Lotharingia
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and Bohemia
become Habsburg–Lorraine dynasty
and the Hohenzollerns
as Holy Roman Emperors
and the Thirty Years War
and William the Silent
Habsburg Netherlands see Spanish (Habsburg) Netherlands
Haeseler, Gottlieb, Graf von
Hagenau (Haguenau)
Hainaut
halberds
Handgunners, Guild of
Hanover, Electorate of
Hanover, Kingdom of
Hanseatic League (‘Easterlings’)
Hastings, Battle of (1066)
Hauser, Kaspar
Hebel, Johann Peter
Hecker, Friedrich
Heidelberg
Heiliger Sand (Jewish cemetery), Worms
Hein, Admiral Piet
Henri, Count of Chambord (‘Henri V’)
Henri of Orléans, Prince
Henry, Count of Speyer
Henry, Émile
Henry I, Duke of Brabant and Lower Lotharingia
Henry I ‘the Fowler’
Henry II, King of England
Henry III, Count of Nassau and Lord of Breda
Henry III, Holy Roman Emperor
Henry IV, Holy Roman Emperor
Henry IV, King of France
Henry V, Holy Roman Emperor
Henry V, King of England
Henry V, King of France
Henry VII, King of England
Henry VIII, King of England
Henry Frederick, Prince of the Palatinate
heresy
Hergé (Georges Remi)
Herrad of Landsberg, The Garden of Delights
Herzl, Theodor
Herzog, Werner
Hesdin, palace at
Hesse, Electorate of
Hesse, Hermann
Hesse-Darmstadt, Grand Duchy of
Hildegard von Bingen
Himmler, Heinrich
Hindenburg Line
Hitler, Adolf
rise to power
hoards
Hoefnagel, Joris
Hogarth, William
The Gate of Calais
Hohenstaufen dynasty
Hohenzollern dynasty
Holbein, Hans
Dances
Holland, Counts of
palace of
Holland, County of
Amsterdam
Anglo-Russian invasion (1799)
colonies
‘Burgundian Circle’
and England
and France
floods
Marvell on
and Oldenbarnevelt
Spanish
Treaty of Ribemont (880)
Holland Deep, Dordrecht
Holy Roman Empire
and Amsterdam
and Belgium
Charles V
end of
and France
and the Golden Bull (1356)
and Joseph II
and Leopold II
and Lorraine
Lotharingia
and Napoleon
and the Ottoman Empire
Peace of Augsburg (1555)
and Protestantism
and the Swabians
and the Swiss
and the Thirty Years War
Hoorn, Philip de Montmorency, Count of
Hortus Botanicus, Leiden
Hospice of St Brice, Tournai
Hospices de Beaune
Hospital of the Countess, Lille
Hubert, St
Hudson’s Bay Company
Hugh, Duke of Alsace
Hugh Capet, King of the Franks
Huis Doorn
Humanist Library, Schlettstadt
Humboldt, Alexander von
Humphrey, Duke of Gloucester
Hundred Years War
Hus, Jan
Hussites
iconoclasm
Île-de-France
Imperial Free Cities
Indutiomarus
Irene, Eastern Roman Empress
Ironmongers, Guild of
Isabella I, Queen of Castile
Isabella of France
Isabella Clara Eugenia, Governor of the Netherlands
Isle of Portland
Italian Wars (1521–6)
Italy
and Austria
and Charles VIII
and the Holy Roman Empire
and the First World War
and Lothair I
and the St Gotthard Pass
Spanish Road
unification
Ivens, Joris
ivory, Congo
Jacqueline of Holland
James I & VI, King of England and Scotland
James II & VII, King of England and Scotland
Japan
land grab (1941–2)
Jean I, Duke of Lorraine
Jemappe, Department of
Jemappes, Battle of (1792)
Jerusalem
Jesuits
Jesus
Jews
and the Black Death
massacres
Spanish
see also anti-Semitism
Joan, Countess of Flanders
Joan of Arc
Joanna (‘the Mad’), Queen of Castile
Joffre, General Joseph
Johann Wilhelm, Duke of Jülich-Kleve-Berg
John, King of England
John I, King of France
John I of Chalon-Arlay
John II, King of France (John the Good)
John III, Duke of Bavaria
John III, Lord of Chalon-Arlay (John I of Orange)
John IV, Duke of Brabant
John IV, Lord of Chalon-Arlay
John the Fearless, Duke of Burgundy
Crusade (1396)
death
Duke John Dike, Scheldt
and France
Joseph II, Holy Roman Emperor
Josephine, Empress
Juan, Prince of Asturias
Jülich, Duchy of
Julius Caesar
Justinus of Nassau
Jutta von Sponheim
Kalamazoo, Michigan
Karlsruhe, Baden
Kawahara Keiga
Keith, George,th Earl Marischal
Kelmis
Kettle War (1784)
Kilomètre
Klemens Wenzeslaus, Archbishop-Elector of Trier
Kleve, Duchy of
Kleve (Cleves)
Kleve Crisis
Knights Hall, The Hague
Koblenz (Coblence)
Konstanjevica, Monastery of
Konstanz (Constance)
Konstanz, Council of (1417)
Konstanz, Lake
Kortrijk
Kortrijk, Battle of (the Battle of the Golden Spurs) (1302)
Kusumoto Ine
Kusumoto Tagi
la Tour, Georges de
Lamormaini, Wilhelm
Lang, Fritz, Die Nibelungen (film, 1924)
Latin language
Lausanne Cathedral
Lausberg, Widow
Lawrence, St
Lawrence, D. H.
Lawrence, Sir Thomas
Le Havre
Le Petit Journal
League of Augsburg, War of the (1688–97)
Lechfeld, Battle of (955)
Leclerc (de Hautecloque), Philippe
Leeuwenhoek, Antonie van
Leicester, Robert Sidney,st Earl of
Leiden
Lenin, Vladimir Ilyich
Leopold, Duke of Lorraine
Leopold, Grand Duke of Baden
Leopold I, Duke of Austria
Leopold I, Holy Roman Emperor
Leopold II, Holy Roman Emperor
Leopold II, King of Belgium
Leopold III, Duke of Austria
Leopold III, King of Belgium
Leopold Clement, Hereditary Prince of Lorraine
Leopold Wilhelm, Archduke
Leopold-Eberhard, Duke of Württemberg-Montbéliard
Les Invalides, Paris
Leszczyn´ski, Stanisław, King of Poland
Leuven
Leuven, Battle of (891)
Leuven, Catholic University of
Lichtveld, Lou
Liège, Bishopric of
Liège, Bishops of
Liège, Count of
Liège, Republic of
Liège Cathedral
Lille
Cathedral
Lille, Battle of (1940)
Lille, Siege of (1667)
‘Limesprogramm’
lingua romana
Lisle, Claude Joseph Rouget de, ‘Marseillaise’
Lochner, Stefan
Locke, John
Lohnhof, Basle
London
Long Turkish War (1593–1606)
Longbowmen, Guild of
Lörrach
Lorraine
and Charles the Bold
Habsburg ally
part of France
part of Germania Inferior
part of Reichsland Elsaß-Lothringen
Spanish Road
see also Alsace-Lorraine; Lotharingia
Lorraine, Duchy of
Lorraine, Dukes of
chapel of
Lothair I, Holy Roman Emperor
Lothair II, Holy Roman Emperor
Lotharingia, Duke of
Lotharingia (Middle Francia)
absorption by East Francia
absorption by the Holy Roman Empire
and Flanders
geographical definition
and religion
see also Belgium; Lorraine; Luxembourg, Grand Duchy of; Netherlands; Swiss Confederation, northern part
Louis I ‘the German’, King of East Francia
Louis I ‘the Pious’, King of the Franks
Louis II, Duke of Bourbon
Louis II, Lord of Chalon-Arlay, Prince of Orange
Louis III, King of France
Louis VII, King of France
Louis X, King of France
Louis XI, King of France
Louis XIII, King of France
Louis XIV, King of France
Louis XV, King of France
Louis XVI, King of France
Louis XVIII, King of France
Louis XIX, King of France
Louis Bonaparte (Louis I of Holland)
Louis of Mâle, Count of Flanders
Louis Napoléon, Prince Imperial (‘Lou-Lou’)
Louis of Nassau
Louis Philippe I, King of the French
Louisiana
Louvain (Leuven)
Louvre Museum, Paris
Low Countries
and Albrecht Dürer
and the Black Death
and religion
and the Second World War
see also Belgium; Luxembourg; Netherlands
Ludendorff, General Erich
Ludwig I, Grand Duke of Baden
Ludwig VI (Louis VI), Elector Palatine
Ludwig Wilhelm, Margrave of Baden
Luke, St, Guild of
Lunéville (Lünstadt)
Luther, Martin
Lutheranism
Lutyens, Sir Edward
Luxembourg
Luxembourg, Grand Duchy of
Luxembourg City
Luzern (Lucerne)
Luzern, Lake
Maastricht
Maastricht, Siege of (1673)
Maastricht, treasury of
Mackensen, August von
Madeira
Madrid
Magdeburg
Maginot, André
Maginot Line
Main, River
Mainz (Mayence)
Mainz, Archbishop of
Mainz, Republic of
Mainz Cathedral
Udenheimer Crucifix
Malmédy
Malplaquet, Battle of (1709)
Man, Cornelis de: The Anatomy Lesson
Mannheim
Mansfeld-Eisleben, Agnes von
map-tables, Lille
Margaret of Austria, Duchess of Savoy
Margaret of Bavaria
Margaret of Burgundy
Margaret of Flanders
Margaret of York
crown
Maria de Ágreda
Maria of Austria
Maria of Brandenburg-Kulmbach
Maria Feodorovna (Sophie Dorothea of Württemburg), Empress Consort of Russia
Maria Theresa, Holy Roman Empress
Marie Antoinette, Queen of France
Marie of Baux-Orange
Mark, County of
Market Garden, Operation (1944)
Marne, Battle of the (1914)
Mars-la-Tour, Battle of (1870)
Martel, Charles
Marvell, Andrew
Marx, Jenny
Marx, Karl
Mary, Mother of Jesus
cult of
Mary I, Queen of England
Mary II, Queen of England
Mary of Hungary
Mary ‘the Rich’ of Burgundy
Maulbronn Abbey
Maurice, Prince of Orange (Maurice of Nassau)
Maurice, Prince Palatine of the Rhine
Mauritius
Maximilian I, Holy Roman Emperor
Maximilian II, Holy Roman Emperor
May Uprising, Baden (1849)
Mayer van den Bergh Museum, Antwerp
Mechelen (Malines)
Cathedral
‘Mechelen plan’
Mehmet the Conqueror, Sultan
Mélac, Ezéchiel du Mas, Count of
Menin Gate
Mennonites
Merovingian dynasty
Metsijs, Quinten: The Lamentation
Metternich, Clemens, Prince von
Metz
Metz Cathedral
Metz railway station
Meuse, River
Meuse–Argonne offensives
Mexico
Michelangelo
microscopy
Middelburg
Mikhailovna, Elizabeth, Grand Duchess
missionaries, Congo
Mithraism
Mohács, Battle of (1687)
monarchy
elected
French
German
hereditary
monasteries
Mondrian, Piet
Mongols
monks
Monnet, Jean
Mons
Mons, Siege of (1691)
Mont-Tonnerre, Département du
Montbéliard (Mömpelgard)
Montereau
Montezuma
Montlhéry, Battle of (1465)
Montreux
‘moresca’ (dance)
Morgarten, Battle of (1315)
mosasaurs
Moselle, River
Mulhouse
Munich Conference (1938)
Münster
Murten, Battle of (1476)
Musée des Beaux Arts, Antwerp
Musée des Beaux Arts, Lille
Musée des Beaux Arts, Tournai
Musée Grévin, Paris
Museum by the River (MAS), Antwerp
Museum of Lorraine, Nancy
Muslims
and the Crusades
European raids
invasion of France
Namur
Namur, County of
Namur, Siege of (1695)
Nancy (Nanzig)
mausoleum of the Dukes of Lorraine
Nancy, Battle of (1477)
Napoleon Bonaparte
crowns himself Emperor of the French
and the fall of the Western Roman Empire
and the Porta Nigra
spectre of
Napoleon III, Emperor of the French
Napoleonic Wars (1803–15)
Nassau
Nassau, Counts of
Nassau, Grand Duchy of
National Herbarium, Brussels
nationalism
Nations, Battle of the (1812)
Nazi Party
Nazism
Neanderthals
Nebuchadnezzar, King
Neerwinden, Battle of (1793)
Nether Rhine River
Netherlands, Kingdom of the
and Albrecht Dürer
and Amsterdam
and Baarle-Hertog
and Belgium
and Britain
and Charlemagne
and England
and the First World War
and flooding
and France
and Margaret of Austria
and Neutral Moresnet
northern
partitioning (1640s)
and religion
St Elizabeth Day floods
and the Second World War
and Spain see Spanish (Habsburg) Netherlands
and the Thirty Years War
and the Vikings
wealth
Zeeland floods (1953)
see also Austrian Netherlands; Spanish (Habsburg) Netherlands
Netherlands, United Kingdom of the
Netherlands university, Leuven
Neuchâtel (Neuenburg)
Neuchâtel, Counts of
Neumann, Johann Balthazar
Neuss, Siege of (1474–5)
Neustria
Neutral Moresnet
New Middelburg
New York
Nibelungenlied
Nice, County of
Nicholas I, Tsar of Russia
Nicholas II, Tsar of Russia
Nicopolis, Battle of (1396)
Nietzsche, Friedrich Wilhelm
Nijmegen
Nonsuch, Treaty of (1585)
Normandy
North Africa
North America
North German Confederation
North Sea
North Sea Aquarium, Ostend
Notker the Stammerer
Notre-Dame de Paris
nuns
Nuremberg
Obelix
Odenthal valley
Offenburg fortress
okapi
Old Church, Delft
Old Maas River
Old Stock Exchange, Lille
oliphants
Orange, Principality of
Ostend
Ostend, Siege of (1601–4)
Othée, Battle of (1408)
Otto, Crown Prince of Austria
Otto I ‘the Great’, Holy Roman Emperor
Otto IV, Holy Roman Emperor
Ottoman Empire
Ottomans
Ottonian dynasty
Overijssel
paganism
erasure of
pagan burials
Palatinate (Pfalz)
and Bavaria
and Calvinism
Protestant Union
paper
Paris
Parma, Alessandro Farnese, Duke of
Patinir, Joachim
Paul I, Tsar of Russia
Pavlovsk Palace, St Petersburg
Pepin the Short, King of the Franks
Perry, Commodore Matthew
Pétain, Marshal Philippe
Peter the Great, Tsar of Russia
Peter the Hermit
Philibert, Lord of Chalon
Philibert II, Duke of Savoy
Philip I ‘the Good’, Duke of Burgundy
Philip I ‘the Handsome’, King of Castile
Philip II, King of France (Philip Augustus)