Scipio's End

by Martin Tessmer

  [clxxvii] The Nemoralia was celebrated by Romans in August at the rising of the full moon. There was likely an equivalent in Greece. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nemoralia

  [clxxviii] Livy, 37, 7, 284.

  [clxxix] Ibid.

  [clxxx] King Philip's elite cavalry.

  [clxxxi] Livy, 27, 7, 285.

  [clxxxii] Lake Vegoritida. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lake_Vegoritida

  [clxxxiii] Near modern day Teos, on the Ionian peninsula.

  [clxxxiv] Livy, 37, 28. 306.

  [clxxxv] Ibid.

  [clxxxvi] Livy, 37, 29, 306.

  [clxxxvii] Livy, 37, 29, 307.

  [clxxxviii] Ibid.

  [clxxxix] https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lucius_Aemilius_Regillus. He offered his prayer to the lares permarini, the deities who protect seafarers.

  [cxc] https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greek_fire#History

  [cxci] Livy, 27, 30, 308.

  [cxcii] Ibid.

  [cxciii] Ibid.

  [cxciv] Livy, 37, 31, 309.

  [cxcv] Ibid.

  [cxcvi] https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elections_in_the_Roman_Republic

  [cxcvii]https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marcus_Fulvius_Nobilior_(consul_189_BC).

  [cxcviii] Ibid.

  [cxcix] https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elections_in_the_Roman_Republic

  [cc] Ibid.

  [cci] Ibid.

  [ccii] Ibid.

  [cciii] As described in Scipio Risen.

  [cciv] Ibid.

  [ccv] https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gallipoli

  [ccvi] Gabriel, p. 222.

  [ccvii] https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salii

  [ccviii] See footnote 11 in Livy, 37, 33, 311.

  [ccix] Near modern Sart, in western Turkey.

  [ccx] Livy, 37, 34, 312.

  [ccxi] Ibid.

  [ccxii] https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beer_in_Syria#Ancient_history. Beer recipes were found on tablets dated to 2500 BCE.

  [ccxiii] Livy, 37, 35, 313.

  [ccxiv] Ibid.

  [ccxv] Gabriel, 224.

  [ccxvi] Livy, 37, 36, 314.

  [ccxvii] Gabriel, p. 224.

  [ccxviii] Ibid.

  [ccxix] Gabriel, 226.

  [ccxx] Livy, 37, 37, 315.

  [ccxxi] Ibid.

  [ccxxii] Modern-day Manisa, Turkey.

  [ccxxiii] Livy, 37, 37, 315.

  [ccxxiv] Livy, 27, 38, 316.

  [ccxxv] Livy, 27, 39, 316

  [ccxxvi] Gabriel, 226.

  [ccxxvii] Livy, 37, 41, 319.

  [ccxxviii] Gabriel, p. 227.

  [ccxxix] Livy, 38, 40, 318.

  [ccxxx] Ibid.

  [ccxxxi] https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Magnesia

  [ccxxxii] Ibid.

  [ccxxxiii] Livy, 37, 42, 320.

  [ccxxxiv] Ibid.

  [ccxxxv] Livy, 37, 42, 321.

  [ccxxxvi] https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phalanx#Pushing

  [ccxxxvii] Livy, 37, 42, 320.

  [ccxxxviii] Ibid.

  [ccxxxix] Ibid.

  [ccxl] Livy, 37, 43, 321.

  [ccxli] Ibid.

  [ccxlii] https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cataphract

  [ccxliii] Livy, 37, 43, 322.

  [ccxliv] https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hannibal

  [ccxlv] Livy, 37, 43, 322.

  [ccxlvi] Ibid.

  [ccxlvii] Livy, 37, 45, 323.

  [ccxlviii] Livy, 37, 47, 324.

  [ccxlix] Ibid.

  [ccl] Ibid.

  [ccli] Ibid.

  [cclii] https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Princeps_senatus

  [ccliii] Gabriel, p. 230.

  [ccliv] Ibid.

  [cclv] https://www.ancient.eu/Roman_Triumph/

  [cclvi] Livy, 38, 50, 385.

  [cclvii] https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Princeps_senatus

  [cclviii] Appian (Chapter VII, Book 40) attests that Scipio was festively garbed instead of wearing the drab clothing that trial victims customarily wore.

  [cclix] Appian, Polybius, and Livy attest that Scipio did not directly answer the charges, but proceeded to outline his life and victories. See Livy, 38, 50, 385.

  [cclx] Polybius, 23, 14.

  [cclxi] Gabriel, 232.

  [cclxii] Gabriel, p. 230, reports this incident happening in 185 BCE. The scene depicted in this book is a combination of Scipio's reactions to several different accusations.

  [cclxiii] Appian, Chapter VII, Book 40.

  [cclxiv] Ibid.

  [cclxv] Livy, 38, 51, 387.

  [cclxvi] Gabriel, 231.

  [cclxvii] Livy, 38, 57, 393.

  [cclxviii] Aristotle, Nicomachean Ethics. Translated by Martin Oswald. Indianapolis, IN: Library of Liberal Arts. Book II, p. 33.

  [cclxix] Ibid, pp. 33-35.

  [cclxx]Gabriel, p. 233.

  [cclxxi] These words are an adaptation of the speech Tiberius Gracchus gave to the Senate, in defense of Scipio. See Livy, 38, 53, 388.

  [cclxxii] Ibid.

  [cclxxiii]Gabriel, 232.

  [cclxxiv] Nicomedia was the capitol of Bythnia, a northwestern region of modern day Turkey.

  [cclxxv] https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hannibal#Death_.28183_to_181_BC.29

  [cclxxvi] https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lucius_Valerius_Flaccus_(consul_195_BC)

  [cclxxvii] https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ager_publicus

  [cclxxviii] https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Histories_(Polybius)

  [cclxxix] As described in Scipio Rising, Chapter One.

  [cclxxx] https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cornelia_Africana

  [cclxxxi] https://www.britannica.com/topic/Optimates-and-Populares

  [cclxxxii] https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tiberius_Gracchus

  [cclxxxiii] Plutarch, "Tiberius and Gaius Gracchus." Roman Lives, Book 9, p. 90.

  [cclxxxiv] Plutarch, p. 83.