Plant Identification
Page 44
experts 18, 29, 60, 92
hirsute 127
hispid 127
facilitator skills 217, 219, 226, 227
keys 99
facilities for usability workshops 225
leaf shapes in databases 133
FAN see Fundación Amigos de la Naturaleza
non-scientific plant names 63
feedback from users 17, 247
pubescent 127
fertile characters 67–8
publishing process 235
field characters 121, 122, 123, 146, 147–8
successful field guide attributes 11–17
A Field Guide to the Rattans of Lao 33
usability aspects for testing 217
Field Guides Project, Brazil 58–60
user involvement processes 15
‘field monographs’ 84
villous 127
field tests 117–18, 160, 162–3, 203, 222
see also characters
see also testing
DELTA see Description Language for
fieldwork 44–5
Taxonomy
file formats 206–7, 209, 210–11
Department for International Development
file space 208
(DFID) 7, 18, 184–7
film 193, 199, 202
Description Language for Taxonomy (DELTA)
finalization of content 240
114, 157
‘fingerprint characters’ 108
description writing 178–80
flakes (bark) 145
design 31–5, 37–8, 107–9, 155
Flora da Reserva Ducke 17–19
264 Plant Identification
Floras 73–5, 78–9, 81–3, 88
habit 138–40
Flores Nativas da Chapada Diamantina 21–2
hairiness 126–8
flow charts 102
herbals 76
folk names 63
herbaria 5, 6, 64–5, 67, 195, 196
follow-up to publication 244–7
hierarchical species names 64
forage legumes 164–5, 231
hirsute 127
Forestry Research Programme (FRP) 7, 112,
hispid 127
184–7, 201
historical profiles 171
formats
history 4, 76, 99
Brazil case study 50–1
how to use this book 5–9
design alternatives 31–3, 37–8
hypertext 111, 112, 115
dichotomous keys 101
field guide types 77–90
identification methods 91–120
graphics files 206–7, 209
access types 31–3, 96–109
illustrative material case study 184–7
automatic 91
laminated card guides 80, 85–6
characters 93, 94, 99–106, 121–49, 167–8,
textual 177
220
four design aspects of field guides 31–3, 37–8
dynamic guides 96, 109–19
fresh plants 191, 192, 195, 230
illustrations 183–214
Frutíferas da Mata na Vida Amazônica 20–1
access method 95
Fundación Amigos de la Naturaleza (FAN) 7,
browsing identification 99
27–8, 46–7, 239
categories 192–4
funding 52–3
computer use 204–11
content 183–91
generation of plant names 61–9
design variables 31–3
generic guides 81, 86
flow diagrams 102
geographical coverage 77
fresh plants 191, 195
Ghana
interpretation differences 216
field guide production case study 8
jargon avoidance 124
illustrative material case study 184, 186
machine-made 197–202
photoguide to trees 98, 110
placement in keys 109
Sapotaceae names 65
species-rich guides 100
‘time needed’ case study 43
time needed to complete 44
glands 128
usability 14, 217, 220
Global Diversity Assessment 5
impermanence of plant names 63
glossaries 132, 152
inclusion criteria 28–31, 35, 38–40
graphic designers 194, 203–4, 231
‘incomplete sets’ of species 87
Graphical Field Keys of Uganda Trees 104
incompleteness of plant names 63
graphics see illustrations
indented keys 101, 109
Grenada
indexing 97, 99, 114, 152
field guide production case study 8–9
indigenous community agreements 57
field herbarium 196
indigenous languages 155–6
illustrative material case study 184, 187
Indonesian Institute of Sciences 4
painted images field test 204
information
simple/compound leaves 129
additional 151–82
‘time needed’ case study 43–5
availability assessment 41
Grete Herbal (1526) 62
databases 113, 133, 152–3, 155, 157,
group discussions 34–5, 37
172–3, 205
guidelets 184–7
publishers’ requirements 236–7
guidelines 54–5, 58–60
reliability 174-6
recording 158, 159, 223, 227
Index 265
sources 156–73
silhouettes 190
usability test results 223, 227
smell/taste 136–8
visual participatory methods 170–1
stalks 131, 133–4
writing clearly 176–82
younger 126–38
see also spreadsheets
legal aspects 65
infra-specific names 66, 69–70
Leucaena genetic resources handbook 90
intellectual property rights 173–4, 190–1
liane stem shape 142–3
interactive computer identification 111–17
life form see habit
interactive keys 116
Limbe field trials 197–8
International Code of Botanical
lists of species 29–30
Nomenclature 65
literature (botanical) 72–90
International Standard Book Numbers 238,
local communities 2, 57
240
local names 63, 64, 97
Internet
locations for usability workshops 225
access methods for identification 111–17
logic of keys 106–9
automatic identification 91
botanical databases 153
machine imagery 192–3, 197–202
e-keys 111–15
magnification 188, 189
information assessment 172
Malaya 66
limitations in field use 3
A Manual for Researching Wildlife 239
‘virtual herbaria’ 5, 6, 67, 123
marginal marks 104
interviewee selection 156
margins of leaves 130–1
interviews 34–5, 158–9, 160, 219, 227
materials for workshops 225, 229–32
introduction section 152
matrix scoring diagram 170
ISBN numbers 238, 240
media 117–19
MEK see most efficient key
jargon 121, 122, 123–6, 132
midrib prominence 136
JPEG files 207, 208, 209, 210
mock-ups 215, 216, 230–2
modular guides 112
keys 91–120
money see costs
Australian rainforest
116
monographs 72, 78, 84
efficient key characters 108
most efficient key (MEK) 108
good access design principles 106–9
Mount Cameroon 167–8, 184, 185
Internet 111–15
multi-access keys 104–6, 111–15
multi-access 104–6, 111–15
numbered 101, 103
name order 97
usability testing 221
naming 2, 61–90, 155–6
natural criteria 29–30
lamina 134–6
Naturalists’ Guide to Legumes of the
laminated card guides 80, 85–6, 96
Caatinga 179–80
lanceolate leaves 131
nature order 97, 98
language 13–14, 155–6, 176–82
needs see stakeholder needs; user needs
LAWG see Leaf Architecture Working Group
Geotropically Rainforest Mammals: A Field
layout 19, 177, 188, 205
Guide 239
Leaf Architecture Working Group (LAWG)
nomenclature 2, 61–90, 153, 155–6
133
non-scientific plant names 63
leaflets 128, 130
non-technical field guides 84
leaves
numbered keys 101, 103
blade details 134–6
dried specimens 195–7
observer skills 217, 219, 223, 227
shape 130–1, 133
older woody stems 140, 142–3
266 Plant Identification
open questions 158, 162
PRA see participatory rural appraisal
opinions 175
‘pragmatic Floras’ 78–9, 81–2, 83, 88
ordering 96–9
preface writing 180
orthodox species sequences 98
Pretty, Jules 175–6
ovate 131
pricing 242–3
ownership 173–4, 190–1
primary data 158–69
Oxford 184
primary order of species 96–9
primary stakeholders 26, 27
page layout 19, 177, 205
printed pages 229–30
paintings 203–4
printing 51, 240–2
pair work 228
prioritization of species 35, 38–40
Para, Brazil 35, 36–8
production process 15–17, 23–60
Parque Nacional Noel Kempff Mercado
professionals 18, 29, 60, 92
(PNNKM) 27–8, 48–9
proofreading 241
participatory methods
proposal documents 53, 54–5
brainstorming 39–40
psychology of recognition 92–3, 95
definition 15
pubescent 127
information gathering 170–1
publication 64–5, 67–8, 235–47
information reliability 175
publicity 243
mapping 169, 171
punched hole cards 110
visual 166, 169
purposes of field guides 1–9, 11–12, 24–6,
participatory rural appraisal (PRA) 166
28–41
PDF see Acrobat PDF files
performance testing 215–34
questionnaires 34–5, 160–3, 164–5
petioles 131, 133–4
photocopies 192, 197–8
ranking 169
photographs 196, 199–202, 216
Rattans of Laos 64
Photoguide to the Larger Trees of Ghana’s
real plants 191, 192, 195, 230
Forest 98, 110, 125
reasons for usability testing 215–16
physical attributes 31–3, 37–8
reassurance of testers 219, 225, 226, 227
pictures see illustrations
Recites seem Palavers 20–1
Plain English Campaign guidance 178
recognition process 3, 92–3, 95
planning process 23–60
recording information 158, 159, 223, 227
action plans 53, 55
relaxation of testers 219, 225, 226, 227
consultation methods 34–41
relevance 12–13
design aspects 31–3
reliability of information 174–6
pre-printing 241
representatives for consultation 34–41
publisher consultations 236–7
resolution of digital images 207
questionnaires 161
resource mapping 169, 171
questions checklist 56
return numbers 101
usability testing materials 229–32
reviews of field characters 123
plant names 61–90
revisions, taxonomic 72–3
plant populations 138–48
role-playing exercises 167–8
PNG files 208, 210
roots 143
PNNKM see Parque Nacional Noel Kempff
Mercado
Sapotaceae names 65
poisonous plants 137
SASOP see Serviço de Assessoria às
polyclone’s see multi-access keys
Organizações Populares Rurais
portable field herbaria 195, 196
scale of objects 188, 189
Portable Network Graphics (PNG) files 208,
scales (bark) 145
210
scanned specimens 190, 197
Index 267
scientific accuracy 12, 174–6
sterile specimens 68
scientific names 62–4, 68–9, 70–2
storage of data 113, 133, 152–7, 172–3, 205
seasonal calendars 170–1
student texts 81, 86
secondary information sources 169, 172–3
subjective criteria 30–1, 35, 38–40
secondary stakeholders 26, 27
success indicators 11–21, 244–7
sections to be written 180–1
superficial guides 84
seedling guides 129
synonyms 63, 70–2
selling guides 243–4
Systematics Association 122
semi-structured interviews 158–9, 219, 227
semi-technical guides 85
tabulated keys 103, 104
Serviço de Assessoria às Organizações
tagged image (TIF) files 208, 209, 210
Populares Rurais (SASOP) 7, 30
target users 5, 14–15, 23–8, 218, 247
shallower field guides 84, 87, 89
task-setting 222
shapes 130–2, 133, 142–3
taste of leaves/bark 136–8
silhouettes 188, 190
taxonomic monographs 72
simple leaves 129
teacher–student role-playing exercise 167–8
simulated tests 222–3
technical field guides 78–9, 81–3, 88–9
slash characteristics 145–6
technical term use 126
slimmer technical field guides 82–3
testing 215–34
small groups of plants 84
descriptions/layout 181–2
smell of leaves/bark 136–8
drawn guides 203
software tools 157, 205
illustrative material case study 184–7
see also computers
painted guides 204
sorting 2, 39–40, 169
photo guides 199
sources of information 156–73
text 31–3, 177, 220
special imagery 201–2
texture of leaves 134
specialists 18, 29, 60, 92
TIF files 208, 209, 210
species
time 41–2, 43–5, 46–7
binomial names 66
timelines 171
Bolivia case study 48–9
timi
ng of usability testing 218
brainstorming 39–40
trade names 63, 97
Caatinga, Brazil 30
trees
classification 2–3
Australian rainforest key 116
description writing 178–9
base types 144
field guide usability tests 222
Ghana 8, 43, 65, 98, 110, 186
names publication 64–5, 67–8
Malayan scientific names case study 66
numbers to include 28–31
‘Pragmatic Floras’ 83
primary order in guide 96–9
tropical forest field characters 123
subjective criteria 35, 38–40
see also woody...
specimens 64–5, 67, 195–7, 230
trials see testing
spreadsheets 152–3, 154
trustworthiness criteria (Pretty) 175–6
staff 60
type specimens 64–5, 66, 67
stakeholders
consultation methods 34–41
Uganda 104
identification 24, 25, 26
United Nations Framework Convention on
involvement in planning 15
Biological Diversity 2
species inclusion decisions 30–1
unreliability of plant names 62–3
workshops 36–8
usability testing 13–14, 215–34
stalks 131, 133–4
approaches 220–2
static formats 96–109, 118–19
documentation 232–4
stems 126–38, 140, 142–3
methodology 217, 218–23
268 Plant Identification
mock-ups 215, 216, 230–2
websites see Internet
process overview 216–18
Western African woody plants 139, 140
steps 222–3
whole plants 138–48
workshops 223–9, 232–4
The Woody Plants of Western African Forests:
users 5, 12–15, 23–8, 218, 247
A Guide to the Forest Trees 125, 213–14
see also stakeholders
woody stems 140, 142–3
using this book 5–9
word processor files 111, 113, 114
workshops 34–8, 48, 218–29, 232–4
vector formats 206–7
World Bank 4, 52, 54–5
vegetative characters 68
writing 176–82
venation (leaf) 135–6
vernacular names 63
X-ray illustrations 193, 198
villous 127
Virtual Field Herbarium 5, 6
younger stems and leaves 126–38
visual participatory methods 170–1
Plate 1 Copperplate engravings from Hans Sloane’s early guide to Caribbean plants and animals
Source: Sloane (1707); scanned by William Hawthorne with permission of the Department of Plant Sciences, University of Oxford
Plate 2 Example of a diagrammatic, dichotamous key based on images Note: the images were scanned from herbarium specimens.
Source: William Hawthorne
Plate 3 A sample of the wide range of tree bole and base forms found in West Africa Source: Hawthorne and Jongkind (2006)
Plate 4 A sample of the wide range of liane wood found in West Africa Source: Hawthorne and Jongkind (2006)