Lotharingia

by Simon Winder

  Rod Kedward, La vie en bleu: France and the French Since 1900 (London, 2005)

  Maurice Keen, The Penguin History of Medieval Europe (Harmondsworth, 1969)

  Thomas à Kempis, The Imitation of Christ, trans. Robert Jeffery (London, 2013)

  Paul Kennedy, The Rise and Fall of British Naval Mastery (Harmondsworth, 1976)

  Joseph Leo Koerner, Bosch and Bruegel: From Enemy Painting to Everyday Life (Princeton, 2016)

  Henk Leenaers (ed.), The Water Atlas of the Netherlands (Groningen, 2012)

  Herta Lepie and Georg Minkenberg, The Cathedral Treasury of Aachen (Regensburg, 2013)

  David Lowenthal, The Past Is a Foreign Country – Revisited (Cambridge, 2015)

  John A. Lynn, The Wars of Louis XIV, 1667–1714 (Harlow, 1999)

  Thomas Babington Macaulay, The History of England, vol. 1 (London, 1906)

  Diarmaid MacCulloch, Reformation: Europe’s House Divided, 1490–1700 (London, 2004)

  Patrick McGuinness, Other People’s Countries: A Journey into Memory (London, 2014)

  Leo McKinstry, Operation Sealion (London, 2014)

  Gordon McLachlan, The Rough Guide to Germany, 6th edition (London, 2004)

  Helen McPhail, The Long Silence: The Tragedy of Occupied France in World War I (London, 2014)

  Fiona Maddocks, Hildegard of Bingen: The Woman of Her Age (London, 2001)

  Lauro Martines, Furies: War in Europe, 1450–1700 (New York, 2013)

  Laurent Martino, Histoire chronologique de la Lorraine (Nancy, 2010)

  Yair Mintzker, The Defortification of the German City, 1689–1866 (Cambridge, 2012)

  Pankaj Mishra, From the Ruins of Empire (London, 2012)

  James M. Murray, Bruges, Cradle of Capitalism, 1280–1390 (Cambridge, 2005)

  Susie Nash, Northern Renaissance Art (Oxford, 2008)

  The Nibelungenlied, trans. A. T. Hatto (Harmondsworth, 1965)

  Philip Nord, France 1940: Defending the Republic (New Haven and London, 2015)

  Eljas Oksanen, Flanders and the Anglo-Norman World, 1066–1216 (Cambridge, 2012)

  Jürgen Osterhammel, The Transformation of the World, trans. Patrick Camiller (Princeton and London, 2014)

  Richard Overy, The Bombing War: Europe 1939–1945 (London, 2013)

  Geoffrey Parker, The Army of Flanders and the Spanish Road, 1567–1659, 2nd edition (Cambridge, 2004)

  Geoffrey Parker, Global Crisis: War, Climate Change and Catastrophe in the Seventeenth Century (New Haven, 2013)

  Geoffrey Parker, The Grand Strategy of Philip II (New Haven, 1998)

  David Parrott, The Business of War: Military Enterprise and Military Revolution in Early Modern Europe (Cambridge, 2012)

  Matthias de Poorter and others, L’odyssée des animaux: Les peintres animaliers flamands du XVIIe siècle (Ghent, 2016)

  David Potter, War and Government in the French Provinces: Picardy, 1470–1560 (Cambridge, 1993)

  Timothy Reuter, Germany in the Early Middle Ages, 800–1056 (Harlow, 1991)

  John Richards, Landsknecht Soldier, 1486–1560 (Oxford, 2002)

  John C. G. Röhl, Wilhelm II: Into the Abyss of War and Exile, 1900–1941 (Cambridge, 2014)

  Ulinka Rublack, Dressing Up: Cultural Identity in Renaissance Europe (Oxford, 2010)

  Ulinka Rublack, Reformation Europe (Cambridge, 2005)

  Steven Runciman, A History of the Crusades: 1: The First Crusade (Cambridge, 1951)

  Steven Runciman, A History of the Crusades: 2: The Kingdom of Jerusalem (Cambridge, 1952)

  Antione de Saint-Exupéry, Flight to Arras, trans. William Rees (London, 1995)

  Simon Schama, Patriots and Liberators: Revolution in the Netherlands, 1780–1813 (London, 1992)

  Russell Shorto, Amsterdam (London, 2013)

  Larry Silver, Marketing Maximilian: The Visual Ideology of a Holy Roman Emperor (Princeton, 2008)

  Brendan Simms, Britain’s Europe (London, 2016)

  Brendan Simms, The Struggle for Mastery in Germany, 1779–1850 (Basingstoke, 1998)

  Brendan Simms, Three Victories and a Defeat: The Rise and Fall of the First British Empire (London, 2007)

  Jeffrey Chipps Smith, The Northern Renaissance (London, 2004)

  Julia M. H. Smith, Europe after Rome: A New Cultural History, 500–1000 (Oxford, 2005)

  Peter C. Smith, Hold the Narrow Sea: Naval Warfare in the English Channel, 1939–1945 (Annapolis, 1984)

  Tobias Smollett, Travels Through France and Italy (Oxford, 1981)

  The Song of Roland, trans. Glyn S. Burgess (Harmondsworth, 1990)

  Marie-Isabelle Soupart and Philippe Hiegel, Metz Cathedral, trans. Ray Beaumont-Craggs (Metz, 2010)

  Jonathan Steinberg, Why Switzerland? (Cambridge, 1996)

  Laurence Sterne, A Sentimental Journey (London, 2005)

  Laurence Sterne, Tristram Shandy (Harmondsworth, 1997)

  James Stewart, Neville Walker and Christian Williams, The Rough Guide to Germany, 2nd edition (London, 2012)

  R. C. Strong and J. A. Van Dorsten, Leicester’s Triumph (Leiden, 1962)

  Jonathan Sumption, Edward III (London, 2016)

  Michael Tanner, Wagner (London, 1996)

  A. J. P. Taylor, The First World War (London, 1954)

  A. J. P. Taylor, The Struggle for Mastery in Europe, 1848–1918 (Oxford, 1954)

  Matthew Teller, The Rough Guide to Switzerland, 4th edition (London, 2010)

  Ann Thwaite, Glimpses of the Wonderful: The Life of Philip Henry Gosse (London, 2002)

  Daniel Todman, Britain’s War: Into Battle 1937–1941 (London, 2016)

  James D. Tracy, Emperor Charles V, Impresario of War (Cambridge, 2002)

  Jenny Uglow, Hogarth (London, 1997)

  Richard Vaughan, Charles the Bold (Woodbridge, 2002)

  Richard Vaughan, John the Fearless (Woodbridge, 2002)

  Richard Vaughan, Philip the Bold (Woodbridge, 2002)

  Richard Vaughan, Philip the Good (Woodbridge, 2002)

  Richard Vaughan, Valois Burgundy (Harmondsworth, 1975)

  Richard Vinen, The Unfree French: Life under the Occupation (London, 2006)

  David Vital, A People Apart: The Jews in Europe, 1789–1939 (Oxford, 1999)

  Alexander Watson, Ring of Steel: Germany and Austria-Hungary at War, 1914–1918 (London, 2014)

  Geoffrey Wawro, The Franco-Prussian War (Cambridge, 2003)

  C. V. Wedgwood, The Thirty Years War (London, 1999)

  Volker Weidermann, trans. Carol Brown Janeway, Summer Before the Dark (London, 2016)

  Peter S. Wells, Barbarians to Angels: The Dark Ages Reconsidered (New York, 2008)

  Charles West, Reframing the Feudal Revolution: Political and Social Transformation between Marne and Moselle, c.800–c.1100 (Cambridge, 2013)

  Joachim Whaley, Germany and the Holy Roman Empire, two vols (Cambridge, 2012)

  Niels Wilcken, Metz et Guillaume II (Metz, 2013)

  Peter H. Wilson, War, State and Society in Württemberg, 1677–1793

  Adam Zamoyski, Phantom Terror: The Threat of Revolution and the Repression of Liberty, 1789–1848 (London, 2014)

  Émile Zola, La Débâcle, trans. Elinor Dorday (Oxford, 2000)

  I must also acknowledge the superb 1:410 000 map created by the Institut National de l’Information Géographique et Forestière to mark the centenary of the First World War, showing the Western Front in remarkable detail, which I have referred to over and over again, not just in relation to the fighting but also for Lotharingian issues of many kinds.

  Index

  The index that appeared in the print version of this title does not match the pages in your e-book. Please use the search function on your e-reading device to search for terms of interest. For your reference, the terms that appear in the print index are listed below.

  Aachen (Aix-la-Chapelle)

  and Charlemagne

  Charlemagne Prize

  Congress of (1818)

  coronations in

  and famine

  and Napole
on

  Treasury

  and the Vikings

  Aare, River

  Aargau

  abbeys

  Acre, fall of (1291)

  Adam

  Adelaide of Alsace

  Adolf, Grand Duke of Luxembourg

  Agassiz, Louis

  Agincourt, Battle of (1415)

  Aigeline of Burgundy

  Aix-la-Chapelle, Treaty of (1748)

  Aix-la-Chapelle (Aachen) see Aachen (Aix-la-Chapelle)

  Alberich, Operation (1917)

  Albert, Prince Consort

  Albert VII, Archduke of Austria

  Albert Frederick, Duke of Prussia

  Alemanni

  Alexander I, Tsar of Russia

  Alexander II, Pope

  Alexander the Great

  Allen, General Henry T.

  Alps

  Alsace

  Alemanni in

  Great Peasants’ War (1524–5)

  and Maginot Line

  part of France

  part of Further Austria

  part of Germany (Gau Westmark)

  part of Germany (Reichsland Elsaß-Lothringen)

  Schloß Hochkönigsburg

  and Württemberg

  Alsace-Lorraine

  and First World War

  part of Prussia/Germany

  altar paintings

  Altenberg Abbey

  Alva, Fernando Álvarez de Toledo, 3rd Duke of

  Governor of the Netherlands

  and The Garden of Earthly Delights (Bosch)

  American Revolutionary War

  Amerongen Castle

  Amiens

  Amiens, Treaty of (1802)

  Amiens Cathedral

  Amikejo

  Amstel, River

  Amsterdam

  anchorites

  Angevin family

  Anglo-Dutch War, Fourth (1780–84)

  Anna, Duchess of Prussia

  Anne, Queen of England

  Anne of Cleves

  Anning, Mary

  Anthon, Battle of (1430)

  Anthony, Duke of Brabant

  anti-Semitism

  Antwerp

  diamond industry

  and the First World War

  Musée des Beaux Arts

  part of Belgium

  part of France

  part of the Spanish Netherlands

  part of the United Kingdom of the Netherlands

  Rubens’ house

  and the Second World War

  Siege of (1584–5)

  Siege of (1832)

  Siege of (1914)

  and the ‘Spanish Fury’ (1576)

  Antwerp Cathedral

  Antwerp Zoo

  Apollinaire, Guillaume

  Aquitaine, Duchy of

  Aragon, Kingdom of

  Arbalesters (crossbowmen), Guild of

  Ardennes

  and the First World War

  and the Second World War

  Arles, Kingdom of

  Armistice (1918)

  Army of the Ocean Coasts

  Arnulf, Holy Roman Emperor

  Arquebusiers, Guild of

  Arquebusiers’ Shooting Range, Dordrecht

  Arras

  Carrières Wellington

  Cathedral

  and the First World War

  and the Franco-Prussian War (1870–71)

  and the Second World War

  Siege of (1414)

  town hall

  Vauban fortress

  Arras, Battle of (1917)

  Artois

  and Dukes of Burgundy

  Artois, Count of

  Asterix books

  Athys-sur-Orge, Treaty of (1305)

  Augsburg, Peace of (1555)

  Augustusburg Palace

  Austrasia (‘eastern land’)

  Austrian Netherlands

  and Joseph II

  part of France

  part of the Kingdom of the Netherlands

  see also Spanish (Habsburg) Netherlands

  Austrian Succession, War of the (1740–48)

  Austro-Prussian War (1866)

  automata

  Avars

  Baarle-Hertog

  Baarle-Nassau

  Bachelin, Auguste

  Bad Godesberg

  Bad Wimpfen

  Baden, Grand Duchy of

  and Bavaria

  and France

  and Prussia

  Baden, Grand Dukes of

  Baden-Baden

  Baldwin I, King of Jerusalem

  Baldwin IX, Count of Flanders

  Balue, Jean de la, Cardinal

  Bar, Duchy of

  Barbarossa, Operation (1941)

  barrier fortresses

  Barrier Treaty (1709–15)

  Bart, Jean

  Barter, Richard

  Bartholdi, Frédéric

  Basle (Basel)

  Battle of Dornach (1499)

  Guild of Arquebusiers

  printing

  Reformation

  Basle, Bishop of

  Battle of Roncevalles (tapestry)

  Baux-Orange family

  Bavaria

  and Austrian Netherlands

  Electorate

  and Rhenish Palatinate

  Bavarian Palatinate

  Bavo, St

  Bayle, Pierre

  Bazaine, General Achille

  Beeldenstorm (‘statue storm’)

  beguinage, institution of

  Belfort

  Belgian Revolution (1830)

  Belgium

  Congress of Vienna (1814–15)

  and the Congo

  and the First World War

  fort-building

  and France

  German-speaking districts

  independence

  and Lotharingia

  neutrality

  and religion

  and the Second World War

  sovereignty

  ‘unredeemed cantons’

  Belgium, United States of

  Benedict, St

  Benedict XVI, Pope

  Bentheim, County of

  Berg, Counts of

  Berg, Duchy of

  Berlin

  Bern (Berne)

  Cathedral

  Bernard of Clairvaux, St

  Berry, Duchy of

  Berthold V, Duke of Zähringen

  Beyazid I (‘the Thunderbolt’), Sultan

  Bible, Dutch

  Bismarck, Otto von

  and France

  and Russia

  Black Death

  Black Forest

  Black Forest Towns

  Black Legend of Spain

  Blitz, the

  Blomfield, Sir Reginald

  Bohemia, Kingdom of

  Boleyn, Anne

  Bonn

  Bosch, Hieronymus

  Christ Carrying the Cross

  Last Judgement

  St John in the Wilderness

  Sixth Day of Creation

  The Garden of Earthly Delights

  The Last Judgement

  The Seven Deadly Sins and the Four Last Things

  The Stone Operation

  The Vagabond

  Boso of Provence

  Bouillon

  Bouillon, Duchy of

  Boulanger, Georges

  Boulogne

  Fort de l’Heurt

  Smollett on

  Upper Town

  Boulogne, Counts of

  Boulogne, County of

  Bourbaki, General Charles-Denis

  Bouvignes

  Bouvines, Battle of (1214)

  Brabant, Dukes of

  Brabant, Imperial Duchy of

  Spanish control

  Brandenburg

  Brandenburg, Elector of

  Breda

  Breda, Declaration of (1660)

  Breda, Lords of

  Breda, Siege of (1624)

  Breskens

  Brétigny, Treaty of (1
360)

  Brill (Brielle)

  Britain

  and the American Revolutionary War

  and Belgium

  and the Dutch Republic

  and the First World War

  and France

  and Joseph II

  and the Second World War

  and Spain

  see also England

  Britain, Battle of

  British Isles

  Browne, Sir Thomas

  Urne-Buriall

  Bruchsal

  Brueghel the Elder, Jan

  Brueghel the Elder, Pieter

  The Beekeepers and the Birdnester

  The Massacre of the Innocents

  The Triumph of Death

  Tower of Babel

  Bruges (Brugge)

  Church of Our Lady

  Claws uprising (1302)

  English wool trade

  and famine

  goldsmiths in

  and Margaret of York

  as port

  printers in

  and religion

  U-boat base

  Brugg

  Brünnhilde

  Bruno I, Duke of Lotharingia

  Brunswick-Wolfenbüttel, Charles, Duke of

  Brussels

  and the ‘Archdukes’

  Dürer visits

  and Mary of Hungary

  part of France

  part of Greater Germany

  part of the Austrian Netherlands

  Royal quarter and palace

  Brussels Convention

  Brussels Town Hall

  Burckhardt, Jakob

  Burgundian Circle

  Burgundians

  Burgundy

  Burgundy, County of

  see also Franche-Comté

  Burgundy, Dukes of

  and Louis XI

  see also specific Dukes

  Burgundy, Reichsgau of

  Burroughes, James

  Büsingen

  Cabaret Voltaire

  ‘Cadaver Synod’ (897)

  Calais

  English base

  Hogarth visits

  First World War

  and Louis XVIII

  Second World War

  Siege of (1346–7)

  Smollett visits

  Wars of the Roses

  Callot, Jacques: Great Miseries of the War

  Calvinism

  Camperdown, Battle of (1797)

  Campin, Robert

  Cape Finisterre, Battle of (1805)

  ‘Carrières Wellington’ (quarries)

  Carucci dalla Sommaja, Guglielmo Libri

  Casement, Roger

  Casimir, Johann, Count Palatine of Simmern

  Cassel

  Castre, Edouard

  Catholic League (1576)

  Catholicism

  in Antwerp

  art and iconoclasm

  Centre Party (Germany)

  Cologne War (1583–88)

  Council of Trent (1543–63)

  Counter-Reformation

  cult of the Virgin Mary

  and German nationalism

  Hogarth on