Plant Identification

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Plant Identification Page 44

by Anna Lawrence


  experts 18, 29, 60, 92

  hirsute 127

  hispid 127

  facilitator skills 217, 219, 226, 227

  keys 99

  facilities for usability workshops 225

  leaf shapes in databases 133

  FAN see Fundación Amigos de la Naturaleza

  non-scientific plant names 63

  feedback from users 17, 247

  pubescent 127

  fertile characters 67–8

  publishing process 235

  field characters 121, 122, 123, 146, 147–8

  successful field guide attributes 11–17

  A Field Guide to the Rattans of Lao 33

  usability aspects for testing 217

  Field Guides Project, Brazil 58–60

  user involvement processes 15

  ‘field monographs’ 84

  villous 127

  field tests 117–18, 160, 162–3, 203, 222

  see also characters

  see also testing

  DELTA see Description Language for

  fieldwork 44–5

  Taxonomy

  file formats 206–7, 209, 210–11

  Department for International Development

  file space 208

  (DFID) 7, 18, 184–7

  film 193, 199, 202

  Description Language for Taxonomy (DELTA)

  finalization of content 240

  114, 157

  ‘fingerprint characters’ 108

  description writing 178–80

  flakes (bark) 145

  design 31–5, 37–8, 107–9, 155

  Flora da Reserva Ducke 17–19

  264 Plant Identification

  Floras 73–5, 78–9, 81–3, 88

  habit 138–40

  Flores Nativas da Chapada Diamantina 21–2

  hairiness 126–8

  flow charts 102

  herbals 76

  folk names 63

  herbaria 5, 6, 64–5, 67, 195, 196

  follow-up to publication 244–7

  hierarchical species names 64

  forage legumes 164–5, 231

  hirsute 127

  Forestry Research Programme (FRP) 7, 112,

  hispid 127

  184–7, 201

  historical profiles 171

  formats

  history 4, 76, 99

  Brazil case study 50–1

  how to use this book 5–9

  design alternatives 31–3, 37–8

  hypertext 111, 112, 115

  dichotomous keys 101

  field guide types 77–90

  identification methods 91–120

  graphics files 206–7, 209

  access types 31–3, 96–109

  illustrative material case study 184–7

  automatic 91

  laminated card guides 80, 85–6

  characters 93, 94, 99–106, 121–49, 167–8,

  textual 177

  220

  four design aspects of field guides 31–3, 37–8

  dynamic guides 96, 109–19

  fresh plants 191, 192, 195, 230

  illustrations 183–214

  Frutíferas da Mata na Vida Amazônica 20–1

  access method 95

  Fundación Amigos de la Naturaleza (FAN) 7,

  browsing identification 99

  27–8, 46–7, 239

  categories 192–4

  funding 52–3

  computer use 204–11

  content 183–91

  generation of plant names 61–9

  design variables 31–3

  generic guides 81, 86

  flow diagrams 102

  geographical coverage 77

  fresh plants 191, 195

  Ghana

  interpretation differences 216

  field guide production case study 8

  jargon avoidance 124

  illustrative material case study 184, 186

  machine-made 197–202

  photoguide to trees 98, 110

  placement in keys 109

  Sapotaceae names 65

  species-rich guides 100

  ‘time needed’ case study 43

  time needed to complete 44

  glands 128

  usability 14, 217, 220

  Global Diversity Assessment 5

  impermanence of plant names 63

  glossaries 132, 152

  inclusion criteria 28–31, 35, 38–40

  graphic designers 194, 203–4, 231

  ‘incomplete sets’ of species 87

  Graphical Field Keys of Uganda Trees 104

  incompleteness of plant names 63

  graphics see illustrations

  indented keys 101, 109

  Grenada

  indexing 97, 99, 114, 152

  field guide production case study 8–9

  indigenous community agreements 57

  field herbarium 196

  indigenous languages 155–6

  illustrative material case study 184, 187

  Indonesian Institute of Sciences 4

  painted images field test 204

  information

  simple/compound leaves 129

  additional 151–82

  ‘time needed’ case study 43–5

  availability assessment 41

  Grete Herbal (1526) 62

  databases 113, 133, 152–3, 155, 157,

  group discussions 34–5, 37

  172–3, 205

  guidelets 184–7

  publishers’ requirements 236–7

  guidelines 54–5, 58–60

  reliability 174-6

  recording 158, 159, 223, 227

  Index 265

  sources 156–73

  silhouettes 190

  usability test results 223, 227

  smell/taste 136–8

  visual participatory methods 170–1

  stalks 131, 133–4

  writing clearly 176–82

  younger 126–38

  see also spreadsheets

  legal aspects 65

  infra-specific names 66, 69–70

  Leucaena genetic resources handbook 90

  intellectual property rights 173–4, 190–1

  liane stem shape 142–3

  interactive computer identification 111–17

  life form see habit

  interactive keys 116

  Limbe field trials 197–8

  International Code of Botanical

  lists of species 29–30

  Nomenclature 65

  literature (botanical) 72–90

  International Standard Book Numbers 238,

  local communities 2, 57

  240

  local names 63, 64, 97

  Internet

  locations for usability workshops 225

  access methods for identification 111–17

  logic of keys 106–9

  automatic identification 91

  botanical databases 153

  machine imagery 192–3, 197–202

  e-keys 111–15

  magnification 188, 189

  information assessment 172

  Malaya 66

  limitations in field use 3

  A Manual for Researching Wildlife 239

  ‘virtual herbaria’ 5, 6, 67, 123

  marginal marks 104

  interviewee selection 156

  margins of leaves 130–1

  interviews 34–5, 158–9, 160, 219, 227

  materials for workshops 225, 229–32

  introduction section 152

  matrix scoring diagram 170

  ISBN numbers 238, 240

  media 117–19

  MEK see most efficient key

  jargon 121, 122, 123–6, 132

  midrib prominence 136

  JPEG files 207, 208, 209, 210

  mock-ups 215, 216, 230–2

  modular guides 112

  keys 91–120

  money see costs

  Australian rainforest
116

  monographs 72, 78, 84

  efficient key characters 108

  most efficient key (MEK) 108

  good access design principles 106–9

  Mount Cameroon 167–8, 184, 185

  Internet 111–15

  multi-access keys 104–6, 111–15

  multi-access 104–6, 111–15

  numbered 101, 103

  name order 97

  usability testing 221

  naming 2, 61–90, 155–6

  natural criteria 29–30

  lamina 134–6

  Naturalists’ Guide to Legumes of the

  laminated card guides 80, 85–6, 96

  Caatinga 179–80

  lanceolate leaves 131

  nature order 97, 98

  language 13–14, 155–6, 176–82

  needs see stakeholder needs; user needs

  LAWG see Leaf Architecture Working Group

  Geotropically Rainforest Mammals: A Field

  layout 19, 177, 188, 205

  Guide 239

  Leaf Architecture Working Group (LAWG)

  nomenclature 2, 61–90, 153, 155–6

  133

  non-scientific plant names 63

  leaflets 128, 130

  non-technical field guides 84

  leaves

  numbered keys 101, 103

  blade details 134–6

  dried specimens 195–7

  observer skills 217, 219, 223, 227

  shape 130–1, 133

  older woody stems 140, 142–3

  266 Plant Identification

  open questions 158, 162

  PRA see participatory rural appraisal

  opinions 175

  ‘pragmatic Floras’ 78–9, 81–2, 83, 88

  ordering 96–9

  preface writing 180

  orthodox species sequences 98

  Pretty, Jules 175–6

  ovate 131

  pricing 242–3

  ownership 173–4, 190–1

  primary data 158–69

  Oxford 184

  primary order of species 96–9

  primary stakeholders 26, 27

  page layout 19, 177, 205

  printed pages 229–30

  paintings 203–4

  printing 51, 240–2

  pair work 228

  prioritization of species 35, 38–40

  Para, Brazil 35, 36–8

  production process 15–17, 23–60

  Parque Nacional Noel Kempff Mercado

  professionals 18, 29, 60, 92

  (PNNKM) 27–8, 48–9

  proofreading 241

  participatory methods

  proposal documents 53, 54–5

  brainstorming 39–40

  psychology of recognition 92–3, 95

  definition 15

  pubescent 127

  information gathering 170–1

  publication 64–5, 67–8, 235–47

  information reliability 175

  publicity 243

  mapping 169, 171

  punched hole cards 110

  visual 166, 169

  purposes of field guides 1–9, 11–12, 24–6,

  participatory rural appraisal (PRA) 166

  28–41

  PDF see Acrobat PDF files

  performance testing 215–34

  questionnaires 34–5, 160–3, 164–5

  petioles 131, 133–4

  photocopies 192, 197–8

  ranking 169

  photographs 196, 199–202, 216

  Rattans of Laos 64

  Photoguide to the Larger Trees of Ghana’s

  real plants 191, 192, 195, 230

  Forest 98, 110, 125

  reasons for usability testing 215–16

  physical attributes 31–3, 37–8

  reassurance of testers 219, 225, 226, 227

  pictures see illustrations

  Recites seem Palavers 20–1

  Plain English Campaign guidance 178

  recognition process 3, 92–3, 95

  planning process 23–60

  recording information 158, 159, 223, 227

  action plans 53, 55

  relaxation of testers 219, 225, 226, 227

  consultation methods 34–41

  relevance 12–13

  design aspects 31–3

  reliability of information 174–6

  pre-printing 241

  representatives for consultation 34–41

  publisher consultations 236–7

  resolution of digital images 207

  questionnaires 161

  resource mapping 169, 171

  questions checklist 56

  return numbers 101

  usability testing materials 229–32

  reviews of field characters 123

  plant names 61–90

  revisions, taxonomic 72–3

  plant populations 138–48

  role-playing exercises 167–8

  PNG files 208, 210

  roots 143

  PNNKM see Parque Nacional Noel Kempff

  Mercado

  Sapotaceae names 65

  poisonous plants 137

  SASOP see Serviço de Assessoria às

  polyclone’s see multi-access keys

  Organizações Populares Rurais

  portable field herbaria 195, 196

  scale of objects 188, 189

  Portable Network Graphics (PNG) files 208,

  scales (bark) 145

  210

  scanned specimens 190, 197

  Index 267

  scientific accuracy 12, 174–6

  sterile specimens 68

  scientific names 62–4, 68–9, 70–2

  storage of data 113, 133, 152–7, 172–3, 205

  seasonal calendars 170–1

  student texts 81, 86

  secondary information sources 169, 172–3

  subjective criteria 30–1, 35, 38–40

  secondary stakeholders 26, 27

  success indicators 11–21, 244–7

  sections to be written 180–1

  superficial guides 84

  seedling guides 129

  synonyms 63, 70–2

  selling guides 243–4

  Systematics Association 122

  semi-structured interviews 158–9, 219, 227

  semi-technical guides 85

  tabulated keys 103, 104

  Serviço de Assessoria às Organizações

  tagged image (TIF) files 208, 209, 210

  Populares Rurais (SASOP) 7, 30

  target users 5, 14–15, 23–8, 218, 247

  shallower field guides 84, 87, 89

  task-setting 222

  shapes 130–2, 133, 142–3

  taste of leaves/bark 136–8

  silhouettes 188, 190

  taxonomic monographs 72

  simple leaves 129

  teacher–student role-playing exercise 167–8

  simulated tests 222–3

  technical field guides 78–9, 81–3, 88–9

  slash characteristics 145–6

  technical term use 126

  slimmer technical field guides 82–3

  testing 215–34

  small groups of plants 84

  descriptions/layout 181–2

  smell of leaves/bark 136–8

  drawn guides 203

  software tools 157, 205

  illustrative material case study 184–7

  see also computers

  painted guides 204

  sorting 2, 39–40, 169

  photo guides 199

  sources of information 156–73

  text 31–3, 177, 220

  special imagery 201–2

  texture of leaves 134

  specialists 18, 29, 60, 92

  TIF files 208, 209, 210

  species

  time 41–2, 43–5, 46–7

  binomial names 66

  timelines 171

  Bolivia case study 48–9

  timi
ng of usability testing 218

  brainstorming 39–40

  trade names 63, 97

  Caatinga, Brazil 30

  trees

  classification 2–3

  Australian rainforest key 116

  description writing 178–9

  base types 144

  field guide usability tests 222

  Ghana 8, 43, 65, 98, 110, 186

  names publication 64–5, 67–8

  Malayan scientific names case study 66

  numbers to include 28–31

  ‘Pragmatic Floras’ 83

  primary order in guide 96–9

  tropical forest field characters 123

  subjective criteria 35, 38–40

  see also woody...

  specimens 64–5, 67, 195–7, 230

  trials see testing

  spreadsheets 152–3, 154

  trustworthiness criteria (Pretty) 175–6

  staff 60

  type specimens 64–5, 66, 67

  stakeholders

  consultation methods 34–41

  Uganda 104

  identification 24, 25, 26

  United Nations Framework Convention on

  involvement in planning 15

  Biological Diversity 2

  species inclusion decisions 30–1

  unreliability of plant names 62–3

  workshops 36–8

  usability testing 13–14, 215–34

  stalks 131, 133–4

  approaches 220–2

  static formats 96–109, 118–19

  documentation 232–4

  stems 126–38, 140, 142–3

  methodology 217, 218–23

  268 Plant Identification

  mock-ups 215, 216, 230–2

  websites see Internet

  process overview 216–18

  Western African woody plants 139, 140

  steps 222–3

  whole plants 138–48

  workshops 223–9, 232–4

  The Woody Plants of Western African Forests:

  users 5, 12–15, 23–8, 218, 247

  A Guide to the Forest Trees 125, 213–14

  see also stakeholders

  woody stems 140, 142–3

  using this book 5–9

  word processor files 111, 113, 114

  workshops 34–8, 48, 218–29, 232–4

  vector formats 206–7

  World Bank 4, 52, 54–5

  vegetative characters 68

  writing 176–82

  venation (leaf) 135–6

  vernacular names 63

  X-ray illustrations 193, 198

  villous 127

  Virtual Field Herbarium 5, 6

  younger stems and leaves 126–38

  visual participatory methods 170–1

  Plate 1 Copperplate engravings from Hans Sloane’s early guide to Caribbean plants and animals

  Source: Sloane (1707); scanned by William Hawthorne with permission of the Department of Plant Sciences, University of Oxford

  Plate 2 Example of a diagrammatic, dichotamous key based on images Note: the images were scanned from herbarium specimens.

  Source: William Hawthorne

  Plate 3 A sample of the wide range of tree bole and base forms found in West Africa Source: Hawthorne and Jongkind (2006)

  Plate 4 A sample of the wide range of liane wood found in West Africa Source: Hawthorne and Jongkind (2006)

 

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