This Is the Voice
Page 32
Civil War, 186–87, 209
Clarke, Kenneth, 174
classical conditioning, 112
Clay, Henry, 206
Clinton, Hillary, 226, 235, 238–40
Clooney, George, 158, 298n51
Clueless, 197
Cognition, 129
Colbert, Stephen, 183
Collins, Joan, 153
Collins, Shirley, 85, 284n14
communication, in evolution of language, 114, 127
computers “bots,” 102
emotions and, 96–103
machine learning and, 98, 102
speech recognition and, 96–99, 101
Condillac, Étienne Bonnot de, 106–7
conditioning, 112
consonants, 47 voiced and unvoiced, 27, 45, 46, 48
conversation, 53–59
Cooke, Alistair, 174–75
Cooke, Sam, 248
coronavirus, 243–44
coughs, 14, 15
Course of Lectures on Elocution, A (Sheridan), 169–70
creationists, 107
Crelin, Edmund, 118–20
critical periods, 49–51, 175
Crosby, Bing, 148
crying of babies, 37–39, 41, 76–77, 119
cultures, languages’ reflections of, 111–12, 140
Current Anthropology, 134, 139
Curtiss, Susan, 51
Daltrey, Roger, 266
Damasio, Antonio, 83, 84, 97
Damon, Matt, 158
Dante Alighieri, 202, 211
Darwin, Charles, 47, 52, 64, 65, 71, 73, 90, 92, 95, 106–10, 117, 119, 120, 121, 126, 127, 138, 147, 148, 245, 251, 285n7 Descent of Man, 32, 107, 109, 110, 261
Expression of the Emotions in Man and Animals, 79–80, 89, 93
Origin of Species, 68, 107, 144, 197–98
Darwin, Erasmus, 172–73
Darwin, William, 52, 109, 119
Dawkins, Richard, 87
Day-Lewis, Daniel, 207
deaf-mute people, 18
Dean, James, 92
DeCasper, Anthony, 27
deceptive signaling, 86–87, 179
dementia, 122
democracy, 199, 200, 208, 215, 217, 223, 226–28, 233–35, 242, 244
Democratic Party, 187, 240
De Niro, Robert, 92–94, 100–101
de Sales, Raoul de Roussy, 231, 238, 243
Descent of Man, The (Darwin), 32, 107, 109, 110, 261
Dialect Diversity in America (Labov), 196, 197
dialects, see accents
Diana, Princess, 177
diaphragm, 71
DiCaprio, Leonardo, 158
Dickinson, Ben, 267
discourse analysis, 57
DNA, 20, 120, 124, 125, 148, 158, 238, 275
dogs, 80, 88, 109, 251
Do I Sound Gay?, 162–63
dominance, 95, 102, 145, 151
dopamine, 62, 63, 77–78
Douglas, Stephen A., 206–10, 220
Downton Abbey, 171, 181
Dreams from My Father (Obama), 225
Duchenne, Guillaume, 93
Duke, David, 242
dyslexia, 30–31
dysphonia, 85–86
dysphonia, spasmodic, 283n13
Eastman, Carolyn, 205–6
Ebonics (Black English), 188–94, 225
Eckert, Penelope, 196, 291n44
Edwards, Jonathan, 211–12
Eimas, Peter, 27–29
Ekman, Paul, 89, 90
Elements of Style, The (Strunk and White), 200, 309
emotion, 11, 20, 55, 72–73, 75–103 antithesis and, 80, 251
channel discrepancy and, 100–101
computers and, 96–103
editing or censoring vocal expressions of, 82
oratory and, 201, 224, 228
prosody and, 64, 72, 77, 78, 80–81, 90, 109, 268
reason and, 97
song and, 251, 259–61
vibrato and, 251, 300n6
vocal disorders and, 84–86
Enard, Wolfgang, 124–25
endocrine glands, 77
Enfield, N. J., 56
English language, 167–78 accents in, see accents
American versus British, 177–78
Enlightenment, 105, 106, 110, 211
Erie Canal, 185–86
esophagus, 117
estrogen, 159, 263
Evans, G. Blakemore, 203
Everett, Daniel, 129–39
Everett, Keren, 137–39
evolution, 18, 64, 67–68, 71, 73, 79 of birds, 126
of brain, 75, 77, 82–83, 119
breathing and, 115–16
computers and, 96
deceptive signaling and, 86–87
Great Leap Forward in, 24, 64, 118
of languages, 198
mate selection and, 146–47
natural selection in, 15, 18, 67, 68, 80, 107, 113, 116, 117, 127
“ontogeny recapitulates phylogeny” in, 119
of speech, 105–11, 113–14, 116–28, 132
Expression of the Emotions in Man and Animals, The (Darwin), 79–80, 89, 93
Facebook, 102
facial expressions, 78, 89, 90 smiling, 93
false signaling, 86–87, 179
families, 21
Farage, Nigel, 235
Farrier, Tom, 156
fear, 77
Fear (Woodward), 238–39
feral children, 50–51
Ferguson, Charles A., 33–35, 37, 59
Fernald, Anne, 36–37, 59
Ferrein, Antoine, 70
fetus hearing of, 24, 25–27, 46, 62, 140
“ontogeny recapitulates phylogeny” and, 119
Finnegans Wake (Joyce), 204
fish, 67 lungfish, 67–70, 87, 127
Fitch, Tecumseh, 127, 132–37, 139
Fitzgerald, F. Scott, The Great Gatsby, 178–80, 195
fixed action patterns, 76, 160
Fleming, Renée, 257–60
fMRI imaging, 83, 167, 259
FOXP2 gene, 122–27
Fraffly Well Spoken series, 177
Franklin, Aretha, 214, 260, 261
Freeing the Natural Voice (Linklater), 3
Freeman, Morgan, 11, 193
Freud, Sigmund, 39, 40, 83
fricatives, 44
Frum, David, 241
Garnica, Olga, 36, 59
gay voice, 161–63
geminatio, 215
genes, 80, 87, 123, 124, 127 DNA, 20, 120, 124, 125, 148, 158, 238, 275
FOXP2, 122–27
Genie, 50–51
Genome (Ridley), 61–62
Gettysburg Address, 209
gibbons, 109, 147
Glass, Ira, 155, 158, 291n44
Goebbels, Joseph, 231, 241
Goldberg, Whoopie, 194
Goldwater, Barry, 187
Google, 96, 99, 101
Gorbachev, Mikhail, 219
grammar and syntax, 59–63, 110, 113, 122–23 Chomsky hierarchy and, 134–36
rhetorical devices, 201–2
sentences, see sentences
Universal Grammar concept, 34, 61, 121, 128–29, 137, 138
Grande, Ariana, 249, 260
Grant, Hugh, 171, 181
Great Gatsby, The (Fitzgerald), 178–80, 195
Great Leap Forward, 24, 64, 118
Greece, ancient, 199–200, 244
Green, Al, 256
Greer, Germaine, 153
Gregorian chant, 253–54, 261
growling, 70, 79, 80–81, 86, 158
HAL, 11, 72, 103
Hamlet (Shakespeare), 26
hands, 108, 285n7
Hariri, Yuval Noah, 17–18
Harris, Sam, 221
Harvard University, 135
Haskins Laboratories, 54, 116
Hauser, Marc, 127, 136
Hawks, Howard, 153
Hays, Chris, 183
Heimlich maneuver, 117
Hendricks, Jon, 260
Hendrix, Jimi, 148–49
Hepburn, Audrey, 48, 165
Her, 96
Herder, Johann Gottfried, 105–7, 110
Hess, Walter Rudolf, 78, 84
Hillbilly Elegy (Vance), 241–42
Hindenburg, Paul von, 233
Hindenburg crash, 91
Hirsh-Pasek, Kathy, 62–63
Hitler, Adolf, 214, 216, 228–34, 238
Hogan, Hulk, 237
Holiday, Billie, 260
Homans, John, 267
Homer, 149, 154
homology, 79
Homo sapiens, 20, 117–20, 125, 145, 147, 195
Honey, John, 172
How to Speak Midwestern (McClelland), 185
How We Talk (Enfield), 56
Huffington, Arianna, 238
Huffington Post, 238
Hutchings, Ashley, 85
identifying people, 21
identity, 12
immediacy-of-experience principle, 130
induction studies, 91
Inferno (Dante), 211
Inner Voice, The (Fleming), 257–58, 260
intelligence, 108, 121, 124
interjections, 77, 106
International Phonetic Alphabet, 173
interrupting, 154
irony, 11
Islam, 210, 251, 252
Jackendoff, Ray, 129
Jackson, Jesse, 214
Jackson, Michael, 86
Jagger, Mick, 176, 188, 247
Janov, Arthur, 39–41
Japanese men and women, 150
Jarrett, Valerie, 256, 257
Jefferson, Thomas, 205, 209
J. Geils Band, 2
Jobs, Steve, 40
Johnson, Boris, 235
Jones, Daniel, 176
Jones, James Earl, 40, 193
Journal of the Acoustical Society of America, 158
Joyce, James, 33, 204, 210–12
Judaism, 210, 252
Kant, Immanuel, 105
Kardashian, Kim, 156–57, 197
Kazan, Elia, 94
Keats, John, 204
Keeping Up with the Kardashians, 156–57
Kennedy, John F., 217–20, 234, 243
Kennedy, Robert F., Jr., 283n13
Kerouac, Jack, 248
Kilmer, Val, 2
Kim, Hyun-Ah, 252
King, Martin Luther, Jr., 214, 225, 226
Knight Rider, KITT in, 97, 99
Kramer vs. Kramer, 94
Krebs, John, 87
Kuhl, Patricia, 28, 32
Labov, William, 180–82, 184–86, 189–92, 196–98, 225
language(s), 268 evolution of, 198
foreign, learning, 50
grammar and syntax in, see grammar and syntax
recursion in, 128–32, 136
sign, 18, 19
thought and, 110, 114, 116, 126–28
written, 17–19, 202, 222
Language (journal), 113
Language (Sapir), 111
language, spoken (speech), 17–20, 24, 105–40 accents in, see accents
babies’ acquisition of, see babies, language acquisition in
cultures reflected by, 111–12, 140
evolution of, 105–11, 113–14, 116–28, 132
of indigenous tribes, as “primitive,” 111
protolanguage, 106, 109–10
thought and, 110
in tonal languages, 130–31
Language Instinct, The (Pinker), 60–61
Language Log, 155, 158
“language organ,” 34, 116, 121
larynx, 42–45, 70–72, 259 in babies, 42–45, 118
puberphonia and, 85–86
puberty and, 142, 150, 159
position of, 42–45, 85–86, 117–21, 127, 160
Lawrence, Martin, 194
Lawson, Charles, 212–13
leadership and persuasion, 20, 198, 199–244 Churchill and, 214–16
Cicero and, 201–6, 210, 212, 215, 218, 219, 222–25, 227, 234
emotion and, 201, 224, 228
FDR and, 181, 215–17
Hitler and, 214, 216, 228–34
Kennedy and, 217–20, 234
King and, 214, 225, 226
Lincoln and, 206–10, 216, 220, 226, 227
Obama and, 223–28, 242
oratory, 200–201, 205–6, 210, 217–19, 227, 261
Reagan and, 219
rhetoric, 200–203, 205, 210, 217, 232, 224
sermons, 210–14
Trump and, 235–43
learning associative, 112
instinct for, 32, 121
of language, in babies, see babies, language acquisition in
Leavell, Chuck, 267
Led Zeppelin, 149
Lee, Spike, 194–95
Lemon, Don, 183
Lenneberg, Eric, 50
Lennon, John, 2, 40–41, 254–55
Lennon, Sean, 2
Lepore, Jill, 215
lesbian voice, 161–62
Levitin, Daniel, 62, 149
Lewis, Jerry Lee, 253
Liberman, Mark, 155, 158
Lieberman, Philip, 114–24, 126, 127, 236–37
Lincoln, Abraham, 206–10, 216, 220, 226, 227
Linke, C. E., 152
Linklater, Kristin, 3, 40
Linnaeus, Carl, 71–72
Little, Rich, 21
lizards, 75–76, 78
Lolita (Nabokov), 204
London Philological Society, 110
lungfish, 67–70, 87, 127
Lynch, Gladys, 91–92, 247
MacNeil, Robert, 172
Malcolm X, 214
mammals, 16, 17, 64, 71, 80–81, 109, 124, 126
Mandarin Chinese, 131
mansplaining, 154–55
mating and reproduction, 20, 140, 144–50
Max Planck Institute for Psycholinguistics, 56
McAllister, Marvin, 295n50
McCartney, Paul, 148, 149, 261, 267
McClelland, Edward, 185
McEwan, Ian, 26
McWhorter, John, 192–94, 198
Mechanism of the Larynx, The (Negus), 69, 117
Mein Kampf (Hitler), 229–30
Men Explain Things to Me (Solnit), 154–55
menopause, 150, 263
menstrual cycle, 146
men’s voices, 140 gay, 161–63
pitch of, 20, 145–46, 150–51
vocal fry in, 158, 298n51
see also sex and gender
Metfessel, Milton, 247–50
Method actors, 92–95, 100
mice, 125
Microsoft, 96, 99, 101
Midnight Cowboy, 182
Miller, Geoffrey, 148–49
mimicry, 16, 47, 106, 109–10
monkeys, 135 squirrel, 78–79, 81, 82, 88
monotone, 64, 157, 268
Monroe, Marilyn, 150, 153
Monty Python, 176–77
Moreschi, Alessandro, 144
Morrison, Alastair Ardoch, 177
Morton, Eugene, 80–82, 251
Moth, The, 221
Mother Nature Network, 267
Mother Tongue, The (Bryson), 168
motor system, 122–24, 259
mountain climbers, 122, 123
Ms., 153
Müller, Max, 106–7, 110
Murphy, Eddie, 194
Murray, Bill, 257
music, 269 jazz, 260
modern Western, 253
modes in, 254
vibrato in, 249–51, 300n6
see also singing, singers
musical metaphors about conversations, 58–59
music of vocalization, 54, 56, 62, 109, 119, 224, 228, 245 in gibbons, 109
see also pitch; prosody
Myers, Mike, 182
My Fair Lady, 165, 258
My Life as a Goddess (Branum), 163
My New Order (Hitler), 231, 238, 243
Nabokov, Vladimir, 204
Native Americans, 111, 137
Nazism, 214,
216, 230–34 neo-Nazis, 242–43
Neanderthals, 118–21, 124, 125
Negus, Victor, 68–69, 117
New York City Opera, 9
New Yorker, 6, 7, 132, 266, 267
New York Times, 112, 235, 238, 257
Nixon, Richard, 187, 239
Northwestern University, 154
NPR, 155, 158, 290n44
Nutshell (McEwan), 26
Obama, Barack, 223–28, 239, 242, 267 singing of, 246, 256, 261
Obama, Michelle, 256, 257
O’Donnell, Lawrence, 241
Odyssey (Homer), 149, 154
Ogilvie, James, 205–6, 210
Ohala, John, 81
Olivier, Laurence, 92
Ono, Yoko, 2
onomatopoeia, 106, 110
On Oratory (Cicero), 201, 204, 215
On the Road (Kerouac), 248
ontogeny recapitulates phylogeny, 119
opera, 9, 15, 38, 144, 247–48, 257–59
operant conditioning, 112
Oprah, 11
oratory, 200–201, 205–6, 210, 217–19, 227, 261 see also leadership and persuasion
Origin of Species, The (Darwin), 68, 107, 144, 197–98
Ostwald, Peter, 38–39
overtones, 30, 38, 39, 42–44, 70, 117, 258, 265
overtone singing (throat singing), 251–52, 255
ovulation, 146
own voice, hearing, 22
oxytocin, 255, 256
Pääbo, Svante, 124–25
pain, 76, 77, 106, 119
Palin, Sarah, 225
Papua New Guinea, 89
paralinguistics, 15, 277n4
Parkinson’s Disease, 122, 123
parrots, 16–17, 47, 106, 108
Pavarotti, Luciano, 261
Pavlov, Ivan, 112
personality and character, 12–13
person-differentiating system, 21
persuasion, see leadership and persuasion
Petrarch, 202
phonation, 37
phonetics, 172–73
phonophotography, 246–47
Phonophotography in Folk Music (Seashore and Metfessel), 247–48
Picard, Rosalind, 96–97, 99, 102, 103
pilots, 156
Pinker, Steven, 60–61, 98, 99, 129, 245–46
Pirahã, 129–40, 173
pitch, 57–58, 61–62, 82–83, 95 boys’ lowering of, 236–37
of men’s voices, 145–46, 150