Dorothea Lange

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Dorothea Lange Page 65

by Linda Gordon


  Boulder Dam commission of, 130, 137

  cowboy persona of, 47, 65, 67

  death of, 348–49

  DL’s first meeting with, 47–48

  first marriage of, see Tobey, Lillian West

  illustrator career of, 67–68, 69

  Indians admired by, 65–66, 71, 72–74, 78, 83–84, 87, 88

  insulting behavior of, 79, 90–93, 120, 179

  lost Western wilderness mourned by, 65, 71, 78, 79, 127, 336, 373

  at Monkey Block art colony, 68–69, 70, 127, 130

  murals by, 70, 77–78, 84, 94, 95, 129

  in New York City, 69–70, 84

  as parent, 81, 87, 109, 110, 111, 178, 179–80

  personality of, xvi, 74, 79, 93, 110, 111, 138, 169

  Dixon, Maynard (continued)

  political attitudes of, 84, 91, 95, 125–26, 127, 130

  third marriage of, see Dixon, Edith Hamlin

  urban Depression paintings of, 130, 135–36

  womanizing of, 90, 110–11, 138, 173, 174

  see also Lange-Dixon relationship

  documentary photography, xvi–xix, xxi, xxii, xxiii, 118, 157, 242–43, 405–9

  as art, 203–4, 209

  authenticity of, 204, 239–40, 280–81, 353

  DL’s definition of, 408

  DL’s unrealized projects for, 402, 410, 411–12, 413, 428, 429

  Lange-Taylor Prize for, 429

  privacy invasion and, 115–16, 161

  as propaganda, 327–31, 333, 353, 408

  social-justice, 51, 99, 128, 193, 206

  Dorothea Lange Looks at the American Country Woman (Lange), 402

  Dos Passos, John, 126

  Douglas, Helen Gahagan, 354–55

  “drop foot” (talipes equines), 13

  drought, 195, 224, 239, 245, 247, 251, 252, 253, 259, 283

  Duncan, Isadora, 30–31, 32, 52, 57, 75, 89, 153, 417–18

  Durán, Mercedes, 145–46

  dust bowl, 244–53, 245, 251, 259, 260, 283

  dust storms in, 244, 252–53, 285

  origins of, 250–52

  dust bowl refugees (Okies), 165–68, 166, 167, 220, 224–32, 244–58, 272, 282, 285, 332, 425

  auto caravans of, 247–49

  citizenship rights denied to, 226–27, 255–58

  at FSA camps, 227–32

  highways and, 253–55, 255, 283

  as new pioneers, 165–66, 248, 283

  quoted comments of, 225, 227, 230, 242, 245, 247, 249, 252, 254, 256

  racism of, 226, 229

  women, 246–47, 247, 248, 249, 254

  see also American Exodus, An; Migrant Mother

  Ecuador, 394–95, 395

  Edwards, Mary Jeanette, 157, 290

  Egypt, xiv, 388, 392, 395–97, 410, 411, 415

  Eisenhower, Dwight D., 363

  Eisenstaedt, Alfred, 128

  Eisenstein, Sergei, 130

  Eliott, William Yandell, 173

  Elkus, Albert, Jr., 56

  Elkus, Charles de Young, 55–56

  Elkus, Elizabeth, 55–56, 91, 126

  Elliott, George, 407

  embedded photographers, 316

  England, 158, 251, 328, 383, 394

  environmentalism, xv, xx, 57, 123, 126, 130, 244, 249, 259, 262, 283, 354–55, 373, 408, 424, 426

  Evans, Ernestine, 198

  Evans, Walker, xvii, 64, 198, 200, 201, 203, 204, 205, 260, 263, 280, 281–82, 291–92, 307, 407, 410

  Exhibition of Independent Artists (1910), 29

  “Family of Man” exhibition, 345, 358–64, 411

  Fanger, Donald, 180, 181, 312, 313, 394

  Fanger, Margot Taylor, 153, 181, 348, 357, 394, 397, 414–15, 416

  in blended family, 175–85, 365

  placing out of, 173–74, 176–80

  Farm Bureau Federation, 150, 151, 158

  farmers, 114, 141

  cooperative, 195, 276–78, 286, 386

  family, 195, 215, 250, 285, 330, 336, 354, 367

  smallholders, 204, 225, 273, 354, 385

  tenant, 158–59, 194, 209, 250–51, 252, 264–78, 281, 283, 285, 385; see also sharecroppers

  farmers, large-scale, 143, 146–51, 158, 159, 162, 215–16, 225–26, 285, 385

  antiunion activity of, 124, 132–33, 135, 149, 150, 163, 168, 227, 233–34, 277

  of cotton, 150, 151, 164, 165, 201

  in dust bowl, 250–52

  and government-built farmworker camps, 162, 168, 227, 230

  government dominated by, 146, 233, 266

  irrigation by, 146, 148, 354

  mechanization by, 216–17, 244, 251–52, 264, 266, 285, 298, 286

  one-way disk plow used by, 251–52, 253

  organizations of, 146, 147, 150–151, 158, 175–76, 314

  plantation owners, 196, 264, 265–66, 268, 269, 270, 273, 281, 285, 386

  Farm Security Administration (FSA), 89, 115, 157–69, 171, 177, 193–97, 317

  agrarian reform agenda of, 194–95, 220, 224, 279, 286

  corruption in, 268–69

  racism and, 196, 199

  right-wing opposition to, 194, 195, 196, 202–3, 355

  sharecroppers aided by, 268, 274, 277

  Farm Security Administration (FSA), camp project of, 200, 211, 217, 227–32, 305–6

  DL’s photographs of, 231

  large growers and, 162, 168, 227, 230

  racial segregation of, 230

  Farm Security Administration (FSA), photography project of, 193–300, 316, 327, 328, 331, 338, 353, 367, 411, 412–13

  authenticity issue in, 204, 239–40

  bonded teammembers of, 193, 203, 204–5, 290, 299–300

  captioning in, 207, 211, 224, 289, 292, 299

  centralized developing and printing process of, 206, 211, 289, 293

  disbanding of, 299–300

  DL’s firing from, 298–300, 305

  DL’s assistant in, 207, 212–13, 236, 290

  exhibits of, 196, 203, 224

  female photographers in, 199, 207–8, 220–21, 294–95

  killed photographs of, 206–7, 263, 277, 280

  photographs distributed by, 196–197, 204, 219–20, 224, 241, 272, 273, 281, 287, 289, 297, 359

  salaries paid by, 200, 288, 291

  sex discrimination in, 200, 207–8, 288, 291, 295, 297

  staff of, 197–200, 224, 299–300

  as a team, 193

  farmworkers, migrant, xiv, 94, 127, 144, 146–51, 159–65, 162, 163, 166–67, 227, 285, 324, 354, 385, 424

  antiunion vigilantism against, 124, 132–33, 135

  contraceptive advice welcomed by, 195–96

  grower-owned camps for, 211, 217

  imported foreign, 147–48, 149, 225, 257, 258

  living conditions of, 148–49, 161–64, 215, 217–18, 237

  New Deal and, 157–58, 227

  proposed government-built housing for, 161–62, 165, 168, 171, 286, 427; see also Farm Security Administration, camp project of

  quoted comments of, 160, 162, 164, 165, 209–10, 213, 217–18, 228

  racial inequality among, 164–65, 225–27

  seasonal temporary labor of, 146–47, 464n

  sharecroppers as, 266–67

  starvation of, 236–37

  stoop labor of, 214, 215

  strikes of, 149–50, 165, 211, 225, 230, 233–34

  underemployment of, 215–16, 236–37

  unionization of, 149–50, 229, 232, 233–34, 427

  wages of, 147, 148, 149, 164, 225–26

  farmworkers, migrant, DL’s photography of, 144, 159–68, 162, 163, 166, 167, 171, 209–34, 214, 216, 222, 229, 235–43, 297, 305–7, 306, 331, 332, 356, 425–26

  captions, 160, 164, 165, 215, 221, 224, 228, 229, 249, 255–56, 257, 305, 306, 307

  children in, 215, 218, 219, 221, 222, 223, 305, 307

  composition in, 213, 215, 221–22

  establishing shots of, 213–15

  living conditions shown in, 217, 305–6

/>   portraits in, 218, 223, 224, 237

  women in, 217–18, 221–22, 223, 425–26

  see also dust bowl refugees

  Farrow, Mia, 14

  fascism, 121, 124–25, 127, 150, 353, 385

  fashion photography, 54, 296–97, 299, 359

  Federal Emergency Relief Administration (FERA), 121–22, 164, 171

  feminism, xvi, 31–32, 48, 52, 221, 232, 294, 426

  feminists, 26, 31, 48, 50, 83, 273, 294

  Filene, Edward, 291

  Filipino Americans and Filipino immigrants, 148, 214, 225, 226, 230, 233, 257, 282, 325, 332

  Fleishhacker, Herbert, 97, 129

  Fortune, 331–37, 366

  Foster, Joe, 97, 98

  Foster, William Z., 113

  Foster and Kleiser, 50, 71, 77

  Free Speech Movement, 416

  f/64, 118–20, 157, 350, 353, 408

  Galbraith, John Kenneth, 151

  Ganzel, Bill, 243

  Gardner, Christina Page, 57, 312–13, 317–18, 336–37, 427

  Garst, Jonathan, 171, 293–94, 298–99

  Gay, Ted, 177, 179–80

  Genthe, Arnold, 32–34, 39, 43, 44, 45, 47, 69, 417

  German Americans, 6, 19, 24, 32, 141, 317

  Jewish, 28, 55–56, 82, 91–92, 106

  Germany, 132, 393–94, 357, 428

  Nazi, 121, 124–25, 127, 220, 281, 294, 306, 327, 393–94

  Gerstle, William, 95, 97

  Gilpin, Laura, 36, 37

  glamour photography, 62–63, 359

  Goldman, Emma, 142

  Goldschmidt, Arthur “Tex,” 354, 355

  Goldschmidt, Walter, 187, 354

  Grapes of Wrath, The (Steinbeck), 230, 241, 279

  Grossman, Sid, 358

  growers, see farmers, large-scale

  Guggenheim Fellowship, 307–8, 314, 315, 356, 367, 411–12

  Hagel, Otto, 127–28, 132, 234

  Hagood, Margaret Jarman, 272–73

  Hall County, Tex., 251

  Hine, Lewis, 118, 206, 299

  Hoboken, N.J., xiv, xv, 6–8, 16–20, 22, 28, 34–35, 37, 417

  hobos, “bindlestiffs,” homeless transients, 94, 100

  see also vagrants, vagrancy

  Holder, Preston, 118, 119–20, 157

  Hoover, Herbert, 94, 105, 113, 114

  Hopkins, Harry, 122, 123, 147

  House Committee on Un-American Activities (HUAC), 128, 355, 403, 404

  Immigration and Naturalization Service, U.S., 149

  Imperial Valley, Calif., 151, 162, 214, 217–18, 219, 227, 233, 246, 354

  Impounded (Gordon and Okihiro), 319

  India, farmworkers from, 148, 225, 258

  Indians, American, 43, 55, 65–66, 71, 117, 250

  Blackfeet, 71

  Cherokee, 235, 240–41

  Dixon’s admiration of, 65–66, 71, 72–74, 78, 83–84, 87, 88

  Hopi, 51, 68, 84–87, 85

  Navajo, 68, 83, 85–87

  Plains, 250

  Pueblo, 55, 85, 88, 97, 98

  Indonesia, xiv, 384, 391–92

  Injun Babies (Dixon), 78

  Intermediate Public School 62, 22–23, 25, 26

  Iran, 397, 398

  Ireland photo-essay, 370–73, 371, 372, 383, 398, 410

  Israel, 211, 396

  Japan, xiv, 121, 314, 322, 387, 398–99

  agrarian reform in, 385

  farmworkers imported from, 148, 225, 257, 258

  Japanese American internment:

  anti-Japanese racism in, 314–17, 325–26, 359

  deindividualization in, 320, 321

  Japanese Americans, internment, photography of, xiv, xix, 258, 303–4, 314–26, 319, 322, 330, 347, 425, 427

  censorship, 318, 320

  impoundment of, 315, 325, 326

  military supervision of, 314, 315, 316–17, 318, 320, 325

  photographic narrative of, 318–25

  temporary assembly centers of, 318, 320, 321–24

  waiting in line in, 320–21, 323

  Javitz, Romana, 203, 417

  Jews, xiv, 126, 199, 211, 294, 327, 330

  anti-Semitism and, 55, 91–92, 124–25, 185, 198, 292, 327

  German American, 28, 55–56, 82, 91–92, 106

  Holocaust and, 124, 394

  in New York City, 22–23, 26, 165, 198

  Jilk, Albert, 310–11

  Johnson, Lyndon B., 403

  Jones, Pirkle, 374, 375

  Jordá, Enrique, 414

  Jung, Theodor, 200, 206

  Kahlo, Frida, 96

  Kanaga, Consuelo, 49, 51–52, 53, 118, 126, 127, 132, 295

  Kansas, 193, 250, 296

  Kariya, Jean, 322–23

  Katten, Edythe Selling, 55–56, 57, 91, 126

  Kennedy, John F., 403, 411, 412, 428

  Kent, Rockwell, 126

  Kerr, Clark, 151, 153, 187, 416

  Killian, Raymond F., 310–11

  Kirstein, Lincoln, 198, 203, 359

  Korea, 359, 387, 388, 388, 392, 410

  KQED TV station film project, 402, 405–6, 415, 421

  Kramer, Hilton, 361

  Kriegel, Leonard, 11, 12

  Krips, Jozef, 414

  Landon, John, 37–38, 417

  land reform, 194, 384–86, 395, 427

  Lange, Dorothea:

  at Academy Awards ceremony, 183

  appearance of, 44, 72, 80, 107, 157, 348, 349, 374

  apprenticeships of, 32–37

  background of, xv, 4–10

  childhood of, 4–20

  “cloak of invisibility” of, 25, 232, 337, 387

  clothing of, 72, 75, 107, 157, 173, 183, 184, 276, 294, 348

  cooking of, 183, 184, 348, 415

  death of, xiii, xvi, 182, 287, 401, 402–3, 404, 412, 416–17, 421–22, 427

  descendants of, 426–27

  education of, 21–31

  elegantly simple taste of, 182–83, 308, 312–13, 338, 365, 392

  father of, see Nutzhorn, Henry

  FBI dossier on, 356

  gendered conflicts and burdens of, xvi, xx, 52, 76–77, 87–88, 94, 100, 107, 108–11, 137–38, 161, 176–78, 207–8, 218, 288, 313, 349, 366

  ill health of, 110, 305, 311–12, 317, 345–46, 347–49, 353–54, 364–65, 366, 370, 382, 383, 392, 393, 396, 397–98, 401, 404

  irascibility of, 180–82, 365

  lame leg of, 5, 23, 25, 44, 60, 72, 183, 353, 374, 418

  last words of, 402–3, 422

  live oak tree of, 417, 418, 421

  memorial service of, 427

  mother’s maiden name assumed by, 42, 295–96

  Navajo bracelet worn by, 83, 173, 184, 421

  need for control of, 182–85, 339, 413, 427

  in photographs, 15, 21–22, 44, 73, 78, 86, 86, 87, 107, 156, 190, 272, 348, 409, 420

  photography education of, 31–38

  polio contracted by, xv–xvi, 3, 4, 5, 10–14, 17–18

  posthumously published books of, 402

  posthumous recognition of, 427–29

  postpolio syndrome of, 312

  self-criticism of, 99, 231, 278, 308, 326, 383–84, 392, 394, 426

  self-portraits eschewed by, xviii–xix, 352, 408–9

  self-reliance of, 24–25, 417

  social consciousness of, 84, 114, 119

  teacher-training course of, 31, 32

  terminal illness of, 401–22

  Lange, Dorothea, documentary photography of:

  auction sale of, xiii

  beauty in, xviii, 25, 116, 261–62, 424, 427, 429, 430

  charity elicited by, 232, 237, 243

  children in, 134, 162, 212, 215, 218, 221, 223, 228, 236–39, 242–43, 249, 255, 265, 268–69, 273–74, 277, 285, 305, 319, 323–24, 369, 371, 387, 390–91, 399

  communication in, 351–52, 412, 424

  composition of, 36, 213, 215, 221–22, 237, 239–40, 424, 429

  DL’s appraisal of, 231

  and DL’s epiphanies, 113, 116<
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  DL’s thematic reclassification of, 349

  fathers in, 221, 324

  female subjects of, 48, 426

  mothers in, 221–22, 236–39, 242–43, 249, 254, 285, 324, 391

  male subjects of, 221, 222, 426

  nature in, 112–13, 406

  nonstandard family forms in, 220–21, 426

  for OWI, loss of, 347

  photo-essays in, 366–79

  photographic narratives in, 209, 215, 244–49, 280, 285, 318–25, 351–52, 376, 406, 410

  in public domain, 428–29

  realism in, 351–52, 364, 428, 429

  Lange, Dorothea, documentary photography of (continued)

  sentimentality in, xv, 187, 223, 239, 263, 277, 281, 288, 316, 406–7

  social realism in, 219–24, 282

  subjects endangered by, 263, 269, 278

  technique of, 144, 160–61, 212–13, 242–43, 272, 276

  Lange, Dorothea, portrait photography of, 42–64, 78, 79, 105, 118–19, 132, 211, 261, 295, 351–52, 419, 424

  children in, 45–46, 60–61

  clients of, 45–46, 48, 54–57, 91, 106–7, 113, 115, 126

  Depression’s effect on, 106–7, 114–15

  fees for, 46, 107

  female subjects of, 61–62, 61

  interactive method of, 62, 352

  interiority of, 59–60, 62–63, 240

  investors in, 44–45, 77

  pleasing customers as goal of, 58–60, 64, 76

  relationships portrayed by, 63, 63

  studio of, 44, 45, 47, 54, 58, 74, 75, 111–12, 137

  style of, 44, 47, 59–60

  as work of “tradesman,” 63–64, 107–8, 120

  Lange, Hope, 183

  Lange, John George, 9, 18

  Lange, Martin, 8, 15, 16, 18, 22, 184, 374, 417

  embezzlement conviction of, 310–11, 314, 376

  in San Francisco, 111–12, 115, 121, 138–39, 310

  Lange, Minette, 8, 9

  Lange, Sophie Votteler, 8, 9, 16, 25, 37, 110

  DL’s relationship with, 17, 18–22, 34 184

  Lange-Dixon relationship, xvi, 75–100, 105–11, 117, 120, 130, 135–39, 140, 161, 168, 169, 420

  child-care arrangements in, 108–10, 111

  children of, see Dixon, Daniel Rhodes; Dixon, John (Goodnews) Eaglefeather

  courtship of, 71–74

  divorce in, 137–38, 169, 171–74, 175–76

  DL as chief breadwinner in, 77, 81, 83, 88, 110, 113, 139, 200

  DL’s domestic labor in, 81, 88, 98, 100, 110

  infidelity in, 90, 110–11

  postdivorce, 173–74, 175, 178, 179–80, 189, 348–49

  residences in, 75–76, 77, 81, 90–91, 108, 137

  stepchild in, see Dixon, Constance “Consie”

  trial separation in, 108–11

  wedding in, 75

  Lange’s Foot (Lange), 2, 3, 353

  Lange-Taylor relationship, xvi, 105, 144, 154, 155–87, 209, 308–13, 335–36, 404, 417, 419, 421, 422, 425

 

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