Njord and Skadi

by Sheena McGrath

  [17] Drobin 1968: 31.

  [18] Sorensen1998: 240.

  [19] http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First_Vatican_Council

  [20] http://www.vatican.va/holy_father/pius_xii/apost_constitutions/documents/hf_p-xii_apc_19501101_munificentissimus-deus_en.html

  [21] http://tvtropes.org/pmwiki/pmwiki.php/Main/Retcon

  [22] http://www.happletea.com/2011/07/08/watchful-eyes/

  [23] http://www.timothystephany.com/constellations.html

  [24] Byock 2006: Loc. 3692.

  [25] Dillman 1991: 175.

  [26] Ibid: 179.

  [27] Ibid: 178.

  [28] Ibid: 176.

  [29] Lincoln 1999: 172.

  [30] Clunies Ross 1994: 126 n. 24.

  [31] Miller 1990: 125-6.

  [32] Ibid: 126.

  [33] Lindow 2008: 171.

  [34] Skr. 39, Larrington's trans.: 67.

  [35] The Wikipedia entry for Njord has a lovely picture of him letting the winds out of a bag.

  [36] Słupecki 2012: 289.

  [37] Ibid: 289.

  [38] http://shadowlight.gydja.com/solarljod.html

  [39] See Young 1933: 79ff.

  [40] Simek 1996: 136.

  [41] Lindow 2001: 169.

  [42] Frog and Roper 2011: 34.

  [43] Laing: 218. (available here: http://www.sacred-texts.com/neu/heim/02ynglga.htm)

  [44] Hkr (trans. Monsen and Smith): 7.

  [45] quoted in Dumézil 1955: 215. (my translation)

  [46] Motz 1992: 3.

  [47] Grimm: 256.

  [48] Ibid: 252.

  [49] McKinnell 2005: 51.

  [50] Ibid: 50.

  [51] Ibid: 51.

  [52] Simek 1996: 230.

  [53] It should be noted that this last pairing is not in universal favour; some, like Simek (1996: 86), think Fjorgyn is a late invention.

  [54] North 1997: 20-1.

  [55] Orchard 1998/2002: 412. (But see http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Talk%3AList_of_names_of_Odin)

  [56] Welshbach: 48.

  [57] Clunies-Ross: 1987: 172-3.

  [58] Lindow 2001: 160.

  [59] Hkr (trans. Monsen and Smith): 6.

  [60] Lindow 2001: 161.

  [61] Hull 1902-4: 261.

  [62] Hkr (trans. Monsen and Smith): 87.

  [63]www.northvegr.org/sagas%20annd%20epics/kings%20sagas/heimskringla/009_16.html

  [64] Turville-Petre 1975: 164.

  [65] Motz 1981c: 503.

  [66] Orchard 1998/2002: 360.

  [67] Dumézil 1973: 35, n. 18.

  [68] http://www.koshabq.org/2012/12/30/skadi-building-on-the-old-foundations/

  [69] McKinnell 2005: 63.

  [70] http://freya.theladyofthelabyrinth.com/?page_id=79

  [71] Welshbach: 14.

  [72] Simek 1996: 287.

  [73] Welshbach: 15.

  [74] Simek 1996: 287.

  [75] Abram 2006: 15.

  [76] Welschbach 2012: 51.

  [77] Simek 1996: 170.

  [78] http://www.norsegodsasatru.net/disir.html

  [79] http://www.norsegodsasatru.net/disir.html

  [80] Simek 1996: 133.

  [81] Faulkes: 112.

  [82] McKinnell 2014: Loc. 7546.

  [83] McKinnell 2005: 81-5.

  [84] Chadwick 1950: 409.

  [85]http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%9Eorger%C3%B0r_H%C3%B6lgabr%C3%BA%C3%B0r_and_Irpa

  [86] Røthe 2007: 4.

  [87] Chadwick 1900: 292.

  [88] Kristensen 2007: 155-9.

  [89] http://www.scribd.com/doc/71470501/The-Eddas-Loki

  [90] Wanner 2009: 224.

  [91] Ibid: 241.

  [92] Chabon 2009: 52.

  [93] Ibid: 52.

  [94] Liberman 1992: 109.

  [95]http://www.germanicmythology.com/FORNALDARSAGAS/SORLATHATTURKERSHAW.html

  [96] Lindow 2001: 208.

  [97] Simek 1996: 186.

  [98] Ibid: 186-7.

  [99] Lindow 1997: 53.

  [100] Ibid: 54.

  [101] Larrington 2006: 545.

  [102] http://loki.ragnarokr.com/pipindex.htm

  [103] Strom 1956: 75.

  [104]http://www.webcitation.org/query?url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.geocities.com%2Figdrasilas%2Fhaustlong.htm&date=2009-10-26%2000%3A22%3A05

  [105] North 1997: 23.

  [106] http://forums.skadi.net/showthread.php?t=74157

  [107] http://www.gocomics.com/doonesbury/1988/09/08

  [108] Larrington 1996: 6.

  [109] McKinnell 1994: 112.

  [110] There are several online sources for Loka tattur, including Wikipedia, and a version of the ballad at: http://www.boudicca.de/lokkatattur-e.html.

  [111] http://ladynorthstar.deviantart.com/art/Loki-Odin-Hoenir-unwise-216806690

  [112] Simek 1996: 99.

  [113] Motz 1987: 311.

  [114] http://abdn.ac.uk/skaldic/m.php?p=versei&i=1319

  [115] Simek 1996: 252.

  [116] http://www.theapricity.com/forum/showthread.php?t=270, accessed March 22, 2012.

  [117] Clunies-Ross 1994: 67.

  [118] Allen: 313.

  [119] http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aurvandil

  [120] McKinnell 2005: 63, n. 7.

  [121] McLeod and Mees 2006: 129.

  [122] Ibid: 129.

  [123] Ibid: 130.

  [124] Steinsland 1987: 219.

  [125] Oosten 1985: 50.

  [126] Clunies-Ross 2005: 90.

  [127] McKinnell 1987-8: 259.

  [128] Since Gerdr greets Skirnir in Skirnirsmal by saying she fears he is her brother's slayer, some (e.g.: Davidson 1964: 164, n. 1) have seen a conection between her and Idunn.

  [129] Byock 2005: 36.

  [130] Davidson 1990: 165.

  [131] McGrath 2012: 18-9.

  [132] Lady Gregory 1904: 56-7.

  [133] McGrath 2012: 19.

  [134] Ibid: 20.

  [135] Davidson 1990:165.

  [136] Ibid: 166.

  [137] http://symbolism.wikia.com/wiki/Walnuts

  [138] Lindow 2001: 198.

  [139] West 2007: 159, n. 134.

  [140] Ibid.

  [141] Grimstad 2000: 79-81.

  [142]http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A2003.02.0003%3Achapter%3D2

  [143] Motz 1993: 51.

  [144] Rubin 2011: 177.

  [145] Clunies-Ross 1994: 123.

  [146] Lindow 1997: 91.

  [147] Oosten 1985: 46.

  [148] Wikipedia entry "Euhemerism": http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Euhemerism

  [149] Simek 1996: 109. (Etymologies for Musp. and Nifl. also come from Simek: 222-3 and 232.)

  [150] Ibid: 232.

  [151] Wikipedia entry "Nine Worlds": http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norse_cosmology

  [152] Simek 1996: 20.

  [153] Simek 2010.

  [154] Lindow 2001: 229.

  [155] Orchard 1998/2002: 252.

  [156] Simek 1996: 180.

  [157] Wanner 2009b: 45.

  [158] Ibid: 45.

  [159] Lindow 2001: 206.

  [160]Davidson and Fisher 1996: 22.

  [161] Ibid: 30.

  [162] Ibid: 12-3.

  [163] http://omacl.org/Cormac/

  [164] Poole: 38.

  [165] Eggertsdóttir: 101.

  [166] Lindow 2008: 174.

  [167] Poole 1997: 47.

  [168] Lindow 2008: 177.

  [169] Ibid: 179.

  [170] Lindow 1992: 132-3.

  [171] Clunies-Ross 1989: 8.

  [172] Lindow 1992: 131.

  [173] http://www.nlgeotourism.com/content/father-duffys-well/nflF7D8E6282791E15D9

  [174] Davidson 1998: 128.

  [175] Paplauskas-Ramunas 1952: 128.

  [176] Davidson 1998: 128.

  [177] Doss-Quinby 2001:151.

  [178] http://www.wtv-zone.com/phyrst/audio/nfld/01/beach.htm

  [179] http://tolkiengateway.net/wiki/ Black_Númenóreans

  [180
] http://tolkiengateway.net/wiki/ Berúthiel

  [181] http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cats_of_Queen_Berúthiel

  [182] http://tolkiengateway.net/wiki/ Berúthiel

  [183] Doniger: 119.

  [184] Guerber 1994: 115-6.

  [185] Bibre 1986: 25.

  [186] Found at the Wayback Machine: http://web.archive.org/web/20080304171217/http://www.vinland.org/heathen/mt/njordhrskadhi.html

  [187] Bennett 2009: 62.

  [188] Holm 2002: 76.

  [189] Mundal 2000: 349.

  [190] Mundal 2000: 349.

  [191] Clunies-Ross 1994: 233.

  [192] Oosten: 46.

  [193] Oosten: 40.

  [194] Sahlins: 191.

  [195] Angela Carter, describing a stay in hospital

  [196] Kristensen: 151

  [197] Kristensen: 166-7.

  [198] McKinnell 2005: 62.

  [199] McKinnell 2005: 70-1.

  [200] de Vries 1937: 37.

  [201] Jakobsson 2009: 181.

  [202] Clark 2013: 11-12.

  [203]http://lexicon.ff.cuni.cz/html/oi_cleasbyvigfusson/b0498.html (accessed June 22, 2009)

  [204] Motz 1987: 295.

  [205] Simek 1996: 180. Krosen (1996: 58) disputes this.

  [206] Mees 2009: 685-6.

  [207] Kroesen 1996: 56.

  [208] Jakobsson, 2005: 14.

  [209] Motz 1987: 199, n. 40.

  [210] Faulkes: 94.

  [211] Lindow 1997: 18.

  [212] Jakobsson 2009: 109.

  [213] Faulkes: 77.

  [214] Jakobsson 2009: 108.

  [215] trans. from http://freya.theladyofthelabyrinth.com/?page_id=79

  [216] Faulkes: 17.

  [217] Clunies-Ross 1994: 62.

  [218] Ibid: 62.

  [219] Chabon: 53.

  [220] Steinsland 1986: 213.

  [221] Ibid: 213-4.

  [222] McKinnell 2014: Loc 7539.

  [223] Welschbach: 27.

  [224] http://www.sacred-texts.com/neu/ice/is3/is302.htm

  [225]http://www.germanicmythology.com/FORNALDARSAGAS/HversuNoregrDasent.html

  [226] Anderson: 98.

  [227] Anderson: 98, n. 1.

  [228] Lindow 2001: 118-9.

  [229] Langeslag: 34.

  [230] Lindow 2001: 118-9.

  [231] Motz 1981b: 501.

  [232] Langeslag: 36.

  [233] McKinnell 2014: Loc. 7540.

  [234] Adam of Bremen/Tshan: 70.

  [235] Davidson 1993: 61-2.

  [236] Paxson 2006: 29.

  [237] Motz 1984: esp. 175.

  [238] Ibid: 179.

  [239] Ibid: 185.

  [240] Ibid: 183.

  [241] Ibid: 186.

  [242] Ibid: 504.

  [243] Steinsland 1986: 218.

  [244] Welshbach: 55-7.

  [245] Clunies-Ross 1989: 4.

  [246] Ibid: 22.

  [247] Dronke 1969: 42.

  [248] Ibid: 42.

  [249] Tschan 2002: 207. (Also quoted p. 42 of Arnold 2011.)

  [250] although she draws the line at giants.

  [251] http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Freyr

  [252] Tapp 1956: 86.

  [253] Simek 1996: 87.

  [254] known as Gullinbursti, "Gold-Bristles" elsewhere.

  [255] http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beli_%28Norse_giant%29

  [256] Dronke 1988: 231.

  [257] Schjødt 2012.

  [258] Doniger 2008: 27.

  [259] Frog and Roper 2011.

  [260] Tolley 2011.

  [261] Tolley 2011: 21.

  [262] Schjødt 2012.

  [263] Nygaard: 224.

  [264] Freyjasgodhi 1988: 9.

  [265] Kristensen (17) thinks the same, except that he locates Hoenir in Hel.

  [266] Gardenstone: 23.

  [267] Motz 1992:3.

  [268] Gardenstone: 44.

  [269] Grimm: 252.

  [270] http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cats_of_Queen_ Berúthiel

  [271] Gardenstone: 80.

  [272] Davidson 1990: 93.

  [273] Simek 1996: 199.

  [274] http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Freyr

  [275] Heinrichs 1994: 55.

  [276] West 2007: 133. Apparently when Athena steps into a warrior's chariot in the Iliad, it becomes too heavy to move.

  [277] Polomé 1999: 149.

  [278] Hopkins: 43, n. 6.

  [279] Ibid: 39-44.

  [280] quoted by Hrafnhild: 15.

  [281] http://www.northernpaganism.org/shrines/niorun/about.html

  [282] Hopkins: 39.

  [283] Adkins and Adkins 2000: 163.

  [284] Lindow 2001: 121.

  [285] Dronke 1962: 262.

  [286] Chabon 2009: 48.

  [287] Mitchell 1983: 117.

  [288] Bibre 1986: 20.

  [289] Hollander 1990: 137.

  [290] Lindow 2008: 169.

  [291] North 2009: 275.

  [292] http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conditional_mood

  [293] Frank 2007: 177.

  [294] Motz 1996: 78.

  [295] Motz 1981b: 125-6.

  [296] Frank 2007: 190

  [297] Larrington 1992a: 5.

  [298] Ibid: 7.

  [299] Fridriksdóttir: 120-1.

  [300] Larrington 1992a: 11.

  [301] Fridriksdóttir: 127.

  [302] Jacobs 2014: 154.

  [303] Ibid.

  [304] Fridriksdottir : 67.

  [305] Jacobs: 164.

  [306] Ibid: 165.

  [307] Walker: 940.

  [308] Adams 2013: 189.

  [309] Ibid: 199.

  [310] https://notendur.hi.is//~eybjorn/ugm/volsi.html

  [311] https://notendur.hi.is//~eybjorn/ugm/volsi.html

  [312] Tolley 2009: 693.

  [313] Adam of Bremen/Tschan: 207.

  [314] Davidson 1990: 97-8.

  [315] Tolley 2009: 695.

  [316] Ibid: 695.

  [317] Ibid: 697.

  [318] Faulkes: 56-7.

  [319] Clover 1986: 46.

  [320] Larson (trans.) 2011: 294. (originally 1935)

  [321] Mitchell 1983: 113.

  [322] Miller 1990: 178.

  [323] Ibid: 122.

  [324] Faulkes 51.

  [325] Lindow 1997: 58.

  [326] Ibid: 58.

  [327] although Snorri tells us that Thiazi had two brothers, Idi and Gang, they don’t appear in this myth.