by Linda Gordon
Boulder Dam commission of, 130, 137
cowboy persona of, 47, 65, 67
death of, 348–49
DL’s first meeting with, 47–48
first marriage of, see Tobey, Lillian West
illustrator career of, 67–68, 69
Indians admired by, 65–66, 71, 72–74, 78, 83–84, 87, 88
insulting behavior of, 79, 90–93, 120, 179
lost Western wilderness mourned by, 65, 71, 78, 79, 127, 336, 373
at Monkey Block art colony, 68–69, 70, 127, 130
murals by, 70, 77–78, 84, 94, 95, 129
in New York City, 69–70, 84
as parent, 81, 87, 109, 110, 111, 178, 179–80
personality of, xvi, 74, 79, 93, 110, 111, 138, 169
Dixon, Maynard (continued)
political attitudes of, 84, 91, 95, 125–26, 127, 130
third marriage of, see Dixon, Edith Hamlin
urban Depression paintings of, 130, 135–36
womanizing of, 90, 110–11, 138, 173, 174
see also Lange-Dixon relationship
documentary photography, xvi–xix, xxi, xxii, xxiii, 118, 157, 242–43, 405–9
as art, 203–4, 209
authenticity of, 204, 239–40, 280–81, 353
DL’s definition of, 408
DL’s unrealized projects for, 402, 410, 411–12, 413, 428, 429
Lange-Taylor Prize for, 429
privacy invasion and, 115–16, 161
as propaganda, 327–31, 333, 353, 408
social-justice, 51, 99, 128, 193, 206
Dorothea Lange Looks at the American Country Woman (Lange), 402
Dos Passos, John, 126
Douglas, Helen Gahagan, 354–55
“drop foot” (talipes equines), 13
drought, 195, 224, 239, 245, 247, 251, 252, 253, 259, 283
Duncan, Isadora, 30–31, 32, 52, 57, 75, 89, 153, 417–18
Durán, Mercedes, 145–46
dust bowl, 244–53, 245, 251, 259, 260, 283
dust storms in, 244, 252–53, 285
origins of, 250–52
dust bowl refugees (Okies), 165–68, 166, 167, 220, 224–32, 244–58, 272, 282, 285, 332, 425
auto caravans of, 247–49
citizenship rights denied to, 226–27, 255–58
at FSA camps, 227–32
highways and, 253–55, 255, 283
as new pioneers, 165–66, 248, 283
quoted comments of, 225, 227, 230, 242, 245, 247, 249, 252, 254, 256
racism of, 226, 229
women, 246–47, 247, 248, 249, 254
see also American Exodus, An; Migrant Mother
Ecuador, 394–95, 395
Edwards, Mary Jeanette, 157, 290
Egypt, xiv, 388, 392, 395–97, 410, 411, 415
Eisenhower, Dwight D., 363
Eisenstaedt, Alfred, 128
Eisenstein, Sergei, 130
Eliott, William Yandell, 173
Elkus, Albert, Jr., 56
Elkus, Charles de Young, 55–56
Elkus, Elizabeth, 55–56, 91, 126
Elliott, George, 407
embedded photographers, 316
England, 158, 251, 328, 383, 394
environmentalism, xv, xx, 57, 123, 126, 130, 244, 249, 259, 262, 283, 354–55, 373, 408, 424, 426
Evans, Ernestine, 198
Evans, Walker, xvii, 64, 198, 200, 201, 203, 204, 205, 260, 263, 280, 281–82, 291–92, 307, 407, 410
Exhibition of Independent Artists (1910), 29
“Family of Man” exhibition, 345, 358–64, 411
Fanger, Donald, 180, 181, 312, 313, 394
Fanger, Margot Taylor, 153, 181, 348, 357, 394, 397, 414–15, 416
in blended family, 175–85, 365
placing out of, 173–74, 176–80
Farm Bureau Federation, 150, 151, 158
farmers, 114, 141
cooperative, 195, 276–78, 286, 386
family, 195, 215, 250, 285, 330, 336, 354, 367
smallholders, 204, 225, 273, 354, 385
tenant, 158–59, 194, 209, 250–51, 252, 264–78, 281, 283, 285, 385; see also sharecroppers
farmers, large-scale, 143, 146–51, 158, 159, 162, 215–16, 225–26, 285, 385
antiunion activity of, 124, 132–33, 135, 149, 150, 163, 168, 227, 233–34, 277
of cotton, 150, 151, 164, 165, 201
in dust bowl, 250–52
and government-built farmworker camps, 162, 168, 227, 230
government dominated by, 146, 233, 266
irrigation by, 146, 148, 354
mechanization by, 216–17, 244, 251–52, 264, 266, 285, 298, 286
one-way disk plow used by, 251–52, 253
organizations of, 146, 147, 150–151, 158, 175–76, 314
plantation owners, 196, 264, 265–66, 268, 269, 270, 273, 281, 285, 386
Farm Security Administration (FSA), 89, 115, 157–69, 171, 177, 193–97, 317
agrarian reform agenda of, 194–95, 220, 224, 279, 286
corruption in, 268–69
racism and, 196, 199
right-wing opposition to, 194, 195, 196, 202–3, 355
sharecroppers aided by, 268, 274, 277
Farm Security Administration (FSA), camp project of, 200, 211, 217, 227–32, 305–6
DL’s photographs of, 231
large growers and, 162, 168, 227, 230
racial segregation of, 230
Farm Security Administration (FSA), photography project of, 193–300, 316, 327, 328, 331, 338, 353, 367, 411, 412–13
authenticity issue in, 204, 239–40
bonded teammembers of, 193, 203, 204–5, 290, 299–300
captioning in, 207, 211, 224, 289, 292, 299
centralized developing and printing process of, 206, 211, 289, 293
disbanding of, 299–300
DL’s firing from, 298–300, 305
DL’s assistant in, 207, 212–13, 236, 290
exhibits of, 196, 203, 224
female photographers in, 199, 207–8, 220–21, 294–95
killed photographs of, 206–7, 263, 277, 280
photographs distributed by, 196–197, 204, 219–20, 224, 241, 272, 273, 281, 287, 289, 297, 359
salaries paid by, 200, 288, 291
sex discrimination in, 200, 207–8, 288, 291, 295, 297
staff of, 197–200, 224, 299–300
as a team, 193
farmworkers, migrant, xiv, 94, 127, 144, 146–51, 159–65, 162, 163, 166–67, 227, 285, 324, 354, 385, 424
antiunion vigilantism against, 124, 132–33, 135
contraceptive advice welcomed by, 195–96
grower-owned camps for, 211, 217
imported foreign, 147–48, 149, 225, 257, 258
living conditions of, 148–49, 161–64, 215, 217–18, 237
New Deal and, 157–58, 227
proposed government-built housing for, 161–62, 165, 168, 171, 286, 427; see also Farm Security Administration, camp project of
quoted comments of, 160, 162, 164, 165, 209–10, 213, 217–18, 228
racial inequality among, 164–65, 225–27
seasonal temporary labor of, 146–47, 464n
sharecroppers as, 266–67
starvation of, 236–37
stoop labor of, 214, 215
strikes of, 149–50, 165, 211, 225, 230, 233–34
underemployment of, 215–16, 236–37
unionization of, 149–50, 229, 232, 233–34, 427
wages of, 147, 148, 149, 164, 225–26
farmworkers, migrant, DL’s photography of, 144, 159–68, 162, 163, 166, 167, 171, 209–34, 214, 216, 222, 229, 235–43, 297, 305–7, 306, 331, 332, 356, 425–26
captions, 160, 164, 165, 215, 221, 224, 228, 229, 249, 255–56, 257, 305, 306, 307
children in, 215, 218, 219, 221, 222, 223, 305, 307
composition in, 213, 215, 221–22
establishing shots of, 213–15
living conditions shown in, 217, 305–6
/> portraits in, 218, 223, 224, 237
women in, 217–18, 221–22, 223, 425–26
see also dust bowl refugees
Farrow, Mia, 14
fascism, 121, 124–25, 127, 150, 353, 385
fashion photography, 54, 296–97, 299, 359
Federal Emergency Relief Administration (FERA), 121–22, 164, 171
feminism, xvi, 31–32, 48, 52, 221, 232, 294, 426
feminists, 26, 31, 48, 50, 83, 273, 294
Filene, Edward, 291
Filipino Americans and Filipino immigrants, 148, 214, 225, 226, 230, 233, 257, 282, 325, 332
Fleishhacker, Herbert, 97, 129
Fortune, 331–37, 366
Foster, Joe, 97, 98
Foster, William Z., 113
Foster and Kleiser, 50, 71, 77
Free Speech Movement, 416
f/64, 118–20, 157, 350, 353, 408
Galbraith, John Kenneth, 151
Ganzel, Bill, 243
Gardner, Christina Page, 57, 312–13, 317–18, 336–37, 427
Garst, Jonathan, 171, 293–94, 298–99
Gay, Ted, 177, 179–80
Genthe, Arnold, 32–34, 39, 43, 44, 45, 47, 69, 417
German Americans, 6, 19, 24, 32, 141, 317
Jewish, 28, 55–56, 82, 91–92, 106
Germany, 132, 393–94, 357, 428
Nazi, 121, 124–25, 127, 220, 281, 294, 306, 327, 393–94
Gerstle, William, 95, 97
Gilpin, Laura, 36, 37
glamour photography, 62–63, 359
Goldman, Emma, 142
Goldschmidt, Arthur “Tex,” 354, 355
Goldschmidt, Walter, 187, 354
Grapes of Wrath, The (Steinbeck), 230, 241, 279
Grossman, Sid, 358
growers, see farmers, large-scale
Guggenheim Fellowship, 307–8, 314, 315, 356, 367, 411–12
Hagel, Otto, 127–28, 132, 234
Hagood, Margaret Jarman, 272–73
Hall County, Tex., 251
Hine, Lewis, 118, 206, 299
Hoboken, N.J., xiv, xv, 6–8, 16–20, 22, 28, 34–35, 37, 417
hobos, “bindlestiffs,” homeless transients, 94, 100
see also vagrants, vagrancy
Holder, Preston, 118, 119–20, 157
Hoover, Herbert, 94, 105, 113, 114
Hopkins, Harry, 122, 123, 147
House Committee on Un-American Activities (HUAC), 128, 355, 403, 404
Immigration and Naturalization Service, U.S., 149
Imperial Valley, Calif., 151, 162, 214, 217–18, 219, 227, 233, 246, 354
Impounded (Gordon and Okihiro), 319
India, farmworkers from, 148, 225, 258
Indians, American, 43, 55, 65–66, 71, 117, 250
Blackfeet, 71
Cherokee, 235, 240–41
Dixon’s admiration of, 65–66, 71, 72–74, 78, 83–84, 87, 88
Hopi, 51, 68, 84–87, 85
Navajo, 68, 83, 85–87
Plains, 250
Pueblo, 55, 85, 88, 97, 98
Indonesia, xiv, 384, 391–92
Injun Babies (Dixon), 78
Intermediate Public School 62, 22–23, 25, 26
Iran, 397, 398
Ireland photo-essay, 370–73, 371, 372, 383, 398, 410
Israel, 211, 396
Japan, xiv, 121, 314, 322, 387, 398–99
agrarian reform in, 385
farmworkers imported from, 148, 225, 257, 258
Japanese American internment:
anti-Japanese racism in, 314–17, 325–26, 359
deindividualization in, 320, 321
Japanese Americans, internment, photography of, xiv, xix, 258, 303–4, 314–26, 319, 322, 330, 347, 425, 427
censorship, 318, 320
impoundment of, 315, 325, 326
military supervision of, 314, 315, 316–17, 318, 320, 325
photographic narrative of, 318–25
temporary assembly centers of, 318, 320, 321–24
waiting in line in, 320–21, 323
Javitz, Romana, 203, 417
Jews, xiv, 126, 199, 211, 294, 327, 330
anti-Semitism and, 55, 91–92, 124–25, 185, 198, 292, 327
German American, 28, 55–56, 82, 91–92, 106
Holocaust and, 124, 394
in New York City, 22–23, 26, 165, 198
Jilk, Albert, 310–11
Johnson, Lyndon B., 403
Jones, Pirkle, 374, 375
Jordá, Enrique, 414
Jung, Theodor, 200, 206
Kahlo, Frida, 96
Kanaga, Consuelo, 49, 51–52, 53, 118, 126, 127, 132, 295
Kansas, 193, 250, 296
Kariya, Jean, 322–23
Katten, Edythe Selling, 55–56, 57, 91, 126
Kennedy, John F., 403, 411, 412, 428
Kent, Rockwell, 126
Kerr, Clark, 151, 153, 187, 416
Killian, Raymond F., 310–11
Kirstein, Lincoln, 198, 203, 359
Korea, 359, 387, 388, 388, 392, 410
KQED TV station film project, 402, 405–6, 415, 421
Kramer, Hilton, 361
Kriegel, Leonard, 11, 12
Krips, Jozef, 414
Landon, John, 37–38, 417
land reform, 194, 384–86, 395, 427
Lange, Dorothea:
at Academy Awards ceremony, 183
appearance of, 44, 72, 80, 107, 157, 348, 349, 374
apprenticeships of, 32–37
background of, xv, 4–10
childhood of, 4–20
“cloak of invisibility” of, 25, 232, 337, 387
clothing of, 72, 75, 107, 157, 173, 183, 184, 276, 294, 348
cooking of, 183, 184, 348, 415
death of, xiii, xvi, 182, 287, 401, 402–3, 404, 412, 416–17, 421–22, 427
descendants of, 426–27
education of, 21–31
elegantly simple taste of, 182–83, 308, 312–13, 338, 365, 392
father of, see Nutzhorn, Henry
FBI dossier on, 356
gendered conflicts and burdens of, xvi, xx, 52, 76–77, 87–88, 94, 100, 107, 108–11, 137–38, 161, 176–78, 207–8, 218, 288, 313, 349, 366
ill health of, 110, 305, 311–12, 317, 345–46, 347–49, 353–54, 364–65, 366, 370, 382, 383, 392, 393, 396, 397–98, 401, 404
irascibility of, 180–82, 365
lame leg of, 5, 23, 25, 44, 60, 72, 183, 353, 374, 418
last words of, 402–3, 422
live oak tree of, 417, 418, 421
memorial service of, 427
mother’s maiden name assumed by, 42, 295–96
Navajo bracelet worn by, 83, 173, 184, 421
need for control of, 182–85, 339, 413, 427
in photographs, 15, 21–22, 44, 73, 78, 86, 86, 87, 107, 156, 190, 272, 348, 409, 420
photography education of, 31–38
polio contracted by, xv–xvi, 3, 4, 5, 10–14, 17–18
posthumously published books of, 402
posthumous recognition of, 427–29
postpolio syndrome of, 312
self-criticism of, 99, 231, 278, 308, 326, 383–84, 392, 394, 426
self-portraits eschewed by, xviii–xix, 352, 408–9
self-reliance of, 24–25, 417
social consciousness of, 84, 114, 119
teacher-training course of, 31, 32
terminal illness of, 401–22
Lange, Dorothea, documentary photography of:
auction sale of, xiii
beauty in, xviii, 25, 116, 261–62, 424, 427, 429, 430
charity elicited by, 232, 237, 243
children in, 134, 162, 212, 215, 218, 221, 223, 228, 236–39, 242–43, 249, 255, 265, 268–69, 273–74, 277, 285, 305, 319, 323–24, 369, 371, 387, 390–91, 399
communication in, 351–52, 412, 424
composition of, 36, 213, 215, 221–22, 237, 239–40, 424, 429
DL’s appraisal of, 231
and DL’s epiphanies, 113, 116<
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DL’s thematic reclassification of, 349
fathers in, 221, 324
female subjects of, 48, 426
mothers in, 221–22, 236–39, 242–43, 249, 254, 285, 324, 391
male subjects of, 221, 222, 426
nature in, 112–13, 406
nonstandard family forms in, 220–21, 426
for OWI, loss of, 347
photo-essays in, 366–79
photographic narratives in, 209, 215, 244–49, 280, 285, 318–25, 351–52, 376, 406, 410
in public domain, 428–29
realism in, 351–52, 364, 428, 429
Lange, Dorothea, documentary photography of (continued)
sentimentality in, xv, 187, 223, 239, 263, 277, 281, 288, 316, 406–7
social realism in, 219–24, 282
subjects endangered by, 263, 269, 278
technique of, 144, 160–61, 212–13, 242–43, 272, 276
Lange, Dorothea, portrait photography of, 42–64, 78, 79, 105, 118–19, 132, 211, 261, 295, 351–52, 419, 424
children in, 45–46, 60–61
clients of, 45–46, 48, 54–57, 91, 106–7, 113, 115, 126
Depression’s effect on, 106–7, 114–15
fees for, 46, 107
female subjects of, 61–62, 61
interactive method of, 62, 352
interiority of, 59–60, 62–63, 240
investors in, 44–45, 77
pleasing customers as goal of, 58–60, 64, 76
relationships portrayed by, 63, 63
studio of, 44, 45, 47, 54, 58, 74, 75, 111–12, 137
style of, 44, 47, 59–60
as work of “tradesman,” 63–64, 107–8, 120
Lange, Hope, 183
Lange, John George, 9, 18
Lange, Martin, 8, 15, 16, 18, 22, 184, 374, 417
embezzlement conviction of, 310–11, 314, 376
in San Francisco, 111–12, 115, 121, 138–39, 310
Lange, Minette, 8, 9
Lange, Sophie Votteler, 8, 9, 16, 25, 37, 110
DL’s relationship with, 17, 18–22, 34 184
Lange-Dixon relationship, xvi, 75–100, 105–11, 117, 120, 130, 135–39, 140, 161, 168, 169, 420
child-care arrangements in, 108–10, 111
children of, see Dixon, Daniel Rhodes; Dixon, John (Goodnews) Eaglefeather
courtship of, 71–74
divorce in, 137–38, 169, 171–74, 175–76
DL as chief breadwinner in, 77, 81, 83, 88, 110, 113, 139, 200
DL’s domestic labor in, 81, 88, 98, 100, 110
infidelity in, 90, 110–11
postdivorce, 173–74, 175, 178, 179–80, 189, 348–49
residences in, 75–76, 77, 81, 90–91, 108, 137
stepchild in, see Dixon, Constance “Consie”
trial separation in, 108–11
wedding in, 75
Lange’s Foot (Lange), 2, 3, 353
Lange-Taylor relationship, xvi, 105, 144, 154, 155–87, 209, 308–13, 335–36, 404, 417, 419, 421, 422, 425
