’: to Lydia Fotieva, 27 May 1920, CW XLIV, 377. ‘by hand’ to ‘figure as an example’: to the fuel department of the Moscow Soviet, 16 June 1920, CW XLIV, 387. ‘damage to Soviet property’: 14 June 1920, CW XLIV, 196–197. ‘Cooking Food Without Fire’: to the Presidium of the Moscow Soviet, 29 June 1920, CW XLIV, 395. ‘publish quickly’: Fischer, Lenin, 431. ‘order of the day’: Zamoyski, 53. ‘time to encourage revolution in Italy’ to ‘Czech lands and Romania’: Volkogonov, Lenin, 388. ‘sinful’: Kotkin, 360. • MUNICH: ‘warning sign to the Entente’ to ‘seek an Anschluss’: speech in Rosenheim, 21 July 1920, SA, 163. ‘far-right delegation’: for this episode and its background, see Kellogg, 110–122. • BAD GASTEIN: for Freud’s work on the crowd see van Ginneken and ‘Group Psychology and the Analysis of the Ego’, originally published in German in 1921, SE XVIII, 67–143. ‘not even an organ grinder’: to Anna, 1 August 1920, FR/FR, 181–182. ‘Lenin is an artist’: ‘L’Artefice e la Materia’, Il Popolo d’Italia, 14 July 1920, OO XV, 91–94, 93; see more generally Simonetta Falasca-Zamponi, Fascist Spectacle: The Aesthetics of Power in Mussolini’s Italy, 1997. WARSAW: ‘more the danger approaches’: Anon. (Charles de Gaulle), ‘La bataille de la Vistule’, Revue de Paris, No. 6, 1920, 35–53, 37. ‘tragic destiny’: ibid., 38. • NEW YORK: ‘accredited spokesman’: letter to Du Bois, 16 July 1920, MG II, 426. ‘under no circumstances’ to ‘public know’: from Du Bois to Garvey, 22 July 1920, MG II, 431–432. • LONDON: letter to Sir Henry Wilson, General Harington and General Macdonogh, 20 July 1920, WSC IX, 1145–1146. • PETROGRAD: ‘false passports’: Roy, 308. ‘bring their own Chianti’: ibid., 359. ‘group of Irish delegates’: for an account of the relationship between Irish nationalism and Moscow see Emmet O’Connor, ‘Communists, Russia and the IRA, 1920–1923’, Historical Journal, 46/1, 2003, 115–131. ‘infantile’: for the question of so-called left-wing Communism see Service, A Political Life, Vol. 3, 121–125. ‘organising a women’s conference’: Elwood, Armand, 258–261. ‘music of Wagner’: Geldern, 181. ‘produced in four languages’: Serge, 118. ‘Vladimir gives the opening speech’: report on the international situation, 19 July 1920, CW XXXI, 215–234, with ‘backward’ at 232. ‘capture the moment’: Serge, 120. ‘especially regilded’: Geldern, 180. ‘nearby bedchamber’: Roy, 372. • DUBLIN: ‘new force appears in Ireland’: for the origins of the Black and Tans, see D. M. Leeson, The Black and Tans: British Police and Auxiliaries in the Irish War of Independence, 1920–1921, 2011, 68–95. ‘Tuam’ to ‘Belgium and France’: Leeson, 44. ‘rumours that he is having an affair’: Coogan, De Valera, 185–187. • UPSTATE MICHIGAN: this account of Hemingway’s summer is drawn from his letters. ‘gambles at roulette’: letter to Grace Quinlan, 8 August 1920, LEH I, 237–240. ‘man named Ponzi’: Robert Sobel, The Big Board: A History of the New York Stock Market, 1965, 224. ‘for a job in New York’: letter to Grace Quinlan, LEH I, 8 August 1920, 237–240. ‘lazy loafing’: from Grace Hemingway, 24 July 1920, EHC, Series 3, Box IC11, EHPP-IC11-010–006. • MOSCOW: ‘jar of fruit and a bag of flour’: James Riordan, Sport in Soviet Society: Development of Sport and Physical Education in Russia and the USSR, 1977, 79–80. ‘threat to resign’: Homberger, 210. ‘as a child accepts’: Service, A Political Life, Vol. 3, 131. ‘iron proletarian centralism’: Theses on the Role of the Communist Party, 24 July 1920, CI I, 127–135, 133. ‘Internationale three times a day’: Roy, 330. • NEW YORK: ‘striking out for freedom’ to ‘from all quarters’: speech at the opening of the UNIA Convention, 1 August 1920, MG II, 476–487. ‘Jim Europe’s old band’ to ‘Africa for the Africans’: report of UNIA parade, 3 August 1920, MG II, 490–494. ‘Madison Square Garden’ to ‘Palestine and Africa’: report of Madison Square Garden meeting, 3 August 1920, MG II, 497–509. ‘Declaration of Rights’: UNIA Declaration of Rights, MG II, 571–580. ‘already swept the world’: report of the convention, 22 August 1920, MG II, 614–620, 617. ‘we are coming’: report of the convention, 4 August 1920, MG II, 529–538, 538. ‘resting back in cushioned chairs’: report of the convention, 15 August 1920, MG II, 583–597, 594. ‘updates from its informants’: these are reproduced in MG II. ‘fool or a rogue’: interview with Chandler Owen and A. Philip Randolph by Charles Mowbray White, MG II, 609–612, 609. ‘more or less a fraud’: letter from W. E. B. Du Bois to H. L. Stone, 24 July 1920, MG II, 435. ‘think he is a demagogue’: interview with Du Bois by Charles Mowbray White, 22 August 1920, MG II, 620–621. ‘ablest statesman of his race’: report of the convention, 31 August 1920, MG II, 642–651, 649. ‘purchase them now’: editorial letter by Marcus Garvey, 31 August 1920, MG II, 654–656. • THE POLISH FRONT: ‘sixth year in a row’: de Gaulle, 45. ‘not averse to a temporary alliance’: Pipes, Russia under the Bolshevik Regime, 189–190. ‘beautiful plan’: note from Lenin to Skylansky, August 1920, TP II, 278–279. ‘Georgian bank-robber bristles’: Kotkin, 361–363. • SÈVRES: for the diplomacy leading up to Sèvres see MacMillan, 438–466; and Fromkin, 403–411. ‘sublime principles’: in Abdulhamit Kırmızı, ‘After Empire, Before Nation: Competing Ideologies and the Bolshevik Moment of the Anatolian Revolution’, in Stefan Rinke and Michael Wildt (eds.), Revolutions and Counter-Revolutions: 1917 and its Aftermath from a Global Perspective, 2017, 119–140, 132. • DEARBORN: ‘opines innocently’: ‘Mr. Ford’s Page’, Dearborn Independent, 7 August 1920. • WARSAW: for the lead-up to the crucial battle and then the so-called miracle on the Vistula, see Zamoyski, 64–109. ‘battle for life and death’ to ‘determined at this very moment’: speech of Antoni Szlagowski by the grave of Ignacy Skorupka, 17 August 1920, in Waldemar Wojdecki, Arcybiskup Antoni Szlagowski, kaznodzieja Warszawy, 1997, 184–187. ‘Poles have grown wings!’: de Gaulle, 45. • MUNICH: all description taken from speech at the Hofbräuhaus, 13 August 1920, SA, 184–204. ‘Egypt’s cultural flowering’: ibid., 186. ‘could not survive without work’: ibid., 188. ‘alleged use of Assyrian stonemasons’: ibid., 188–189. ‘if we are socialists’: ibid., 200. ‘Franz Léhar’: ibid., 197. ‘always ready to rip up’: ibid., 198. ‘lively and enthusiastic crowds’: Phelps, ‘Hitler als Parteiredner’, 308. • MILAN: ‘taking flying lessons’: Bosworth, 119. For the myth-making of Mussolini and flight see Guido Mattioli, Mussolini Aviatore, 1933. For the origins of the squadristi see Roberta Suzzi Valli, ‘The Myth of Squadrismo in the Fascist Regime, Journa
l of Contemporary History, 35/2, 2000, 131–150; and Emilio Gentile, ‘Paramilitary Violence in Italy: The Rationale of Fascism and the Origins of Totalitarianism’, in Robert Gerwarth and John Horne (eds.), War in Peace: Paramilitary Violence in Europe after the Great War, 2012, 85–106. ‘sleeps in his underwear’: Bosworth, 130. • MOSCOW: ‘Reed pesters Vladimir’: Fischer, Lenin, 433. For Inessa Armand’s trip to Kislovodsk, see Elwood, Armand, 262–266. • BERLIN: this description is drawn principally from Siegfried Grundmann, Einsteins Akte: Einsteins Jahre in Deutschland aus der Sicht der deutschen Politik, 1998, 151–155. ‘with or without a swastika’: ‘Meine Antwort ueber die antirelavitätstheoristische GmbH’, from the Berliner Tageblatt, 27 August 1920, reproduced in CPAE VII, 344–349. ‘entente of mediocrity’: from Fritz Haber, 30 August 1920, CPAE X, 395–397. ‘Stay the holy man’: from Hedwig Born, 8 September 1920, CPAE X, 416–417. ‘world is a curious madhouse’: to Marcel Grossman, 12 September 1920, CPAE X, 428–430. • WALL STREET: ‘Niagara Falls’: for this description, and following, see Beverly Gage, The Day Wall Street Exploded: A Story of America in its First Age of Terror, 2009, 43–49. ‘young financier’: David Nasaw, The Patriarch: The Remarkable Life and Turbulent Times of Joseph P. Kennedy, 2012, 69. ‘rent asunder’: headline, Philadelphia Enquirer, 17 September 1920. ‘relations between capital and labor’: ‘Dynamite for Wall Street’, Wall Street Journal, 17 September 1920. • BAKU: for a general account of the Baku Congress see Stephen White, ‘Communism and the East: The Baku Congress, 1920’, Slavic Review, 33/3, 1974, 492–514. ‘pronounced in American?’: Homberger, 214–215. ‘not given a choice’ to ‘requirements are taken care of’: Benjamin Gitlow, The Whole of Their Lives, 1948, 32–34. Gitlow specifically refers to booze and women, with the procurement of young girls organised by Radek. ‘huddle in linguistic groups’: Congress of the Peoples of the East: Stenographic Report (trans. Brian Pearce), 1977, 70. ‘Internationale’: according to the stenographic record the Internationale was played or sung twenty-three times during the opening ceremony. ‘Uncle Sam is not one’: stenographic record, 4 September 1920, 88. ‘fell into a false situation’: 4 September 1920, ibid., 76. ‘oppressed peoples’: 7 September 1920, ibid., 161. ‘Sweep away with fierce will’ and ‘Blow up Europe!’, 5 September 1920, ibid., 113–114. ‘Effigies’: White, 492. ‘Béla Kun’: stenographic record, 6 September 1920, 127. • THE HAGUE: ‘snippets of Carmen’: Elisabeth Young-Bruehl, Anna Freud: A Biography, 2008, 96. ‘German colleague gives a rambling presentation’: Clark, Freud, 403. ‘bananas’: Gay, Freud, 393. ‘eating sparingly’ to ‘pineapple’: exchange of notes, FR/FR, 199–200. ‘canoe trip’: Jones, Freud, Vol. 2, 29. • KISLOVODSK: ‘living corpse’ to ‘needs of the struggle’: Volkogonov, Lenin, 47–48. ‘plays the piano for guests’: Elwood, Armand, 265.
Autumn 1920
VIENNA: Wolfgang Zdral, Die Hitlers: Die Unbekannte Familie, 2005, 198. • BAD NAUHEIM: for the relationship between Lenard and Einstein before Bad Nauheim, see Andreas Kleinert and Charlotte Schönbeck, ‘Lenard und Einstein: ihr Briefwechseln und ihr Verhältnis vor der Nauheimer Diskussion von 1920’, Gesnerus, 35, 1978. ‘not yet made it possible’: Frank, 201. ‘avoid the other physicists’: CPAE X, see notes on 436. ‘most romantic point’ to ‘even consciousness’: to Hedwig Born, 10 October 1920, CPAE X, 440–441. ‘minds so malleable’: to Hendrik A. Lorentz, 25 September 1920, CPAE X, 437–438. • NALCHIK: for Armand’s final days see Elwood, Armand, 265–266. In a footnote, Elwood notes the story that Armand was in despair over personal matters and ended her life with poison. For the death of John Reed see Mary V. Dearborn, Queen of Bohemia: The Life of Louise Bryant, 1996, 161–163. ‘watermelon’: Serge, 127. ‘caught in a trap’: Goldman, Living My Life, Vol. 2, 851. ‘the cause goes on’: Clare Sheridan, Mayfair to Moscow: Clare Sheridan’s Diary, 1921, 162. ‘real American’: Marguerite E. Harrison, Marooned in Moscow, 1921, 222. • VIENNA: ‘mouldy cheese overwhelms’: Sigmund to Sam, 15 October 1920, JRL, Freud Collection, GB133 SSF 1/1/19. ‘comic poem’: Sam to Sigmund, 30 October 1920, JRL, Freud Collection, GB133 SSF 1/2/16. ‘popularity in itself’: Sigmund to Sam, 5 November 1920, JRL, Freud Collection, GB133 SSF 1/1/21. ‘silly’ to ‘Encyclopaedia Britannica’: Sigmund to Sam, 26 November 1920, JRL, Freud Collection, GB133 SSF 1/1/22. • MOSCOW: for Clare Sheridan’s trip to Russia see Sheridan, Mayfair to Moscow, 1921. ‘D’Annunzio’: ibid., 12. ‘most privileged class’: ibid., 26. ‘redacted version of Vladimir’s speech’ to ‘no way in the slightest’: Service, A Political Life, Vol. 3, 138; the full speech is in Lenin, Unknown Lenin, 95–115. ‘cannot expect to see a communist society’: speech to young Communists, 2 October 1920, CW XXXI, 283–299, 298–299. ‘scheme for Russia’s electrification’: H. G. Wells, Russia in the Shadows, 1921, 134. ‘film of the Baku conference’: ibid., 80. ‘At the ballet’: Sheridan, Mayfair to Moscow, 84. ‘mistaken for Sylvia Pankhurst’: ibid., 78. ‘don’t mind being looked at’ to ‘caressing me with tools’: ibid., 137–138. ‘vous êtes encore femme’: Clare Sheridan, Naked Truth, 1928, 196. ‘know how to get you to England’: Sheridan, Mayfair to Moscow, 170. • NEW YORK: ‘masses of the race’: editorial letter by Garvey, 11 October 1920, MG III, 50–51. ‘writes to the shipping registers’: from Du Bois to Lloyd’s Register, 6 November 1920, MG III, 72–73. • RIGA: ‘now alone in the struggle’: Pytor Wrangel, 296. ‘Destroy Wrangel!’: in Engelstein, 557. ‘greatest crime’: telegram to the front, 24 October 1920, CW XXXV, 461. • VIENNA: ‘done it differently’: Kurt Robert Eissler, Freud as an Expert Witness: The Discussion of War Neuroses Between Freud and Wagner-Jauregg, 1986, 92. ‘machine gun behind the front’: ibid., 60–61. ‘mendacious spitefulness’ to ‘scheissfreundlich’: to Abraham, 31 October 1920, FR/AB, 432–433. • WASHINGTON DC: for Harding and the origins of normalcy see Robert K. Murray, The Harding Era: Warren G. Harding and his Administration, 1969; and John W. Dean, Warren G. Harding, 2004. For the normalcy speech itself see David H. Carwell, ‘Warren G. Harding: Return to Normalcy’, in Jeffrey S. Ashley and Marla J. Jarmer (ed.), The Bully Pulpit, Presidential Speeches and the Shaping of Public Policy, 2016, 41–51. For Wilson’s last days in the White House see Cooper, Wilson, 573–578. ‘whole world will wait’: A Statement, 3 October 1920, WW XLVI, 183. ‘Hemingway casts his vote’: Keneth Kinnamon, ‘Hemingway and Politics’, in Scott Donaldson (ed.), The Cambridge Companion to Hemingway, 1996, 149–169, 160. ‘stopped to get their breath’: from Norman Hezekiah Davis, 3 November 1920, WW XLVI, 314. ‘crown will be one of glory’: from Bainbridge Colby, 3 November 1920, WW XLVI, 313. ‘not a repudiation’ to ‘Nothing can destroy’: from Eleanor Randolph Wilson McAdoo, 3 November 1920, WW XLVI, 315. ‘realise their error’: Axson, 199. ‘which she ranks’: Edith Wilson, 308. • SEBASTOPOL: ‘cannot be landed here’: Admiral de Robeck to the Foreign Office, 10 November 1920, WSC IX, 1234. • FORMER BATTLEFIELDS OF NORTHERN FRANCE: see Jean-Pascal Soudagne, L’histoire incroyable du soldat inconnu, 2008, 79–113. ‘group trip to a Paris art exhibition’: Lacouture, 109. • SEBASTOPOL: the description of the departure from Crimea is drawn principally from A. Valentinov’s account in S. V. Volkov (ed.), Iskhod Russkoi armii Generala Vrangelia iz Kryma, 2003, 534–549. • DUBLIN: for a full account of Bloody Sunday see Townshend, 201–208. ‘copy of Irish Field’ to ‘bad mistake’: BMH, Witness Statement 771, James Doyle, 2. ‘Any casualties?’: Coogan, Michael Collins, 160. ‘ambushed on a rainswept road’: whether this was in fact an ambush or an accidental battle, brought on by the need to evade British patrols, is not entirely clear. Some Auxiliaries may have been shot while surrendering (Townshend, 210–215). ‘Devil’s competition’: Townshend, 270–271. ‘sinking back into barbarism’: letter dated 11 December 1920 quoted in R. F. Foster, W. B. Yeats: A Life, Vol. 2, The Arch-Poet, 1915–1939, 2003, 184. • NEW YORK: for the exchange of letters dated 2 October and 19 November 1920 see LOC, Sigmund Freud Collection, Family Papers, 1851–1978, mss39990, box 1. • REVAL: ‘contain the heads’: Sheridan, Mayfair to Moscow, 2
04. ‘old friend from Germany’: Clara Zetkin, Reminiscences of Lenin, 1929, 11–12. ‘just limp behind it’ to ‘give me no pleasure’: ibid., 14. ‘used to hum arias’: Elizarova, Reminiscences of Lenin by his Relatives, 127–129. ‘complain so bitterly’ to ‘prevented the mind’: Zetkin, 15. ‘What a waste!’ to ‘marriage forms of Maoris’: ibid., 52–54. ‘over-excitement and exaggeration’: ibid., 55. ‘simple as drinking a glass of water’: ibid., 57–58. ‘living to the full’ to ‘D’Annunzio’: ibid., 59–60. ‘hardly time to discuss the other matter’: for this section of their conversation, ibid., 61–71. ‘working groups’ to ‘expediency’: ibid., 63. ‘must dress more warmly’: ibid., 71. • VIENNA: for these exchanges see cables 27 November and 1 December 1920 and letter 19 December 1920, LOC, Sigmund Freud Collection, Family Papers, 1851–1978, mss39990, box 1. • DEARBORN: ‘hack who has to write’: Baldwin, 98. ‘collected in a book entitled The International Jew’: Leo P. Ribuffo, ‘Henry Ford and “The International Jew”’, American Jewish History, 69/4, 1980, 437–477. • ISTANBUL: for the Bizerte story see Sergey Vlasov, Uzniki Bizerty: dokumental’nye povesti o zhizni russkikh moriakov v Afrike v 1920–25, 1998; and Hélène Menegaldo, ‘Les russes à Bizerte: de la Tunisie à la France, les étapes d’une intégration contrariée’, Mémoire(s), identité(s), marginalité(s) dans le monde occidental contemporain, 13, 2015. • MUNICH: ‘crazy utopia’: speech in the Kindl Keller, 5 November 1920, SA, 257–258. ‘want to build’: speech in the Hofbräuhaus, 19 November 1920, SA, 259–263, 260. ‘membership cards start at 500’: Joachimsthaler estimates at 195 at the end of 1919, 1,100 in July 1920, and around 2,000 by the end of 1920. ‘between advertisements for hot chocolate’: Völkischer Beobachter, 16 December 1920. • PARIS: ‘Hold on to your overcoat’: Littérature, No. 17, December 1920, 12. • LUDWIGSHÖHE: for Ilsemann’s trip to Ludendorff see diary entry 9 November 1920, Ilsemann, Vol. 1, 162–166. For his return to Doorn see diary entry 22 November 1920, Ilsemann, Vol. 1, 166. • NEW YORK: ‘Marcus Garvey’, The Crisis, December 1920. • FIUME: for an account of the end of the Fiume adventure see Hughes-Hallett, 553–568. ‘mock battle with live weapons’: Woodhouse, 339. ‘deserters to the Cause’: slightly abbreviated Woodhouse, 349. • CHICAGO: ‘Plain and Fancy Killings, $400 Up’, Toronto Star Weekly, 11 December 1920, in Hemingway, Dateline Toronto, 65–66. • ANKARA: ‘know how vital’ to ‘demolition of capitalism’: to Stalin, 14 December 1920, Mustafa Kemal, Atatürk’ün bütün eserleri, 1998–2009, Vol. 10, 160. ‘independence of Dagestan’: to Lenin, 18 December 1920, Kemal, Vol. 10, 171. ‘Autonomy does not mean independence’: speech to the Congress of the Peoples of Daghestan, 13 November 1920, Stalin, Works, Vol. 4, 407–411, 409. • MOSCOW: ‘zigzag transition’: report to the 8th All-Russia Congress of Soviets, 22 December 1920, CW XXXI, 487–518, 496. ‘we ourselves forget about them’: speech to Communist delegates, 30 December 1920, CW XXXII, 19–37, 22. ‘largest agitational spectacle yet’: Geldern, 199–207. ‘no question of selling out’: report to the 8th All-Russia Congress of Soviets, 22 December 1920, CW XXXI, 494. ‘Sukharevka’ to ‘Soviet power plus’: ibid., 515–516. • FIUME: Hughes-Hallett, 564–568 • DUBLIN: ‘odd shooting’ to ‘one good battle’: Coogan, De Valera, 202. ‘patrol in Midleton’: this account is drawn from two sources: ‘Weekly Survey of the State of Ireland for Week Ended January 3rd, 1921’, NA, CAB 24/118/20; and BMH, Witness Statement 1456, John Kelleher, 22.
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