Dorothea Lange

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Dorothea Lange Page 66

by Linda Gordon


  blended family in, 175–86, 212, 339, 365, 413

  children placed out in, 173–74, 176–80, 181

  Christmas celebrations in, 176, 179, 183–85, 212, 325, 365, 416

  family photos in, 380–81, 380, 381, 405, 418–20, 418, 420

  family troubles in, 308–11

  first meeting in, 155–56

  grandchildren in, 365, 383, 394, 398, 415, 418–21, 418, 420, 427

  music in, 180–81, 184–85

  Paul’s love in, 169–70, 177, 178, 181, 299, 339, 383

  residences in, 176, 182–83, 186, 200, 310, 312–13, 380–81

  social-justice concerns in, 140, 155, 168–69, 187, 218, 243

  Steep Ravine cabin in, 380, 418–21, 419

  Thanksgiving celebrations in, 179, 184, 185, 212, 415

  wedding in, 173

  Lavenson, Alma, 49, 53–54, 118, 295

  Lawrence, D. H., 97, 98

  Lee, Russell, 199, 206, 207, 210, 293

  Let Us Now Praise Famous Men (Agee and Evans), 281–82

  Lewis, Sinclair, 124

  Life, 128, 198, 280, 325, 347, 360

  DL’s photo-essays for, 366–77

  London, Jack, 67, 69, 83, 127, 128

  Lordsburg, N.Mex., 255

  Los Angeles, 39, 78, 93, 94, 124–25, 133, 165, 233

  Luce, Henry, 366

  Luhan, Mabel Dodge, 97–98

  Luhan, Tony, 97, 98

  Lummis, Charles, 67–68

  Lynd, Robert, 202

  McAlpin, David, 337, 359

  McCarthy, Barry, 51–52

  McCarthyism, xx, 345–46, 355–58, 359, 360, 363, 385

  MacLeish, Archibald, 131, 281

  McWilliams, Carey, 229, 233, 315, 356

  Magnum, 350, 360, 411, 428

  Malinowski, Bronislaw, 153

  Maricopa County, Ariz., 307

  Mather, Margrethe, 49, 53

  Maybeck, Bernard, 176, 312

  Mellon, Andrew, 94

  Meltzer, Milton, 427

  Memphis, Tenn., 260

  Mexican Americans and Mexican immigrants, 117, 143, 145–46, 148–49, 157–65, 218, 225, 226, 229, 233, 242, 249, 255, 257, 258, 282, 332

  in Bracero program, 329, 330, 354

  deportation of, 149, 224, 230

  see also farmworkers, migrant

  Mexican Revolution, 94, 148

  Mexico, 94–97, 148, 150, 151, 183, 184, 219, 225

  Mieth, Hansel, 49, 127–28, 132, 172

  Migrant Mother (Lange), xii, xiii, 235–43, 285, 363, 407, 408, 410, 428

  creation of, 236–37, 242–43

  iconic meanings of, 238

  inner tensions in, 238–39

  reproductions of, 237–38, 428–29

  subject’s subsequent complaints about, 240–43

  Miller, Wayne, 360, 363, 364–65, 428

  Mirabal, Antonio, 98, 100

  modernism, xx, 28–31, 36, 47, 52, 69, 125–26, 183, 203

  cultural-front artists vs., 125

  Dixon and, 70, 78, 79, 130

  photographic, xviii–xix, 28–29, 51, 59, 85, 87, 112–13, 117, 120, 130, 134, 157, 220, 280

  Modotti, Tina, 49, 52

  Moe, Henry Allen, 307–8, 411

  Moholy-Nagy, László, xvii–xviii, 424

  Monticello dam photo-essay, 373–75, 374, 375

  Mooney, Tom, 96, 133–34

  Mothers of the South (Hagood), 272–73

  murals, 128–30, 196, 198, 220

  Coit Tower, 129–30

  by Dixon, 70, 77–78, 84, 94, 95, 129

  Mexican, 94–97, 219

  Museum of Modern Art (MoMA), 203, 241, 307, 337, 338, 409–12

  DL’s one-woman exhibit at, 401–3, 405, 407, 408, 409–11, 413, 415

  “The Family of Man” exhibition at, 345, 358–64, 411

  Mydans, Carl, 128, 198, 200, 201

  Nasser, Gamal Abd el-, 395–96

  Natanson, Nicholas, 136, 220

  National Academy of Design, 28, 29

  nationalism, 219–20, 326, 361–62, 385

  National Labor Relations Act, 132–33

  National Recovery Act, 134–35

  New Deal, xiv, xx, 55, 56, 105, 121–39, 157–58, 187, 193, 198, 199, 226, 249, 264, 306, 317, 351, 354, 355, 363, 364, 384, 386, 402, 426

  end of, 327–28, 339, 346

  federal arts programs of, 128–31, 403, 424

  federal relief programs of, 115, 121–23, 124, 133, 164–65, 171, 194, 195, 221, 227, 317, 468n–69n

  racism in agencies of, 196

  Newhall, Beaumont, 338, 358, 359, 412

  Newhall, Nancy, 350–51, 358, 359, 369, 413

  New Jersey, 6–20

  New Mexico, 39–40, 68, 88, 97–100, 113, 117, 245, 250, 253, 255

  “new woman” ideology, 31, 39, 40

  New York, N.Y., xiv, xv, xx, 6, 7, 8, 21–41, 42, 51, 52, 54, 56, 59, 62, 72, 118, 126, 131, 193–94, 306, 339, 350, 404

  Dixon in, 69–70, 84

  DL as walker in, 23–25, 26–30, 115

  Greenwich Village, 24, 36, 38, 40, 185, 294, 351

  Isadora Duncan in, 30–31

  Jewish immigrants in, 22–23, 26, 165, 198

  Lower East Side, 22–25, 26, 115, 165

  photojournalists in, 128

  Photo League in, 99, 119, 199, 251, 357–58

  public libraries of, 19, 22, 203

  New York Times, 150, 411, 428

  Niebuhr, Reinhold, 276

  Nipomo, Calif, xii, 235–36

  Nixon, Richard M., 355

  Norris, Frank, 69, 146

  North Carolina, 261, 262, 268, 271–72, 271, 273–74, 273, 328, 425

  nudes, photographs of, 49, 50, 82, 82, 363–64

  Nutzhorn, Henry, 6–10, 25, 42, 74

  family “deserted” by, 4–5, 14–17

  peculations of, 4, 16, 311, 427

  Nutzhorn, Henry Martin, Jr., see Lange, Martin

  Nutzhorn, Joan Lange, 6–10, 14–20, 18, 21, 22, 23, 25, 26, 31–32, 37, 40, 75, 77, 84, 110, 183–84

  death of, 365

  divorce of, 16, 17, 42

  DL’s polio and, 13–14, 17–18

  DL’s relationship with, 17–18, 19, 20

  marital separation of, 4–5, 14–17

  remarriage of, 78, 138, 339

  Oakland, Calif., 46, 49–50, 51, 55, 92, 122, 155, 156, 322

  defense workers in, 331–36, 333, 334, 375–76, 411

  Oakland public defender series, 375–77, 377, 378

  Odum, Howard, 271–72

  Office of War Information (OWI), 317, 327–31, 332, 346, 347, 355, 361

  Oil City, Okla., 167

  O’Keeffe, Georgia, 84, 98

  Okies, see dust bowl refugees

  Oroville, Calif., 158, 159

  Orozco, José Clemente, 95

  orphanages, 15, 109, 387

  Packard, Walter, 291, 298

  Page, Homer, 318, 410

  Pageant, 378–79

  Palestine, 389

  Parks, Gordon, 199, 206, 220, 296–97

  Partridge, Roi, 41, 49, 50–51, 71, 72, 75, 79, 92, 172, 212

  Partridge, Rondal, 50, 91, 107, 180, 190, 212–13, 309, 310, 312, 317, 318, 337, 338, 415

  patrons and patronage, of arts, 55, 58, 67, 69, 84, 91–93, 95, 97, 129

  Person County, N.C., 261, 271, 273

  philanthropists, 198, 291

  Philippines, 148, 384

  Phoenix, Ariz., 166

  PhotoCommontors, 132

  Photographic Workroom Handbook (Blumann), 46

  photography:

  “authentic,” 118–20

  avant-garde, 351, 424

  DL as teacher of, 37, 232, 352–53, 424

  European, 282

  greatest, DL’s list of, 424

  iconic, 238, 347, 408, 428

  objectivity of, 204, 353

  realism in, 351–52, 364, 428

  subjectivity in, 36, 352, 353

  university teaching of, 412


  West Coast, 119

  photojournalists, 118, 136, 197, 240, 332, 406

  female, 45, 51, 128, 130, 280, 294, 316

  war photography of, 316, 325

  Photo League, 99, 119, 199, 351, 357–58

  Photo-Secession, 28–29, 36, 49

  photo-textual books, 279–82

  see also American Exodus, An

  pictorialism, 28–29, 35–36, 57, 59, 61–62, 99, 118–19, 408

  f/64 vs., 118, 120

  gendered critique of, 46–47

  Genthe style of, 32–33

  soft focus in, 28, 32, 36

  Western, 119

  Pictorial Photographic Society of San Francisco, 46

  Pinal County, Ariz, 306

  “Plantation Owner, The” (Lange), 264, 281, 334

  Pleiades Club, 37–38

  poliomyelitis, xv–xvi, xx, 3, 4, 5, 10–14, 17–18, 114, 334, 346

  damage left by, 4, 12–13, 96

  popular front, 126, 219, 246–47, 361, 425

  populism, 91, 193, 199, 219–20, 425

  Porterville, Calif., 222

  portrait photography, xv, xvii, xviii–xix, xxii, xxiii, 21–22, 36, 44–45, 50, 51, 60–63

  gendered imagery in, 60–62

  Genthe style of, 32–33

  Graflex single-lens reflex camera for, 34

  interior essence in, 59–60, 62

  posing of model in, 35

  postmodernism, 281, 406

  print culture, commercial, 117–18, 197

  Progressivism, 8, 55, 126, 135, 140, 141–43, 145, 170, 194–95, 206, 264–65, 327–28, 346, 428

  in education, 22, 26, 32, 82, 177

  Public Works of Art Project (PWAP), 129

  Pulich, Martin, 376–77

  racial inequality, 164–65, 225–27, 263

  racial segregation, 142–43, 196, 230, 233, 276–77, 297, 307, 403

  racism, xx, xxiii, 124, 220, 257–58, 375–76

  anti-Chinese, 92, 148

  anti-Indian, 66, 78

  anti-Japanese, 148, 314, 315, 316–17, 325–26, 359

  anti-Mexican, 143–44, 149

  antiracism vs., 92, 165, 194, 201, 263, 271, 320, 424, 425

  of dust bowl refugees, 226, 229

  FSA and, 196, 199

  Nazi, 220

  in New Deal agencies, 196

  railroad travel and, 39–40

  southern, 196, 261, 263–65, 276–77, 278, 328

  Raper, Arthur, 201, 266, 268, 272, 277, 417

  Raphael Weill School, 319

  Ray, Man, 351, 424

  realism, xix, 125, 351–52, 364, 428, 429

  social, 219–24, 282

  Reclamation Act (1902), 354–55

  relief, New Deal emergency, 93, 106, 115, 123–24, 128, 131, 133–34, 147, 149, 164, 171, 194–95, 199, 206, 221, 226–27, 253, 256–57, 276, 308, 317, 355

  in the service of large growers, 147

  Remington, Frederic, 66, 67

  Resettlement Administration (RA), 194–95

  Rexroth, Kenneth, 126, 128–29

  Richman, Julia, 22

  Richmond, Calif., 331–36, 333, 335, 411

  Riis, Jacob, 23, 118, 280

  Rivera, Diego, 53, 94–97, 112, 198

  murals of, 95–97, 198

  Robinson, Earl, 356

  Roosevelt, Eleanor, 129, 140, 285, 346

  Roosevelt, Franklin Delano, 56, 88, 140, 155, 164, 194, 213, 239, 263, 265, 275, 314, 328, 354

  death of, 346–47

  “Indian New Deal” of, 55

  1932 election campaign of, 113–14, 158

  polio contracted by, 11, 114

  see also New Deal

  Rosenblum, Naomi, 112–13

  Ross, E. A., 141–42, 153

  Rosskam, Ed, 196, 197, 199, 207–8, 294

  Rothstein, Arthur, 198, 200, 201, 203, 206, 239, 264, 292

  Rustin, Bayard, 316

  Ryan, Beatrice Judd, 92–93

  Salinas, Calif., 214

  Sandburg, Carl, 133, 328, 348, 359

  Sanderfield, Emily, 22, 417

  San Francisco, xiv, xv, xx, 4, 7, 31, 42–64, 75–100, 89, 102, 105–20, 116, 121–39, 165, 186–87, 245, 302, 310, 319, 358, 404, 425

  Artists’ and Writers’ Union established in, 126

  Bohemian Club, 68–69, 70, 79, 93

  cable cars of, 378–79

  California School of Fine Arts, 89, 95, 96–97, 352

  Chinatown, 33, 43, 92, 118, 185

  Coit Tower murals, 129–30

  de Young Museum, 43, 53, 55

  DL as walker in, 115, 131

  DL’s journey to, 38–41

  Galerie Beaux Arts, 93, 106

  Genthe in, 32–33, 43, 44, 45, 118

  German Jewish community in, 55–56, 82, 91–92, 106

  Golden Gate Bridge, 122, 313, 427

  high culture of, 43, 54, 58, 60

  Marsh & Company, 41, 42, 44, 49

  Monkey Block art colony, 68–69, 70, 127, 130

  1906 earthquake in, 33, 40, 43, 69, 76, 176, 186

  1934 longshoremen’s strike in, 134–36, 138

  Nob Hill, 32, 55, 67

  Pacific Stock Exchange, 95–96

  Palace of the Legion of Honor, 96, 106

  Presidio Open Air School, 82–83

  United Nations founding in, 330, 346–47, 354

  San Francisco Camera Club, 44

  San Francisco Chronicle, 43, 46, 55, 91, 159, 427

  Sanger, Margaret, 195, 294

  San Joaquin Valley, 148, 151, 164, 229, 354

  Schuster, Ethel Rose, 153, 171–72, 179

  Sekula, Allan, 60, 361

  sentimentality, in photography, 28, 46, 53, 263, 325, 361

  Shahn, Ben, 171, 198–99, 205, 206, 292, 298, 412

  sharecroppers, xiv, xix, 194, 201, 219, 221, 263, 264–78, 280, 281, 285

  average income of, 277

  children of, 269, 272, 273, 273, 274

  evictions of, 266–67, 275, 276, 285

  FSA aid to, 268, 274, 277

  quoted comments of, 265, 267, 268–69

  tobacco production of, 270–74, 273

  unionizing of, 274–78

  women, 265, 269, 270, 272–73, 274, 277

  Sinclair, Upton, 133

  Siqueiros, David Alfaro, 95

  Sledge, Leonard, 310–11

  Smith, Eugene, 424

  snapshots, 41, 57, 87, 175

  social realism, 219–24, 282

  Social Security, 133, 227, 243, 286, 297

  soil erosion, 262, 267

  see also dust bowl

  Sommer, Anna, 107–8

  Soule, Fred, 230, 289–90

  South, 221, 259–78, 260, 261, 262, 272, 283, 285, 297–98

  beauty of, 261–63, 281

  DL’s captions on, 264, 265, 267, 273

  FSA and, 196, 268–69

  housing in, 269–70, 271

  local general stores of, 264, 269, 328

  lynching in, 201, 263, 277, 363

  racism in, 196, 261, 263–65, 276–77, 278, 328

  soil erosion in, 262, 267

  tenant farmers in, 194, 209, 264–78; see also sharecroppers

  voting rights in, 196, 256, 266, 403

  Southern Tenant Farmers’ Union (STFU), 274–78

  Soviet Union, 84, 109, 126, 220, 223, 359, 385, 393, 403, 429

  art of, 125, 127, 131, 216–17, 220

  Spanish Americans, 330

  Spencer-Beatty, Madame A., 34, 417

  Spivey, Mary, 181–82, 467n

  Sproul, Robert, 356–57

  Stackpole, Peter, 95, 96, 118, 126, 128, 129

  Starr, Kevin, 249, 256

  State Department, U.S., 384–87, 392, 394, 399

  Steichen, Edward, 29, 345, 358–65, 410, 412, 417

  Stein, Sally, 119, 238–39, 338

  Steinbeck, John, 146–47, 150, 166, 230, 233, 279, 282

  Stieglitz, Alfred, 28–29, 36, 45, 49, 84, 99, 119, 203, 358, 424

  Stolz, H
erbert Rowell, 153, 173

  stoop labor, 214, 215, 274

  Strand, Paul, 98–99, 118, 119, 126, 203, 286, 357, 358, 408, 410

  street photography, 99, 102, 115–18, 116, 117, 119, 131–32, 138, 245

  Stryker, Roy,171, 193–208, 211, 217, 224, 227, 233–34, 241, 257, 263–64, 273, 305, 338, 352, 367

  authenticity defended by, 239, 240

  control exercised by, 287

  DL’s relationship with, 287–300, 360, 417

  Evans’s relationship with, 291–92

  hiring criteria of, 197–98

  photographs killed by, 206–7

  “shooting scripts” of, 201–2, 351

  Sturtevant, Roger, 44, 53, 57, 79, 92, 116, 172

  Survey Graphic, 166, 175, 196, 230–31

  Switzerland, 397–98, 401

  Szarkowski, John, 360, 372, 409–11, 409, 412, 417, 421

  Taos, N. Mex., 88, 97–100, 185

  Taylor, Anne Wegman “Onnie,” 181, 184, 394, 414

  Taylor, Dyanna, 180, 181

  Taylor, Katharine “Kathy,” 153, 173–85, 339, 365, 394

  Taylor, Katharine Whiteside, 151–54, 177, 180, 182, 187, 414

  children of, see Fanger, Margot Taylor; Taylor, Katharine “Kathy”; Taylor, Ross

  divorce of, 171–74, 175–76

  as parent, 173–74, 177, 178, 181

  Taylor, Paul Schuster, xv, xvi, 105, 136, 140–87, 194, 264, 267, 272, 273, 276, 339, 353–58, 364, 367, 367, 381, 404, 412, 425, 427

  anti-Communist views of, 356, 384–85

  death of, 354, 384

  DL’s posthumous promotion by, 428

  economist career of, 140, 142–43, 145, 151, 249, 252–53

  FBI dossier on, 355–56, 384

  first marriage of, see Taylor, Katharine Whiteside

  foreign agrarian reform consultantships of, 382–400, 421

  in FSA photography project, 199–200, 201, 207, 209, 210, 211, 224, 226, 230–31, 232, 244, 257–58, 292, 295, 297–99

  Japanese American internment and, 314–15, 325

  McCarthyism and, 355–58

  military service of, 142, 152 ,357, 394

  in mustard gas attack, 142, 394

  as parent, 151, 154, 177, 178, 180, 181, 309–10

  personality of, 140, 141, 169, 170

  in political campaign, 354–55

  social-justice advocacy of, 140, 145, 194, 231, 243

  at University of Alexandria, 394–97

  in Utah project, 367–70

  water politics and, 286, 354, 355, 373, 387

  work drive of, 160, 353–54, 383–84, 392

  see also Lange-Taylor relationship

  Taylor, Paul Schuster, research projects of, 143–71

  agricultural labor relations, 147–51

  dust bowl migration, 165–68

  Guggenheim Fellowship for, 307

  hardships of, 159–60, 161

  interviews in, 143, 144–45, 144, 161

  Mexican migration, 143–46, 148, 149, 157–65

 

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