Plant Identification

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Plant Identification Page 43

by Anna Lawrence


  Raunkiaer, C. (1934) The Life Forms of Plants, Oxford University Press, Oxford Ray, T. S. (1992) ‘Landmark eigenshape analysis: Homologous contours – leaf shape in Syngonium (Araceae)’, American Journal of Botany, vol 79, pp69–76

  Rejmánek, M. B. and S. W. Brewer (2001) ‘Vegetative identification of tropical woody plants: State of the art and annotated bibliography’, Biotropica, vol 33, no 2, pp214–228

  Ribeiro, J. E. L. S., M. J. G. Hopkins, A. Vicentini, C. A. Sothers, J. A. S. Costa, J. M. Brito, M. A.

  D. Souza, L. H. P. Martins, L. G. Lohmann, P. A. C. L. Assunção, E. C. Pereira, C. F. Silva, M.

  R. Mesquita and L. C. Procópio (1999) Flora da Reserva Ducke: Guia de Identificação das Plantas Vasculares de Uma Floresta de Terra-Firme na Amazônia Central, INPA, Manaus, Amazonas, Brazil

  Ripley, B. D. (1996) Pattern Recognition and Neural Networks, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge

  Roche, C. (1999) Impact Assessment for Development Agencies: Learning to Value Change, Oxfam, UK

  Rollet, B. (1980–1982) ‘Interet de l’etude des ecorces dans la determination des arbes tropicaux sur pied’, Review Bois et Forêts des Tropiques, vol 194, pp3–28; vol 195, pp31–50

  Rosayro, R. A. de (1953) ‘Field characters in the identification of tropical forest trees’, Empire Forestry Journal, vol 32, pp124–141

  Schmidt, D. (1999) A Guide to Field Guides, Libraries Unlimited, Westport, CT (see also supplement at www.library.uiuc.edu/bix/fieldguides/main.htm) Schnell, R., G. Cusset and M. Quenum (1963) ‘Contributions a l’étude des glandes extraflorales chez quelques groupes de plantes tropicales’, Revue Generales de Botanique, vol 70, pp269–342

  258 Plant Identification

  Seddon, S. A. and G. W. Lennox (1980) Trees of the Caribbean, Macmillan Education Ltd, London

  Serier, J. B. (1986) ‘Les secretions d’arbres’, Revue des Bois et Forets des Tropiques, vol 213, pp33–39

  Shanley, P., M. Cymerys and J. Galvão (1998) Frutíferas da Mata na vida Amazônica, Editora Supercores, Belem

  Shanley, P. and G. R. Gaia (2002) ‘Equitable ecology: Collaborative learning for local benefit in Amazonia’, Agricultural Systems, vol 73, pp83–97

  Shanley, P., I. Höhn and A. V. de Silva (1996) Receitas sem Palavras: Plantas Medicinais da Amazônia, Editora Supercores, Belem

  Simpson, D. R. and D. Jones (1974) ‘Punch card key to the families of Dicotyledons of the western hemisphere south of the United States’, Field Museum of Natural History, Chicago Sloane, H. (1707) A Voyage to the Islands Madera, Barbadoes, Nieves, St. Christophers, and Jamaica with the Natural History of the Herbs and Trees, four-footed beasts, fishes, birds, insects, reptiles &c. of the last of those Islands to which is prefix’d an Introduction, wherein is an account of the inhabitants, Airs, Waters, Diseases, Trade &c. of that place; with some relations concerning the neighbouring continent, and Islands of America Illustrated with the figures of the things described which have not been heretofore engraved in large copper plates as big as the life, two volumes, privately published for the author, London Soepadmo, E. and K. M. Wong (eds) (1995–ongoing) Tree Flora of Sabah and Sarawak, FRIM, Kuala Lumpur

  Spicer, R. A. (1986) ‘Pectinal veins: A new concept in terminology for the description of dicotyledonous leaf venation patterns’, Botanical Journal of the Linnaean Society, vol 93, pp379–388

  Stace, C. A. (1965) ‘The significance of the leaf epidermis in the taxonomy of the Combretaceae 1: A general review of tribal, generic and specific characters’, Botanical Journal of the Linnaean Society, vol 59, pp220–252

  Stearn, W. T. (1966) Botanical Latin, Thomas Nelson and Sons Ltd, London Stevenson, R. D., W. A. Haber and R. A. Morris (2003) ‘Electronic field guides and user communities in the eco-informatics revolution’, Conservation Ecology, vol 7, no 1, p3, www.consecol.org/vol7/iss1/art3

  Symington, C. F. (1943) ‘Forester’s manual of dipterocarps’, Malay Forestry Research, vol 16

  Systematics Association Committee for Descriptive Terminology (1960) ‘I. Preliminary list of works relevant to descriptive biological terminology’, Taxon, vol 9, no 8, pp245–257

  Systematics Association Committee for Descriptive Terminology (1962) ‘II. Terminology of simple symmetrical plane shapes’, Taxon, vol 11, no 5, pp145–156, 245

  Tailfer, Y. (1989) La Foret Dense d’Afrique Tropicale: Identification Pratique des Principaux Arbres, vol 1, ACCT, Paris

  Taylor, C. J. (1960) Synecology and Silviculture in Ghana, Nelson, Edinburgh Theobald, W. L., J. L. Krahulik and R. C. Rollins (1979) ‘Trichome description and classification’, in C. R. Metcalfe and L. Chalk (eds) Anatomy of the Dicotyledons, 4th edition, Clarendon Press, Oxford, pp40–53

  Thikakul, S. M. (1985) Manual of Dendrology, Forestry Institutional Support Project, Cameroon, National Centre for Forestry Development and Canadian International Development Agency, Groupe Poulin, Quebec, Canada

  Thomas, K. (1983) Man and the Natural World, Allen Lane, London Tilling, S. M. (1984) ‘Keys in biological identification: Their role and construction’, Journal of Biological Education, vol 18, pp293–304

  Timberlake J., C. Fagg and R. Barnes (1999) Field Guide to the Acacias of Zimbabwe, CBC

  Publishing, Zimbabwe

  Trockenbrodt, M. (1990) ‘Survey and discussion of the terminology used in bark anatomy’, IAWA Bulletin, vol 11, pp141–166

  References 259

  Uphof, J. C. (1942) ‘The ecological relations of plants with ants and termites’, Botanical Review, vol 8, pp563–598

  van Wyk, A. E. (1985) ‘The genus Eugenia (Myrtaceae) in Southern Africa: Structure and taxonomic value of bark’, South African Journal of Botany, vol 51, pp157–180

  sVargas, I. G. and C. G. Jordán (eds) (2002) Biodiversidad del Parque Nacional Noel Kempff Mercado: Principales Ecosistemas y Especies, Fundación Amigos de la Naturaleza, Santa Cruz, Bolivia

  Vargas, I. G. and C. G. Jordán (eds) (2003) Principales Plantas Utiles del Bajo Paraguá, Fundación Amigos de la Naturaleza, Santa Cruz, Bolivia Vargas, I. G., A. Lawrence and M. Eid Otazu (2000) Arboles y arbustos para sistemas agrofore-stales en los Valles Interandinos de Santa Cruz, Bolivia, Fundación Amigos de la Naturaleza, Santa Cruz, Bolivia

  Villiers, J. F. (1973) ‘Icacinaceae’, Flore du Gabon, vol 20, pp3–100

  van Vliet, G. J. C. M. (1979) ‘Wood anatomy of the Combretaceae’, Blumea, vol 25, pp141–223

  Webb, A. (1999) Statistical Pattern Recognition, Arnold, London Westfall, R. H., H. F. Glenn and M. D. Oanagos (1986) ‘A new identification aid combining features of a polyclave and an analytical key’, Botanical Journal of the Linnaean Society, vol 92, pp65–73

  Whitmore, T. C. (1962a) ‘Studies in systematic bark morphology: I. Bark morphology in Dipterocarpacae’, New Phytologist, vol 61, pp191–207

  Whitmore, T. C. (1962b) ‘Studies in systematic bark morphology: II. General features of bark construction in Dipterocarpaceae’, New Phytologist, vol 61, pp208–220

  Whitmore, T.C. (1962c) ‘Studies in systematic bark morphology: III. Bark taxonomy in Dipterocarpaceae’, Gardens Bulletin Singapore, vol 19, pp321–371

  Whitmore, T. C. (1963) ‘Studies in systematic bark morphology: IV. The bark of beech, oak and sweet chestnut’, New Phytologist, vol 62, pp161–169

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  Winston, J. (1999) Describing Species: Practical Taxonomic Procedure for Biologists, Columbia University Press, New York

  Wise, R. (1998) A Fragile Eden: Portraits of the Endemic Flowering Plants of the Granitic Seychelles, Princeton University Press, Princeton, NJ

  Witkowski, S. and C. Brown (1978) ‘Lexical universals’, Annual Review of Anthropology, vol 7, pp427–451

  Wood, G. H. S. (1952) ‘Bark as a means of tree identification’, Journal of Oxford University Forest Society, vol 6 (III), p15

  World Ba
nk (2005) ‘Request for proposals: Local language field guide materials for youth in Asia’, available at www.cepf.net/ImageCache/cepf/content/pdfs/rfp_2ebnppyouthfield guides_2epdf/v1/rfp.bnppyouthfieldguides.pdf

  World Wide Web Consortium (2002) ‘Extensible mark-up language (XML)’, www.w3.org/XML

  Worms, E. A. (1942) ‘Sense of smell of the Australian Aborigines: A psychological and linguistic study of the natives of the Kimberley Division’, Oceania, vol 8, no 2, pp107–130

  Wright, J. F., D. R. Morse and G. M. Tardivel (1995) ‘An investigation into the use of hypertext as a user interface to taxonomic keys’, Computer Applications in the Biosciences, vol 11, pp19–27

  Wyatt-Smith, J. (1954) ‘Suggested definitions of field characters (for use in the identification of tropical forest trees in Malaya)’, Malayan Forester, vol 17, pp170–183

  Yunus, M. and D. Yunus (1990) ‘Systematic bark morphology of some tropical trees’, Botanical Journal of the Linnaean Society, vol 103, pp367–377

  Index

  access methods

  Bolivia

  decision-making 117–19

  community agreements 57

  design variables 31–3

  field guide production case study 7

  dynamic guides 109–16

  mock-up in the office 232

  principles of good access 106–9

  publishing house creation 239

  static formats 96–109

  species inclusion 31

  types of field guide 95–117

  species selection 48–9

  accuracy of information 12, 174–6

  stakeholder needs definition by proxy 27–8

  acknowledgements 180

  botanical literature 72–90

  Acrobat PDF files 114

  Botanical Research and Management System

  action plans 53, 55

  (BRAHMS) 157

  see also planning process

  brainstorming 39–40

  activities calendar 46–7

  Brazil

  additional information 151–82

  field guide production 7–8, 17–22

  agreements with indigenous communities 57

  forage legumes case study 164–5

  Alice database management system 157

  format and cost option case study 50–1, 56

  Amazon forest 17–21

  mock-up presentation case study 231

  analytical identification 92, 93

  species inclusion 30

  anatomy, wood 140, 142–3

  stakeholder involvement 15

  Angiosperm Phylogeny Group (APG) 98

  teamworking case study 58–60

  Arboles y Arbustos para Sistemas

  usability testing form 224

  Agroforestales en los Valles Interandinos

  workshop example 35, 36–8

  de Santa Cruz, Bolivia 31

  browsing 95–9, 100

  architecture, characters 139–40

  budgeting see costs

  artists 194, 203–4, 231

  buttress tree base types 144

  Árvores Brasileiras 19–20

  Australia 116

  Caatinga, Brazil 30

  authors 66, 69

  camera use 200

  automatic identification 91

  camera-ready copy 241, 242

  availability of field guides 13

  Cameroon 8, 184, 185

  card guides 80, 85–6, 96, 110

  backing up computer files 153

  Caribbean Spice Island Plants 43–5, 125

  Bajo Paraguá, Bolivia 48–9, 57, 232

  case studies

  bark 136–8, 143–6

  Australian rainforest key 116

  base (of tree) types 144

  Bolivia

  Berne Convention 191

  community agreements 57

  binomial species names 66

  field guide production 7

  Biodiversidad del Parque Nacional Noel

  mock-up in the office 232

  Kempff Mercado 245–6

  publishing house creation 239

  biodiversity 1–9, 239

  species selection 48–9

  bitmap images 207, 208, 210

  success indicators 245–6

  bole 142–3, 144

  Brazil

  262 Plant Identification

  forage legumes questionnaire 164–5

  checklists 78

  format and cost options 50–1

  botanical 73–4

  species description-writing 179–80

  costs 49

  species selection 30

  do-it-yourself publication 238

  teamworking 58–60

  planning stage questions 56

  Chicago Field Museum Rapid Colour

  sections to be written 180–1

  Guides 85–6, 88

  Chicago Field Museum Rapid Colour Guides

  community agreements 57

  85–6, 88

  DFID–FRP illustrative material trials 184–7

  choices see decision-making

  different country approaches 7–9

  Chrysophyllum spp. 65

  forage legumes questionnaire 164–5

  CIAT see Centro Internacional de Agricultura format and cost options 50–1

  Tropical

  Ghana

  circular keys 103, 106

  field guide production 8

  classical characters 121, 122

  illustrative material 184, 186

  classification 2, 61–76

  Sapotaceae names 65

  Cola 8, 184, 185

  ‘time needed’ 43

  collaborative processes 15

  Grenada

  collecting information 151–82

  field guide production 8–9

  accuracy 12, 174–6

  illustrative material 184, 187

  databases 113, 133, 152–7, 172–3, 205

  ‘time needed’ 43–5

  kinds of information 151–2

  illustrative material 184–7

  ownership 173–4, 190–1

  Malayan tree flora scientific names 66

  primary data 158–69

  mock-ups 231, 232

  secondary data 169–73

  Mount Cameroon 167–8

  writing skills 176–82

  publishing house creation 239

  colour 134–5, 209

  rattans of Laos shifting local names 64

  commercial publishers 236

  Sapotaceae names 65

  common names 62, 68–9

  species description writing 179–80

  common objects, recognition 92

  species selection 30, 48–9

  compound leaves 129

  success indicators 245–6

  computers

  teamworking 58–60

  dynamic guides 117–18

  ‘time needed’ 43–5

  graphics handling 204–11

  The Woody Plants of Western African

  interactive identification 111–17

  Forests 213–14

  software tools 157, 205

  World Bank funding application guidelines

  see also databases; spreadsheets

  54–5

  concise guides 85

  CBD see Convention on Biological Diversity

  consultative processes 15, 34–41

  Centro Internacional de Agricultura Tropical

  content finalization 240

  (CIAT) 46–7

  Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD) 1

  changing names 71

  copyright 173–4, 190–1

  characters

  costs

  criteria for a useful set 94

  Brazil case study 50–1

  definition 93

  checklist 49

  efficient key characters 108

  estimation 42–51

  keys 99–106

  gr
aphic designers 203, 231

  Mount Cameroon case study 167–8

  pricing the guide 242–3

  suitable for field guides 121–49

  printing 241, 242

  usability testing 220

  production process review 23, 41–53

  whole plants 138–48

  criteria 94, 175–6

  checking information 174–6

  crown form 139–40, 141

  Index 263

  cultural differences 93, 215–16

  see also formats; illustrations

  customized databases 154–5

  desktop publishing 232, 238, 240

  customized species sequences 98

  detail in illustrations 188

  developing countries 1–2

  data storage 113, 133, 152–7, 172-3, 205

  DFID see Department for International

  databases 172–3

  Development

  Alice 157

  diagnostic characters see characters

  BRAHMS 157

  dichotomous keys 101

  design principles 155

  digital images 204–11

  digital images 205

  digital photography 193, 199, 201

  dynamic field guides 113

  distribution of the guide 242–4

  leaf shape definitions 133

  distribution of species 146, 148

  management 152–3

  DNA barcoding 91

  Dawkins’s primary table 104

  do-it-yourself publication 237–8

  decision-making

  documentation 224, 232–4

  access methods/media 117–19

  documented information sources 169, 172

  dried plant use for illustrations 195–6

  drawings 203, 204

  format of field guide 61, 87–90

  dried leaf specimens 192, 195–7

  illustration types 211–12

  dynamic guides 96, 109–19

  initial plan 14–15

  dynamics of usability workshops 228

  interviewee selection 156

  jargon use 126

  e-keys 111–15

  printer choice 240

  Earthscan 237

  publisher choice 236–7

  eco-tourists 27–8, 246

  definitions

  ecology 146, 148

  biodiversity 1

  egg-shaped 131

  characters 93

  electronic guides 86

  classical characters 122

  enhanced imagery 201–2

  egg-shaped 131

  ethnobotanical studies 163, 166

  field characters 122

  evaluation of success 229, 244–7

  field guides/Floras 3–4, 74–5

 

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